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NASA NTRS1975

Computer processing of echocardiographic images

Systems for direct computer acquisition of the echo signal and subsequent computerized echocardiogram image processing were constructed. Such systems were used to generate images unobtainable by other techniques and to automatically perform quantitative measurements of cardiac structures (5,6,7). The techniques used in analyzing echocardiograms are discussed, and the complexity of the problems involved is illustrated. A description of how these problems may be solved is included.

Sanders, W. J.↗

NASA NTRS1985

A color graphics environment in support of supercomputer systems

An initial step in the integration of an upgrade of a VPS-32 supercomputer to 16 million 64-bit words, to be closely followed by a further upgrade to 32 million words, was to develop a graphics language commonality with other computers at the Langley Center. The power of the upgraded supercomputer is to users at individual workstations, who will aid in defining the direction for future expansions in both graphics software and workstation requirements for the supercomputers. The LAN used is an ETHERNET configuration featuring both CYBER mainframe and PDP 11/34 image generator computers. The system includes a film recorder for image production in slide, CRT, 16 mm film, 35 mm film or polaroid film images. The workstations have screen resolutions of 1024 x 1024 with each pixel being one of 256 colors selected from a palette of 16 million colors. Each screen can have up to 8 windows open at a time, and is driven by a MC68000 microprocessor drawing on 4.5 Mb RAM, a 40 Mb hard disk and two floppy drives. Input is from a keyboard, digitizer pad, joystick or light pen. The system now allows researchers to view computed results in video time before printing out selected data.

Smith-Taylor, R.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Automatic Generation of Overlays and Offset Values Based on Visiting Vehicle Telemetry and RWS Visuals

The development of computer software as a tool to generate visual displays has led to an overall expansion of automated computer generated images in the aerospace industry. These visual overlays are generated by combining raw data with pre-existing data on the object or objects being analyzed on the screen. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) uses this computer software to generate on-screen overlays when a Visiting Vehicle (VV) is berthing with the International Space Station (ISS). In order for Mission Control Center personnel to be a contributing factor in the VV berthing process, computer software similar to that on the ISS must be readily available on the ground to be used for analysis. In addition, this software must perform engineering calculations and save data for further analysis.

Dunne, Matthew J.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Rectification of terrain induced distortions in radar imagery

This paper describes a technique to generate geocoded synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery corrected for terrain induced geometric distortions. This algorithm transforms the raw slant range image, generated by the signal processor, into a map registered product, resampled to either Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) or Polar Stereographic projections, and corrected for foreshortening. The technique utilizes the space platform trajectory information in conjunction with a digital elevation map (DEM) of the target area to generate an ortho-radar map with near-autonomous operation. The current procedure requires only two to three tie-points to compensate for the platform position uncertainty that results in translational error between the image and the DEM. This approach is unique in that it does not require generation of a simulated radar image from the DEM or a grid of tie-points to characterize the image-to-map distortions. Rather, it models the inherent distortions based on knowledge of the radar data collection characteristics, the signal Doppler parameters, and the local terrain height to automatically predict the registration transformation. This algorithm has been implemented on a minicomputer system equipped with an array processor and a large random-access memory to optimize the throughput.

Kwok, Ronald↗

NASA NTRS1993

The IRGen infrared data base modeler

IRGen is a modeling system which creates three-dimensional IR data bases for real-time simulation of thermal IR sensors. Starting from a visual data base, IRGen computes the temperature and radiance of every data base surface with a user-specified thermal environment. The predicted gray shade of each surface is then computed from the user specified sensor characteristics. IRGen is based on first-principles models of heat transport and heat flux sources, and it accurately simulates the variations of IR imagery with time of day and with changing environmental conditions. The starting point for creating an IRGen data base is a visual faceted data base, in which every facet has been labeled with a material code. This code is an index into a material data base which contains surface and bulk thermal properties for the material. IRGen uses the material properties to compute the surface temperature at the specified time of day. IRGen also supports image generator features such as texturing and smooth shading, which greatly enhance image realism.

Bernstein, Uri↗

NASA NTRS1997

Active Microwave Remote Sensing Observations of Weddell Sea Ice

Since July 1991, the European Space Agency's ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites have acquired radar data of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The Active Microwave Instrument on board ERS has two modes; SAR and Scatterometer. Two receiving stations enable direct downlink and recording of high bit-rate, high resolution SAR image data of this region. When not in an imaging mode, when direct SAR downlink is not possible, or when a receiving station is inoperable, the latter mode allows normalized radar cross-section data to be acquired. These low bit-rate ERS scatterometer data are tape recorded, downlinked and processed off-line. Recent advances in image generation from Scatterometer backscatter measurements enable complementary medium-scale resolution images to be made during periods when SAR images cannot be acquired. Together, these combined C-band microwave image data have for the first time enabled uninterrupted night and day coverage of the Weddell Sea region at both high (25 m) and medium-scale (-20 km) resolutions. C-band ERS-1 radar data are analyzed in conjunction with field data from two simultaneous field experiments in 1992. Satellite radar signature data are compared with shipborne radar data to extract a regional and seasonal signature database for recognition of ice types in the images. Performance of automated sea-ice tracking algorithms is tested on Antarctic data to evaluate their success. Examples demonstrate that both winter and summer ice can be effectively tracked. The kinematics of the main ice zones within the Weddell Sea are illustrated, together with the complementary time-dependencies in their radar signatures. Time-series of satellite images are used to illustrate the development of the Weddell Sea ice cover from its austral summer minimum (February) to its winter maximum (September). The combination of time-dependent microwave signatures and ice dynamics tracking enable various drift regimes to be defined which relate closely to the circulation of the sea ice in response to current and wind forcing and iceberg barriers. These are closely related to continental-shelf or central basin regimes, in which tidal forcing or barotropic circulation patterns appear to influence the sea-ice motion, respectively. These regimes provide valuable information about the regions of most prolific ice growth and influence of ice conditions upon air-sea-ice exchange processes in the Weddell Sea.

Drinkwater, Mark R.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Monitoring Change Through Hierarchical Segmentation of Remotely Sensed Image Data

NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center has developed a fast and effective method for generating image segmentation hierarchies. These segmentation hierarchies organize image data in a manner that makes their information content more accessible for analysis. Image segmentation enables analysis through the examination of image regions rather than individual image pixels. In addition, the segmentation hierarchy provides additional analysis clues through the tracing of the behavior of image region characteristics at several levels of segmentation detail. The potential for extracting the information content from imagery data based on segmentation hierarchies has not been fully explored for the benefit of the Earth and space science communities. This paper explores the potential of exploiting these segmentation hierarchies for the analysis of multi-date data sets, and for the particular application of change monitoring.

Tilton, James C.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Computer Animation In Perception Research

Artificiality of images apparent to subjects and influences experimental results. Report evalutes computer-generated animation in research on perception of motion. Such research programs not pursued without computer animation, report notes. Computer-generated displays afford variability and control almost impossible to achieve otherwise. Medium limited in that computer-generated images present simplified approximations of dynamics of natural events.

Kaiser, Mary K.↗

NASA NTRS2019

Transfer Learning to Generate True Color Images from GOES-16

Along with scientific applications, Geostationary imagery is often used to learn about weather patterns through true color visualizations. NOAA/NASA's GOES-R series of satellites uses the advanced baseline imager with 16-bands which, unlike previous generations, does not include the green wavelength (500-565 nm) and hence cannot directly generate true color images. However, Himawari, Japan's geostationary satellite, uses a similar 16-band advanced Himawari imager that does include a green band (but missing cirrus). In this work, we show how transfer learning with convolutional neural networks can be applied across satellites to generate "virtual sensors". We apply this approach to generate a green band for GOES-16 and present near true color images.

transfer learning↗

NASA NTRS1992

Circular and linear polarization inverse SAR imaging of simple deterministic targets and statistically known randomly rough surfaces using constant and varying illumination

In order to study mechanisms of scattering and their relative contributions to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and inverse SAR images, a special measurement facility has been constructed. It can be used to generate images in which the target is illuminated from a constant direction as the receiver is rotated in azimuth, and the target is illuminated from various directions as the receiver is rotated in azimuth. The imaging system performance is discussed, and images obtained using both approaches are compared, for a variety of simple targets and statistically known randomly rough surfaces.

Bredow, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS2006

M(sub W) = 7.2-7.4 Estimated for A.D. 900 Seattle Fault Earthquake by Modeling the Uplift of a Lidar-Mapped Marine Terrace

Inverse modeling of slip on the Seattle fault system, constrained by elevations of uplifted marine terraces, provides a well-constrained estimate of the magnitude of the largest known upper-crust earthquake in the Puget Sound region within the past 2500 years. The terrace elevations that constrain the slip inversion are extracted from elevation and slope images generated from LIDAR surveys of the Puget Sound collected in 1996-2002. The images reveal a single uplifted terrace, dated to 1000 cal yr B.P. near Restoration Point, which is morphologically continuous along the southern shoreline of Bainbridge Island and is visible at comparable elevations within a 25 km by 12 km region encompassing coastlines of West Seattle, Bremerton, East Bremerton, Port Orchard, and Waterman Point. Considering sea level changes since A.D. 900, the maximum uplift magnitudes of shoreline inner edges approach 9 m and are located at the southernmost coastline of Bainbridge Island and the northern tip of Waterman Point, while tilt magnitudes are modest - approaching 0.1 degrees. For each of several different Seattle fault geometry interpretations, we use a linear inversion code to solve for distributed slip on the fault surfaces. Moment magnitudes of 7.2 to 7.4 are calculated directly from the different slip solutions. In general, the greatest slip of the A.D. 900 event was confined to the frontal thrust of the Seattle fault system and was centered beneath Puget Sound between Restoration Point and Alki Point.

Jordan R. Muller↗

NASA NTRS1991

Video Pipeline Tree For Scan Conversion Of Triangles

Scenes containing many polygons generated in real time. Video pipeline subsystem having branched structure performs scan conversion of polygons in images generated by computers. New subsystem divides polygons into triangles, each of which processed rapidly in parallel, modular fashion and merged into image.

Robinett, Warren↗

NASA NTRS1986

Computer-generated imagery for 4-D meteorological data

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center is developing animated stereo display terminals for use with McIDAS (Man-computer Interactive Data Access System). This paper describes image-generation techniques which have been developed to take maximum advantage of these terminals, integrating large quantities of four-dimensional meteorological data from balloon and satellite soundings, satellite images, Doppler and volumetric radar, and conventional surface observations. The images have been designed to use perspective, shading, hidden-surface removal, and transparency to augment the animation and stereo-display geometry. They create an illusion of a moving three-dimensional model of the atmosphere. This paper describes the design of these images and a number of rules of thumb for generating four-dimensional meteorological displays.

Hibbard, William L.↗

NASA NTRS1986

CGI delay compensation

Computer-generated graphics in real-time helicopter simulation produces objectionable scene-presentation time delays. In the flight simulation laboratory at Ames Research Center, it has been determined that these delays have an adverse influence on pilot performance during agressive tasks such as nap of the earth (NOE) maneuvers. Using contemporary equipment, computer generated image (CGI) time delays are an unavoidable consequence of the operations required for scene generation. However, providing that magnitude distortions at higher frequencies are tolerable, delay compensation is possible over a restricted frequency range. This range, assumed to have an upper limit of perhaps 10 or 15 rad/sec, conforms approximately to the bandwidth associated with helicopter handling qualities research. A compensation algorithm is introduced here and evaluated in terms of tradeoffs in frequency responses. The algorithm has a discrete basis and accommodates both a large, constant transport delay interval and a periodic delay interval, as associated with asynchronous operations.

Mcfarland, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1986

CGI delay compensation

Computer-generated graphics in real-time helicopter simulation produces objectionable scene-presentation time delays. In the flight simulation laboratory at Ames Research Center, it has been determined that these delays have an adverse influence on pilot performance during aggressive tasks such as nap-of-the-earth (NOE) maneuvers. Using contemporary equipment, computer-generated image (CGI) time delays are an unavoidable consequence of the operations required for scene generation. However, providing that magnitide distortions at higher frequencies are tolerable, delay compensation is possible over a restricted frequency range. This range, assumed to have an upper limit of perhaps 10 or 15 rad/sec, conforms approximately to the bandwidth associated with helicopter handling qualities research. A compensation algorithm is introduced here and evaluated in terms of tradeoffs in frequency responses. The algorithm has a discrete basis and accommodates both a large, constant transport delay interval and a periodic delay interval, as associated with asynchronous operations.

Mcfarland, Richard E.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Techniques for deriving tissue structure from multiple projection dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Techniques for deriving bone properties from images generated by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry apparatus include receiving first image data having pixels indicating bone mineral density projected at a first angle of a plurality of projection angles. Second image data and third image data are also received. The second image data indicates bone mineral density projected at a different second angle. The third image data indicates bone mineral density projected at a third angle. The third angle is different from the first angle and the second angle. Principal moments of inertia for a bone in the subject are computed based on the first image data, the second image data and the third image data. The techniques allow high-precision, high-resolution dual-energy x-ray attenuation images to be used for computing principal moments of inertia and strength moduli of individual bones, plus risk of injury and changes in risk of injury to a patient.

Charles, Jr., Harry K.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Software for Analyzing Sequences of Flow-Related Images

Spotlight is a computer program for analysis of sequences of images generated in combustion and fluid physics experiments. Spotlight can perform analysis of a single image in an interactive mode or a sequence of images in an automated fashion. The primary type of analysis is tracking of positions of objects over sequences of frames. Features and objects that are typically tracked include flame fronts, particles, droplets, and fluid interfaces. Spotlight automates the analysis of object parameters, such as centroid position, velocity, acceleration, size, shape, intensity, and color. Images can be processed to enhance them before statistical and measurement operations are performed. An unlimited number of objects can be analyzed simultaneously. Spotlight saves results of analyses in a text file that can be exported to other programs for graphing or further analysis. Spotlight is a graphical-user-interface-based program that at present can be executed on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. A version that runs on Macintosh computers is being considered.

Klimek, Robert↗

NASA NTRS2019

Data Validation: Difference Imaging and Centroid Analysis

This Design Note describes the theory and application of difference imaging for automated validation of planet candidates in the Data Validation (DV) CSCI. This is one of the diagnostic tools employed in DV for planet candidate validation. The other DV diagnostics are described in separate KADNs and in the reference documents listed below. This document describes the difference image generation process, PRF-based centroiding of the out-of-transit and difference images, computation of quarterly centroid offsets and associated uncertainties, and determination of robust weighted mean centroid offsets/uncertainties over all available quarterly data sets. PRF-based centroiding is performed with calls to a library of functions that is shared with thePhotometric Analysis (PA) and Photometer Data Quality (PDQ) CSCIs. The centroiding library will be the subject of a separate Design Note.

Twicken, Joseph↗