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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

New insights into the natural history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia from proteomics and multiplexed immunohistochemistry

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a disease of prematurity related to the arrest of normal lung development. The objective of this study was to better understand how proteome modulation and cell-type shifts are noted in BPD pathology. Pediatric human donors aged 1–3 yr were classified based on history of prematurity and histopathology consistent with “healed” BPD (hBPD, n = 3) and “established” BPD (eBPD, n = 3) compared with respective full-term born (n = 6) age-matched term controls. Proteins were quantified by tandem mass spectroscopy with selected Western blot validations. Multiplexed immunofluorescence (MxIF) microscopy was performed on lung sections to enumerate cell types. Protein abundances and MxIF cell frequencies were compared among groups using ANOVA. Cell type and ontology enrichment were performed using an in-house tool and/or EnrichR. Proteomics detected 5,746 unique proteins, 186 upregulated and 534 downregulated, in eBPD versus control with fewer proteins differentially abundant in hBPD as compared with age-matched term controls. Cell-type enrichment suggested a loss of alveolar type I, alveolar type II, endothelial/capillary, and lymphatics, and an increase in smooth muscle and fibroblasts consistent with MxIF. Histochemistry and Western analysis also supported predictions of upregulated ferroptosis in eBPD versus control. Finally, several extracellular matrix components mapping to angiogenesis signaling pathways were altered in eBPD. Despite clear parsing by protein abundance, comparative MxIF analysis confirms phenotypic variability in BPD. This work provides the first demonstration of tandem mass spectrometry and multiplexed molecular analysis of human lung tissue for critical elucidation of BPD trajectory-defining factors into early childhood.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1976

The levels of edit

The editorial process is analyzed, and five levels of edit are identified. These levels represent cumulative combinations of nine types of edit: (1) coordination, (2) policy, (3) integrity, (4) screening, (5) copy clarification, (6) Mechanical Style, (7) Language, and (9) substantive. The levels and types of edit, although developed for specific use with external reports at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, cover the general range of technical editing, especially as it applies to an in-house technical publications organization. Each type of edit is set forth in terms of groups of actions to be performed by the editor. The edit-level concept has enhanced understanding and communication among editors, authors, and publications managers concerning the specific editorial work to be done on each manuscript. It has also proved useful as a management tool for estimating and monitoring cost.

Vanburen, R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

The levels of edit, second edition

The editorial process is analyzed, and five levels of edit are identified. These levels represent cumulative combinations of nine types of edit: Coordination, Policy, Integrity, Screening, Copy Clarification, Format, Mechanical Style, Language, and Substantive. The levels and types of edit, although developed for specific use with external reports at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, cover the general range of technical editing, especially as it applies to an in-house technical publications organization. Each type of edit is set forth in terms of groups of actions to be performed by editor. The edit-level concept has enhanced understanding and communication among editors, authors, and publications managers concerning the specific editorial work to be done on each manuscript. It has also proved useful as a management tool for estimating and monitoring cost.

Vanburen, R.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Thermal Analysis of Magnetically-Coupled Pump for Cryogenic Applications

Magnetically-coupled pump is under evaluation at Kennedy Space Center for possible cryogenic applications. A major concern is the impact of low temperature fluid flows on the pump performance. As a first step toward addressing this and related issues, a computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer tool has been adopted in a pump geometry. The computational tool includes (i) a commercial grid generator to handle multiple grid blocks and complicated geometric definitions, and (ii) an in-house computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer software developed in the Principal Investigator's group at the University of Florida. Both pure-conduction and combined convection-conduction computations have been conducted. A pure-conduction analysis gives insufficient information about the overall thermal distribution. Combined convection-conduction analysis indicates the significant influence of the coolant over the entire flow path. Since 2-D simulation is of limited help, future work on full 3-D modeling of the pump using multi-materials is needed. A comprehensive and accurate model can be developed to take into account the effect of multi-phase flow in the cooling flow loop, and the magnetic interactions.

Senocak, Inanc↗
NASA NTRS2015

NASA's Rodent Research Project: Validation of Flight Hardware, Operations and Science Capabilities for Conducting Long Duration Experiments in Space

Research using rodents is an essential tool for advancing biomedical research on Earth and in space. Rodent Research (RR)-1 was conducted to validate flight hardware, operations, and science capabilities that were developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. Twenty C57BL/6J adult female mice were launched on Sept 21, 2014 in a Dragon Capsule (SpaceX-4), then transferred to the ISS for a total time of 21-22 days (10 commercial mice) or 37 (10 validation mice). Tissues collected on-orbit were either rapidly frozen or preserved in RNA later at less than or equal to -80 C (n=2/group) until their return to Earth. Remaining carcasses were rapidly frozen for dissection post-flight. The three controls groups at Kennedy Space Center consisted of: Basal mice euthanized at the time of launch, Vivarium controls, housed in standard cages, and Ground Controls (GC), housed in flight hardware within an environmental chamber. FLT mice appeared more physically active on-orbit than GC, and behavior analysis are in progress. Upon return to Earth, there were no differences in body weights between FLT and GC at the end of the 37 days in space. RNA was of high quality (RIN greater than 8.5). Liver enzyme activity levels of FLT mice and all control mice were similar in magnitude to those of the samples that were optimally processed in the laboratory. Liver samples collected from the intact frozen FLT carcasses had RNA RIN of 7.27 +/- 0.52, which was lower than that of the samples processed on-orbit, but similar to those obtained from the control group intact carcasses. Nonetheless, the RNA samples from the intact carcasses were acceptable for the most demanding transcriptomic analyses. Adrenal glands, thymus and spleen (organs associated with stress response) showed no significant difference in weights between FLT and GC. Enzymatic activity was also not significantly different. Over 3,000 tissues collected from the four groups of mice have become available for the Biospecimen Sharing Program. Together, these validation flight findings demonstrate the capability to support long-duration RR on the ISS to achieve both basic science and biomedical objectives.

rodents↗
NASA NTRS1999

Technique Developed for Optimizing Traveling-Wave Tubes

A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is an electron beam device that is used to amplify electromagnetic communication waves at radio and microwave frequencies. TWT s are critical components in deep-space probes, geosynchronous communication satellites, and high-power radar systems. Power efficiency is of paramount importance for TWT s employed in deep-space probes and communications satellites. Consequently, increasing the power efficiency of TWT s has been the primary goal of the TWT group at the NASA Lewis Research Center over the last 25 years. An in-house effort produced a technique (ref. 1) to design TWT's for optimized power efficiency. This technique is based on simulated annealing, which has an advantage over conventional optimization techniques in that it enables the best possible solution to be obtained (ref. 2). A simulated annealing algorithm was created and integrated into the NASA TWT computer model (ref. 3). The new technique almost doubled the computed conversion power efficiency of a TWT from 7.1 to 13.5 percent (ref. 1).

Wilson, Jeffrey D.↗
NASA NTRS2015

NASA's Rodent Research Project: Validation of Capabilities for Conducting Long Duration Experiments in Space

Research using rodents is an essential tool for advancing biomedical research on Earth and in space. Prior rodent experiments on the Shuttle were limited by the short flight duration. The International Space Station (ISS) provides a new platform for conducting rodent experiments under long duration conditions. Rodent Research (RR)-1 was conducted to validate flight hardware, operations, and science capabilities that were developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. Twenty C57BL6J adult female mice were launched on Sept 21, 2014 in a Dragon Capsule (SpaceX-4), then transferred to the ISS for a total time of 21-22 days (10 commercial mice) or 37 days (10 validation mice). Tissues collected on-orbit were either rapidly frozen or preserved in RNAlater at -80C (n2group) until their return to Earth. Remaining carcasses on-orbit were rapidly frozen for dissection post-flight. The three controls groups at Kennedy Space Center consisted of: Basal mice euthanized at the time of launch, Vivarium controls housed in standard cages, and Ground Controls (GC) housed in flight hardware within an environmental chamber. Upon return to Earth, there were no differences in body weights between Flight (FLT) and GC at the end of the 37 days in space. Liver enzyme activity levels of FLT mice and all control mice were similar in magnitude to those of the samples that were processed under optimal conditions in the laboratory. Liver samples dissected on-orbit yielded high quality RNA (RIN8.99+-0.59, n7). Liver samples dissected post-flight from the intact, frozen FLT carcasses yielded RIN of 7.27 +- 0.52 (n6). Additionally, wet weights of various tissues were measured. Adrenal glands and spleen showed no significant differences in FLT compared to GC although thymus and livers weights were significantly greater in FLT compared to GC. Over 3,000 tissue aliquots collected post-flight from the four groups of mice were deposited into the Ames Life Science Data Archives for future Biospecimen Sharing Program. Together, the RR validation flight successfully demonstrates the capability to support long-duration experimentation on the ISS to achieve both basic science and biomedical objectives.

spaceflight↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydrogen Permeation Analysis Tool

There is a rising need for the measurement and understanding of hydrogen transport properties in materials for the energy and transportation industries. The Hydrogen Permeation Analysis Tool (HyPAT) provides a user friendly interface for batch analysis of dynamic hydrogen permeation data to calculate the transport properties permeability, solubility, and diffusivity. A built in literature database provides an easy comparison to known values. A common method for measuring these hydrogen transport properties is dynamic pressure rise permeation experiments, for example, those done in the Static Gas Absorption and Permeation (SGAP) experiment at INL. Most laboratories develop individual, in-house codes for data analysis. HyPAT provides a platform that can be adopted by other user groups for such experimental analysis and significantly reduce personnel time spent performing data analysis.

Fuerst, ThomasF↗
DOE OSTI2020

Operational and Mission Highlights A Monthly Summary of Top Achievements

In September 2020, the Laboratory’s Chemical Microscopy Facility tripled in size, expanding to 1,000 square feet. Located at TA-46, Building158, this facility houses a unique Laboratory resource. Operated by the Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (C-PCS) group, this facility was established to renew the Laboratory’s rich history in radiobiology. The facility combines biological research capabilities with isotope production, as well as radioanalytical and chemical infrastructure. This facility provides space for Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) research, with alpha-emitting and other radionuclides of interest associated with biological systems. Equipped with a Class ll/A2 biological safety cabinet, a radiological fume hood and a host of other analytical equipment, this facility serves an effective resource to evaluate the efficacy of targeted alpha therapeutics, as well as the deleterious effects of radiological materials on living organisms. The facility receives funding through LDRD- 20180005DR, “Establishing a Radiotherapeutic Capability to Counter Biothreats,” and the BES Heavy Element Chemistry Program at the Laboratory.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
NASA NTRS2000

Effects of Gravity on Insect Circadian Rhythmicity

Circadian rhythms - endogenous daily rhythmic fluctuations in virtually all characteristics of life - are generated and coordinated by the circadian timing system (CTS). The CTS is synchronized to the external 24-hour day by time cues such as the light/dark cycle. In an environment without time cues, the length of an animal's day is determined by the period of its internal pacemaker (tau) and the animal is said to be free-running. All life on earth evolved under the solar day; the CTS exists as an adaptation that allows organisms to anticipate and to prepare for rhythmic environmental fluctuations. All life on earth also evolved under the force of earth's gravitational environment. While it is therefore not surprising that changes in the lighting environment affect the CTS, it is surprising that changes in the gravitational environment would do so. However, recent data from one of our laboratories using the brn-3.1 knockout mouse revealed that this model, which lacks the sensory receptor hair cells within the neurovestibular system, does not respond to exposure to a hyperdynamic environment in the same fashion as normal mice. The brn-3.1 mice did not show the expected suppression of circadian rhythmicity shown by control mice exposed to 2G. Exposure to altered ambient force environments affects the amplitude, mean and timing of circadian rhythms in species from unicellular organisms to man. In addition, there is a circadian influence on the homeostatic response to acute 2G acceleration and pulses of 2G can act as a time cue, synchronizing the CTS. This is of significance because maintenance of internal and external temporal coordination is critical for normal physiological and psychological function. Typically, during adaptation to an increased gravitational environment (+G), an initial acute reaction is followed by adaptation and, eventually, a new steady state (14-16), which can take weeks to months to establish. Until the development of space stations, exposure to microgravity was, of necessity, relatively short in duration. In early spaceflight experiments an organism's internal rhythms often expressed periods that were different from each other, even in the presence of a 24.0 hour light-dark cycle, suggesting that the organism was experiencing internal desynchronization (17, 18). In (micro)G, the body temperature rhythm was delayed with respect to other body rhythms and to the light-dark cycle in rhesus macaques (19) and man (20, 21). In the absence of a light-dark cycle, the circadian rhythm of spore formation persisted in Neurospora crassa, however, both the variability and average period of the rhythm increased (22). The beetle Trigonoscelis gigas, exhibited changes in period during and following 11-13 days in (micro)G (23, 24). Resynchronization of the urinary calcium rhythm following a 1800 phase shift of the LID cycle was retarded in rats exposed to (micro)G compared to 1G controls (25). With the development of the Russian Mir Space Station, long-term controlled microgravity exposure became possible. We recorded activity rhythms from black-bodied Tenebrionid beetles, Trigonoscelis gigas, in (micro)G (spaceflight). Each insect was housed individually within an activity monitor (26) and data (activity counts) were collected and stored in five-minute bins. Thirty-two individual activity monitors were housed within each of 2 experimental kits. The beetles within each kit were divided into two groups and the lighting was controlled separately for each group.

Hoban-Higgins, Tana M.↗
NASA NTRS2024

Combining Large Datasets - Cancer Moonshot Task Group Final Summary

In February 2022, President Biden re-ignited the Cancer Moonshot with bold new goals: to reduce the cancer death rate by half within 25 years and improve the lives of people with cancer and cancer survivors. To achieve these ambitious goals, the White House convened the first-ever Cancer Cabinet, bringing together departments and agencies from across the federal government to end cancer as we know it.The Cancer Cabinet convened three task forces and supporting task groups, including the Data and Innovation Task Force, which supported the Cancer Moonshot priority to “Deliver innovation to patients and communities.” In early 2023, the “Combining Large Datasets” (CoLD) Task Group was created within the Data and Innovation Task Force. The scope of the CoLD Task Group was how federal agencies combine large datasets for broad applications across cancer prevention and control, including nutrition, epidemiology, and military/Veteran health. Within this scope, the group sought to better leverage the immense potential of data and power of data tools to increase our understanding of cancer incidence, causes, mortality, treatments, prevention, outcomes, costs, and all other aspects of the burden of cancer.

data integration↗
NASA NTRS1981

Langley's Space Shuttle Technology: A bibliography

This bibliography documents most of the major publications, research reports, journal articles, presentations, and contractor reports, which have been published since the inception of the Space Shuttle Technology Task Group at the NASA Langley Reseach Center on July 11, 1969. This research work was performed in house by the Center staff or under contract, monitored by the Center staff. The report is arranged according to method of publication: (1) NASA Formal Reports; (2) Contractor Reports; and (3) Articles and Conferences. Disciplines covered are in the areas of aerothermodynamics, structures, dynamics and aeroelasticity, environmental, and materials. The publications are listed without abstracts for quick reference and planning.

Champine, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Source circuit design considerations

The cost of several circuit configurations for large (5MW) array fields were investigated to assess the relative costs of high and low voltage configurations. Three source circuit NOC voltages were evaluated: 400V (ungrounded), 800V (+ or 400V center grounded), and 2000V (+ or - 1000V center grounded). Four source circuit configurations were considered for each of the three NOC voltages. The configurations correspond to source circuit currents of 15, 30, 45, and 60 amperes, respectively. Conceptual layouts for 5MW building blocks for each of the above configurations were developed. The designs were optimized to minimize BOS electrical and structural costs. Only the BOS electrical costs were evaluated. The designs were broken down into the following elements for cost: (1) basic source circuit intermodule wiring, bypass diodes and associated hardware, source circuit to J-Box wiring, etc; (2) J-Box blocking diodes, varistors, heat sinks, and housing; (3) disconnects source circuit disconnects, fuses, and housing; (4) bus cabling J-Box to PCU interface wiring, and trenching; (5) interface bus bar, group disconnects, and fuses; and (6) fault detection shunts, signal wire, electronics, and alarm. It is concluded that high voltage low current circuits are not economical, at higher currents high and low voltage circuit costs approach each other, high voltage circuits are not likely to offer near term advantage, and development work/manufacturer stimulation is needed to develop low cost high voltage hardware.

Noel, G. T.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Structures and Materials Experimental Facilities and Capabilities Catalog

The NASA Center of Excellent for Structures and Materials at Langley Research Center is responsible for conducting research and developing useable technology in the areas of advanced materials and processing technologies, durability, damage tolerance, structural concepts, advanced sensors, intelligent systems, aircraft ground operations, reliability, prediction tools, performance validation, aeroelastic response, and structural dynamics behavior for aerospace vehicles. Supporting the research activities is a complementary set of facilities and capabilities documented in this report. Because of the volume of information, the information collected was restricted in most cases to one page. Specific questions from potential customers or partners should be directed to the points of contacts provided with the various capabilities. Grouping of the equipment is by location as opposed to function. Geographical information of the various buildings housing the equipment is also provided. Since this is the first time that such an inventory is ever collected at Langley it is by no means complete. It is estimated that over 90 percent of the equipment capabilities at hand are included but equipment is continuously being updated and will be reported in the future.

Horta, Lucas G.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Conceptual Design of DUNE Near Detector Superconducting Magnet System

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) has formed a near detector design group (NDDG) tasked with delivering a CDR by the end of 2019. The DUNE Near Detectors will be housed in an underground hall on the Fermilab site. The two main detector systems are a liquid argon detector and a high-pressure gas time projection chamber (HPgTPC). The HPgTPC requires a magnet that generates a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic field in a large volume of 6 m diameter, and 5 m length. Herein, we present a superconducting magnet system design. We investigated: an open air core magnet with three coils, and a five coils system having two active fringe field shielding coils. Coils positions were optimized to obtain the specified field homogeneity in the magnet good field region, while minimizing the Lorentz forces and the superconductor volume. We discuss the magnetic, mechanical, and thermal conceptual designs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS2002

Martian Analogue Sample Characterization and Spectral Library Development at the Johnson Space Center

An extensive collection of Martian analogue samples housed at the Johnson Space Center is the focus of ongoing research by the JSC Mars soil genesis group and their collaborators. Because the major element composition of Martian meteorites and in situ analyses of Martian soils and rocks indicate that Mars is predominantly an iron-rich basaltic world, the focus of active sample collection and analysis is basaltic materials and their hydrolytic (both aqueous and hydrothermal) and sulfatetic alteration products. Described below are the scope of the JSC Mars analogue sample collection, the characterization process, and plans to incorporate the data into spectral libraries for the Mars 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) and Mars 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) CRISM missions.

Morris, Richard V.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Effects of Age on Temperature Responses During Exposure to Hypergravity

Rats subjected to centrifugation show a marked decrease in body temperature relating to gravity level. Several studies have indicated, that an initial response to centrifugation is followed by acclimation. To test for differences between young (Y; 2 months) and mature (M; 8 months) rats in their response in temperature, both groups were exposed to hypergravity induced by centrifugation. Thirty-six male rats were divided into four groups according to age and G-load (control (1.0G-Y and 1.0G-M), 2.0G-Y or 2.0G-M) and were housed in pairs in standard vivarium cages. During the 7-day period of centrifugation, temperature was measured every five minutes by surgically implanted telemeters. Body mass was measured daily. We found that initial body temperature in 2.0G-M was less than that of 2.0G-Y. Both hypergravity groups (2.0G-Y and 2.0G-M) showed a decrease in temperature at the onset of centrifugation, and the change in temperature (Delta = 0.5 C) remained the same between the groups. Significant differences persisted with 2.0G-Y recovering to control values in four days and 2.0G-M recovering in five days. These results indicate that the mature animals have a similar response as the younger animals, but take longer to acclimate.

Fung, C.K.↗
NASA NTRS2015

NASA's Rodent Research Project on ISS: Validation of a New Platform for Conducting Biomedical and Basic Research into the Consequences of Long Duration Habitation in Space

Rodent research has played a key role in advancing biomedical discoveries both on Earth and in space. The National Research Counsel’s Decadal survey(1) emphasized the importance of expanding NASAs life sciences research to perform long duration, rodent experiments on the International Space Station (ISS). To accomplish this objective, flight hardware, operations, and science capabilities were developed at NASA ARC to support both commercial and government-sponsored rodent research.Rodent Research-1 (RR-1) was the first mission in which animals were delivered and maintained in the ISS for a long duration mission in modified Animal Enclosure Module hardware. Both RR validation and commercial science objectives were pursued on the RR-1 mission. Adult female mice (20 total Flight, FLT) were launched Sept 21, 2014 in RR hardware within a Dragon Capsule (SpaceX4), then after 4 days in transit, were transferred for habitation on the ISS for 17 days (commercial) or 33 days (validation), when animals were euthanized and select tissues recovered on orbit. Various controls groups consisted of: 1) Basal mice from the same cohorts as FLT mice, but tissues were recovered at time of launch, 2) Vivarium (VIV) were housed in standard cages 3) Ground Controls (GC) were housed in flight hardware within an environmental chamber at Kennedy Space Center. The health and behavior of all mice on the ISS were monitored by video feed on a daily basis. Mice were euthanized by injection of Euthasol, then either fast frozen intact or dissected to preserve livers (fast frozen) and spleens (RNAlater). Samples were stored at ≤ -80˚C until their return to Earth for later analyses.Hardware performed nominally throughout the mission and the planned in-flight science operations were completed successfully. FLT mice appeared generally more physically active on orbit than respective GC groups. After 33 days on the ISS, mean body weights of FLT mice did not differ from GC, with both groups showing a 6% rise compared to time of launch, while VIV mice showed an 8% rise over the same period. Importantly, there were no significant differences in body weights between groups at the end of 33 days on the ISS, providing an indication that the RR hardware supported the health of the mice both on Earth and in space. Based on the preliminary data obtained from the livers and spleens of mice after 17 days on the ISS, purified RNA was of high quality (RIN values of spleen: FLT=9.48 +0.40, GC=9.28 +0.44, n=5/group); therefore, RNA quality from samples retrieved on orbit was acceptable for even the most demanding transcriptomic analyses. In addition, liver enzyme activity levels (units/mg protein) of FLT mice (after 17d on ISS) and all control mice were similar in magnitude to samples that were optimally prepared by freezing in liquid nitrogen in the laboratory (enzymes analyzed included catalase, glutathione reductase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Validation analyses still in progress include behavior and tissue biochemistries, as well as optimization of science return by post-flight recovery of tissues for biospecimen sharing and global expression analyses.Together, these preliminary findings demonstrate new capability for supporting long duration rodent research on the ISS to achieve both basic science and biomedical objectives.

Globus, R. K.↗