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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Predicting the viscoplastic response of a crystallizing fluoropolymer using transient network theory

We employ a molecular theory of dynamic polymer networks to describe the viscoplastic response of rubbery FK-800, a thermoplastic copolymer of chlorotrifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride, over a broad range of thermal histories. The kinetics of crystallization at different annealing temperatures was modeled using a modified Avrami equation, whose parameters were found to evolve through simple relationships over the full temperature range of the rubbery state. By fitting experimental compression data, we discovered predictable trends for the physical parameters in our mechanical model over its full range of crystallinities (up to ≈20%) and provided insights based on molecular-level physics to justify them. Using this, an end-to-end model was developed to predict the yielding and post-yield behavior of rubbery FK-800 for arbitrary thermal histories. The model successfully predicted the highly nonlinear evolution of characteristic mechanical signatures (stiffness, yield point, post-yield drop) throughout the crystallization process. A statistical analysis of variance test was employed to determine that the measured variations in the mechanical behavior of rubbery FK-800 are primarily dictated by its fractional crystallinity, regardless of its exact thermal history.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

The weakly nonlinear response and nonaffine interpretation of the Johnson–Segalman/Gordon–Schowalter model

We derive new analytical solutions for the non-affine Johnson-Segalman/Gordon-Schowalter (JS/GS) constitutive equation with a general relaxation kernel in medium-amplitude oscillatory shear (MAOS) deformation. The results show time-strain separable (TSS) nonlinearity, therefore providing new physically-meaningful interpretation to the heuristic TSS nonlinear parameter in MAOS. The upper-convected, lower-convected, and corotational Maxwell models are all subsets of the results presented here. The model assumes that the microscale elements causing stress in the material slip compared to the continuum deformation. We introduce a visualization of the non-affine deformation field that acts on stress-generating elements to reinforce the hysical interpretation of the JS/GS class of models. Lastly, a case study is presented where previously published results, from fitting TSS models to MAOS data, can be re-interpreted based on the concept of non-affine motion of the JS/GS framework.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1983

Material characterization of structural adhesives in the lap shear mode

A general method for characterizing structual adhesives in the bonded lap shear mode is proposed. Two approaches in the form of semiempirical and theoretical approaches are used. The semiempirical approach includes Ludwik's and Zhurkov's equations to describe respectively, the failure stresses in the constant strain rate and constant stress loading modes with the inclusion of the temperature effects. The theoretical approach is used to describe adhesive shear stress-strain behavior with the use of viscoelastic or nonlinear elastic constitutive equations. Two different model adhesives are used in the single lap shear mode with titanium adherends. These adhesives (one of which was developed at NASA Langley Research Center) are currently considered by NASA for possible aerospace applications. Use of different model adhesives helps in assessment of the generality of the method.

Sancaktar, E.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Material characterization of structural adhesives in the lap shear mode

A general method for characterizing structural adhesives in the bonded lap shear mode is proposed. Two approaches in the form of semi-empirical and theoretical approaches are used. The semi-empirical approach includes Ludwik's and Zhurkov's equations to describe respectively, the failure stresses in the constant strain rate and constant stress loading modes with the inclusion of the temperature effects. The theoretical approach is used to describe adhesive shear stress-strain behavior with the use of viscoelastic or nonlinear elastic constitutive equations. Three different model adhesives are used in the simple lap shear mode with titanium adherends. These adhesives (one of which was developed at NASA Langley Research Center) are currently considered by NASA for possible aerospace applications. Use of different model adhesives helps in assessment of the generality of the method.

Schenck, S. C.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Nonlinear Homogenization of Finitely Deformed Viscoelastic-Viscoplastic Composites Using Mechanics of Structure Genome

The objective of this paper is to develop a micromechanics approach to homogenizing finitely deformed viscoelastic-viscoplastic composites using the mechanics of structure genome. The incremental constitutive relation for glassy polymers, formulated in the spatial configuration, is implemented in the present approach.This involves (1) pulling-back the constitutive model to the material configuration and (2)choosing the deformation gradient tensor and the first Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor as the strain and the stress measures during homogenization, respectively. An Euler–Newton predictor–corrector method is developed for homogenization. Each step involves formulating a variational statement using the mechanics of structure genome, discretizing the statement in a finite-dimensional space, and solving the problem using an Euler/multilevel Newton method. The present approach is demonstrated by homogenizing fiber- and particle-reinforced composites undergoing uniaxial, biaxial, or shear deformation, at different stain rates.

Multi-scale modeling, High Strain Composites, Visc↗
NASA NTRS1971

Generalized invariance principles and the theory of stability.

Description of some recent extensions of the invariance principle to more generalized dynamical systems where the state space is not locally compact and the flow is unique only in the forward direction of time. A sufficient condition for asymptotic stability of an invariant set is obtained which does not require that the Liapunov function be positive-definite. A recently developed generalized invariance principle is described which is applicable to functional differential equations, partial differential equations, and, in particular, to certain stability problems arising in thermoelasticity, viscoelasticity, and distributed nonlinear networks.

Lasalle, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A non-linear viscoelastic characterisation method for matrix resin composites

Lifetime prediction of matrix resin composites is an important problem because of their viscoelastic character. If the Time-Temperature-Stress-Superposition principle is valid, results from short time tests at high stress levels can give the necessary information for the prediction of long time behavior. At such stress levels the viscoelastic response is nonlinear. In this contribution the basis of a computer routine is presented starting from a thermodynamical formulation given by Schapery. This method gives in an accurate way the different material parameters in that nonlinear constitutive equation for different stresses and temperatures.

Hiel, C. C.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Viscous Behavior of Clay‐Rich Rocks and Its Role in Focused Fluid Flow

Abstract Focused fluid flow is common in sedimentary basins worldwide, where flow structures often penetrate through sandy reservoir rocks, and clay‐rich caprocks. To better understand the mechanisms forming such structures, the impacts of the viscoelastic deformation and strongly nonlinear porosity‐dependent permeability of clay‐rich materials are assessed from an experimental and numerical modeling perspective. The experimental methods to measure the poroviscoelastic and transport properties of intact and remolded shale have been developed, and the experimental data is used to constrain the numerical simulations. It is demonstrated that viscoelastic deformation combined with nonlinear porosity‐dependent permeability triggers the development of localized flow channels, often imaged as seismic chimneys. The permeability inside a channel increases by several orders of magnitude compared to the background values. In addition, the propagation time scale and the channel size strongly depend on the material properties of the fluid and the rock. The time‐dependent behavior of the clay‐rich rock may play a key role in the long‐term integrity of the subsurface formations.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1988

Numerical solution methods for viscoelastic orthotropic materials

Numerical solution methods for viscoelastic orthotropic materials, specifically fiber reinforced composite materials, are examined. The methods include classical lamination theory using time increments, direction solution of the Volterra Integral, Zienkiewicz's linear Prony series method, and a new method called Nonlinear Differential Equation Method (NDEM) which uses a nonlinear Prony series. The criteria used for comparison of the various methods include the stability of the solution technique, time step size stability, computer solution time length, and computer memory storage. The Volterra Integral allowed the implementation of higher order solution techniques but had difficulties solving singular and weakly singular compliance function. The Zienkiewicz solution technique, which requires the viscoelastic response to be modeled by a Prony series, works well for linear viscoelastic isotropic materials and small time steps. The new method, NDEM, uses a modified Prony series which allows nonlinear stress effects to be included and can be used with orthotropic nonlinear viscoelastic materials. The NDEM technique is shown to be accurate and stable for both linear and nonlinear conditions with minimal computer time.

Gramoll, K. C.↗
NASA NTRS2002

A Thermodynamic Theory Of Solid Viscoelasticity. Part 1: Linear Viscoelasticity.

The present series of three consecutive papers develops a general theory for linear and finite solid viscoelasticity. Because the most important object for nonlinear studies are rubber-like materials, the general approach is specified in a form convenient for solving problems important for many industries that involve rubber-like materials. General linear and nonlinear theories for non-isothermal deformations of viscoelastic solids are developed based on the quasi-linear approach of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. In this, the first paper of the series, we analyze non-isothermal linear viscoelasticity, which is applicable in a range of small strains not only to all synthetic polymers and bio-polymers but also to some non-polymeric materials. Although the linear case seems to be well developed, there still are some reasons to implement a thermodynamic derivation of constitutive equations for solid-like, non-isothermal, linear viscoelasticity. The most important is the thermodynamic modeling of thermo-rheological complexity , i.e. different temperature dependences of relaxation parameters in various parts of relaxation spectrum. A special structure of interaction matrices is established for different physical mechanisms contributed to the normal relaxation modes. This structure seems to be in accord with observations, and creates a simple mathematical framework for both continuum and molecular theories of the thermo-rheological complex relaxation phenomena. Finally, a unified approach is briefly discussed that, in principle, allows combining both the long time (discrete) and short time (continuous) descriptions of relaxation behaviors for polymers in the rubbery and glassy regions.

Freed, Alan D.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Prediction of the long-term creep compliance of general composite laminates

An accelerated viscoelastic characterization procedure for use with polymer-based composite materials is presented which employs short term test data obtained using unidirectional specimens to predict the long term viscoelastic behavior of general composite laminates. This procedure is here illustrated using the Schapery (1966, 1969) nonlinear theory as the required viscoelastic constitutive model, as well as classical lamination theory for the lamination scheme. The technique is applied to T300/5208 graphite/epoxy.

Tuttle, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Finite elements of nonlinear continua.

The finite element method is extended to a broad class of practical nonlinear problems, treating both theory and applications from a general and unifying point of view. The thermomechanical principles of continuous media and the properties of the finite element method are outlined, and are brought together to produce discrete physical models of nonlinear continua. The mathematical properties of the models are analyzed, and the numerical solution of the equations governing the discrete models is examined. The application of the models to nonlinear problems in finite elasticity, viscoelasticity, heat conduction, and thermoviscoelasticity is discussed. Other specific topics include the topological properties of finite element models, applications to linear and nonlinear boundary value problems, convergence, continuum thermodynamics, finite elasticity, solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations, and discrete models of the nonlinear thermomechanical behavior of dissipative media.

Oden, J. T.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modular Linear Thermoviscoelastic Model

Time-dependent, viscoelastic responses of materials like polymers and glasses have long been studied. As such, a variety of models have been put forth to describe the behavior including simple rheological models (e.g. Maxwell, Kelvin), linear "fading memory" theories, and hereditary integral based linear thermal viscoelastic approaches as well as more recent nonlinear theories that are either integral, fictive temperature, or differential internal state variable based. The current work details a new LINEAR_THERMOVISCOELASTIC model that has been added to LAME. This formulation represents a viscoelastic theory that neglects some of the phenomenological details of the PEC/SPEC models in favor of efficiency and simplicity. Furthermore, this new model is a first step towards developing "modular" viscoelastic capabilities akin to those available with hardening descriptions for plasticity models in LAME. Specifically, multiple different (including user-defined) shift-factor forms are implemented with each being easily selected via parameter specification rather than requiring distinct material models.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1983

A numerical procedure for predicting creep and delayed failures in laminated composites

A numerical procedure is described for predicting the viscoelastic response of general laminates. A nonlinear compliance model is used to predict the creep response of the individual laminae. A biaxial delayed failure model predicts ply failure. The numerical procedure, based on lamination theory, increases by increments through time to predict creep compliance and delayed failures in laminates. Numerical stability problems and experimental verification are discussed. Although the program has been quite successful in predicting creep of general laminates, the assumptions associated with lamination theory have resulted in erroneous bounds on the predicted material response. Delayed failure predictions have been conservative. Several improvements are suggested to increase the accuracy of the procedure.

Dillard, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Elastoviscoplastic buckling behavior of simply supported columns

The elastoviscoplastic buckling behavior of simply supported columns is investigated. The analysis is based on an incremental formulation that can deal with nonlinear geometrical and constitutive relations. Both viscoelastic and viscoplastic models are discussed, and Bodner-Partom's constitutive equations are used in the viscoplastic case. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the buckling behavior of columns under various temperature and loading levels.

Song, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Viscoelastic/damage modeling of filament-wound spherical pressure vessels

A model of the viscoelastic/damage response of a filament-wound spherical vessel used for long-term pressure containment is developed. The matrix material of the composite system is assumed to be linearly viscoelastic. Internal accumulated damage based upon a quadratic relationship between transverse modulus and maximum circumferential strain is postulated. The resulting nonlinear problem is solved by an iterative routine. The elastic-viscoelastic correspondence is employed to produce, in the Laplace domain, the associated elastic solution for the maximum circumferential strain which is inverted by the method of collocation to yield the time-dependent solution. Results obtained with the model are compared to experimental observations.

Hackett, Robert M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

A creep-rupture model of filament-wound spherical pressure vessels

The creep-rupture model is that of a quasi-isotropic filament-wound spherical pressure vessel, subjected to internal pressurization. The matrix material of the composite system is assumed to be linearly viscoelastic. Internal damage resulting from the relaxation of the matrix and the corresponding increase in microcracks is represented by a functional relationship between circumferential strain and transverse modulus. The numerical solution to this nonlinear problem is an iterative technique, whereby the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle is employed. In the Laplace domain, the associated elastic solution is obtained and this solution is inverted by the multidata method to yield the time-dependent solution.

Dozier, Jan D.↗