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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Inverse Energy Dispersion of Energetic Ions Observed in the Magnetosheath

We present a case study of energetic ions observed by the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) on the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft in the magnetosheath just outside the subsolar magnetopause that occurred at 1000 UT on 8 December 2015. As the magnetopause receded inward, the EPD observed a burst of energetic (approximately 50-1000 keV) proton, helium, and oxygen ions that exhibited an inverse dispersion, with the lowest energy ions appearing first. The prolonged interval of fast antisunward flow observed in the magnetosheath and transient increases in the H components of global ground magnetograms demonstrate that the burst appeared at a time when the magnetosphere was rapidly compressed. We attribute the inverse energy dispersion to the leakage along reconnected magnetic field lines of betatron-accelerated energetic ions in the magnetosheath, and a burst of reconnection has an extent of about 1.5 R(sub E) using combined Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar and EPD observations.

Lee, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Synthesis of 3-D Coronal-Solar Wind Energetic Particle Acceleration Modules

Acute space radiation hazards pose one of the most serious risks to future human and robotic exploration. Large solar energetic particle (SEP) events are dangerous to astronauts and equipment. The ability to predict when and where large SEPs will occur is necessary in order to mitigate their hazards. The Coronal-Solar Wind Energetic Particle Acceleration (C-SWEPA) modeling effort in the NASANSF Space Weather Modeling Collaborative [Schunk, 2014] combines two successful Living With a Star (LWS) (http:lws.gsfc.nasa.gov) strategic capabilities: the Earth-Moon-Mars Radiation Environment Modules (EMMREM)[Schwadron et al., 2010] that describe energetic particles and their effects, with the Next Generation Model forthe Corona and Solar Wind developed by the Predictive Science, Inc. (PSI) group. The goal of the C-WEPA effort is to develop a coupled model that describes the conditions of the corona, solar wind, coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and associated shocks, particle acceleration, and propagation via physics-based modules. Assessing the threat of SEPs is a difficult problem. The largest SEPs typically arise in conjunction with X classflares and very fast (1000 kms) CMEs. These events are usually associated with complex sunspot groups(also known as active regions) that harbor strong, stressed magnetic fields. Highly energetic protonsgenerated in these events travel near the speed of light and can arrive at Earth minutes after the eruptiveevent. The generation of these particles is, in turn, believed to be primarily associated with the shock waveformed very low in the corona by the passage of the CME (injection of particles fromthe flare sitemay also playa role). Whether these particles actually reach Earth (or any other point) depends on their transport in theinterplanetary magnetic field and their magnetic connection to the shock.

exploration↗
NASA NTRS2019

Energetic Particles of Cosmic Accelerators I: Galactic Accelerators

The high-energy universe has revealed that energetic particles are ubiquitous in the cosmos and play a vital role in the cultivation of cosmic environments on all scales. Our pursuit of more than a century to uncover the origins and fate of these cosmic energetic particles has given rise to some of the most interesting and challenging questions in astrophysics. Energetic particles in our own galaxy, galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), engage in a complex interplay with the interstellar medium and magnetic fields in the galaxy, giving rise to many of its key characteristics. For instance, GCRs act in concert with galactic magnetic fields to support its disk against its own weight. GCR ionization and heating are essential ingredients in promoting and regulating the formation of stars and protostellar disks. GCR ionization also drives astrochemistry, leading to the build up of complex molecules in the interstellar medium. GCR transport throughout the galaxy generates and maintains turbulence in the interstellar medium, alters its multi-phase structure, and amplifies magnetic fields. GCRs could even launch galactic winds that enrich the circumgalactic medium and alter the structure and evolution of galactic disks. As crucial as they are for many of the varied phenomena in our galaxy, there is still much we do not understand about GCRs. While they have been linked to supernova remnants (SNRs), it remains unclear whether these objects can fully account for their entire population, particularly at the lower (approximately less than 1 GeV per nucleon) and higher (~PeV) ends of the spectrum. In fact, it is entirely possible that the SNRs that have been found to accelerate CRs merely re-accelerate them, leaving the origins of the original GCRs a mystery. The conditions for particle acceleration that make SNRs compelling source candidates are also likely to be present in sources such as protostellar jets, superbubbles, and colliding wind binaries (CWBs), but we have yet to ascertain their roles in producing GCRs. For that matter, key details of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) have yet to be revealed, and it remains to be seen whether DSA can adequately explain particle acceleration in the cosmos. This White Paper is the first of a two-part series highlighting the most well-known high-energy cosmic accelerators and contributions that MeV gamma-ray astronomy will bring to understanding their energetic particle phenomena. For the case of GCRs, MeV astronomy will: 1) Search for fresh acceleration of GCRs in SNRs; 2) Test the DSA process, particularly in SNRs and CWBs; 3) Search for signs of CR acceleration in protostellar jets and superbubbles.

Venters, Tonia M.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Very Narrow Coronal Mass Ejections Producing Solar Energetic Particles

Aims. Our main aim is to study the relationship between low-energy solar particles (energies below 1 MeV) and very narrow coronal mass ejections (“jets” with angular width ≤ 20°). Methods. For this purpose, we considered 125 very narrow coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from 1999 to 2003 that are potentially associated with low-energy solar particles (LESPs). These events were chosen on the basis of their source location. We studied only very narrow CMEs at the western limb, which are expected to have good magnetic connectivity with Earth. Results. We found 24 very narrow CMEs associated with energetic particles such as ions (protons and 3He), electrons, or both. We show that arrival times at Earth of energetic particles are consistent with onset times of the respective CMEs, and that in the same time intervals, there are no other potential sources of energetic particles. We also demonstrate statistical differences for the angular width distributions using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for angular widths for these 24 events. We consider a coherent sample of jets (mostly originating from boundaries of coronal holes) to identify properties of events that produce solar energetic particles (velocities, widths, and position angles). Our study presents a new approach and result: very narrow CMEs can generate low-energy particles in the vicinity of Earth without other activity on the Sun. The results could be very useful for space weather forecasting.

Bronarska, K.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Stellar Energetic Particle-driven Production of Biologically Relevant Molecules in Atmospheres of Young Earth-like Exoplanets

The chemistry of N2, CO2, CH4-rich atmospheres of terrestrial-type exoplanets around active G-K stars is a complex problem. The star's energetic inputs in the atmospheres take the form of ionizing radiation in the form of X-ray, Extreme UV, as well as precipitating energetic particles that were accelerated in coronal mass ejection-driven shocks. These inputs lead to the ionization and dissociation of the atmospheric species, which enable complex chemical processes resulting in the creation of molecules of interest for both astrobiology and climate (Airapetian et al., 2016; Hayworth et al. 2022). We developed a set of atmospheric models to simulate the formation of organic molecules that can be considered as atmospheric pre-biosignatures from exoplanets around active stars. They take into account the dissociations and ionizations from all the energetic inputs in the atmosphere as well as their role in the enhanced chemistry in the lower atmosphere. In addition, the evaluation of stellar energetic particle fluxes is done using the latest techniques to accurately highlight the depth at which the chemistry is enabled. These models were used to simulate the chemistry of several young terrestrial-type exoplanets resembling the Hadean Earth to highlight the creation of atmospheric pre-biosignatures and relevant greenhouse gases, in function of different scenarios for its atmospheric evolution. This work shows the importance of space weather in the chemical evolution of atmospheres of astrobiological interest.

Guillaume Gronof↗
NASA NTRS2023

The 17 April 2021 Widespread Solar Energetic Particle Event

A complex and long-lasting solar eruption on 17 April 2021 produced a widespread solar energetic particle (SEP) event that was observed by five longitudinally well-separated observers in the inner heliosphere that covered distances to the Sun from 0.42 to 1 au: BepiColombo, Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, STEREO A, and near-Earth spacecraft. The event was the second widespread SEP event detected in solar cycle 25, and it produced relativistic electrons and protons. It was associated with a long-lasting solar hard X-ray flare that showed multiple hard X-ray peaks over a duration of one hour. The event was further accompanied by a medium-fast coronal mass ejection (CME) with a speed of 880 km s -1 that drove a shock, an extreme ultraviolet wave, and long-lasting and complex radio burst activity that showed four distinct type III burst groups over a period of 40 min. We aim to understand the reason for the wide spread of elevated SEP intensities in the inner heliosphere as well as identify the underlying source regions of the observed energetic electrons and protons. We applied a comprehensive multi-spacecraft analysis of remote-sensing observations and in situ measurements of the energetic particles and interplanetary context to attribute the SEP observations at the different locations to the various potential source regions at the Sun. We used an ENLIL simulation to characterize the complex interplanetary state and its role in the energetic particle transport. The magnetic connection between each spacecraft and the Sun was determined using ballistic backmapping in combination with potential field source surface extrapolations in the lower corona. Using also a reconstruction of the coronal shock front, we then determined the times when the shock establishes magnetic connections with the different observers. Radio observations were used to characterize the directivity of the four main injection episodes, which were then employed in a 2D SEP transport simulation to test the importance of these different injection episodes. A comprehensive timing analysis of the inferred solar injection times of the SEPs observed at each spacecraft suggests different source processes being important for the electron and proton events. Comparison among the characteristics and timing of the potential particle sources, such as the CME-driven shock or the flare, suggests a stronger shock contribution for the proton event and a more likely flare-related source for the electron event. In contrast to earlier studies on widespread SEP events, we find that in this event an important ingredient for the wide SEP spread was the wide longitudinal range of about 110 o covered by distinct SEP injections, which is also supported by our SEP transport modeling.

sun↗
NASA NTRS2013

Energetic Particles Dynamics in Mercury's Magnetosphere

We investigate the drift paths of energetic particles in Mercury's magnetosphere by tracing their motion through a model magnetic field. Test particle simulations solving the full Lorentz force show a quasi-trapped energetic particle population that gradient and curvature drift around the planet via "Shabansky" orbits, passing though high latitudes in the compressed dayside by equatorial latitudes on the nightside. Due to their large gyroradii, energetic H+ and Na+ ions will typically collide with the planet or the magnetopause and will not be able to complete a full drift orbit. These simulations provide direct comparison for recent spacecraft measurements from MESSENGER. Mercury's offset dipole results in an asymmetric loss cone and therefore an asymmetry in particle precipitation with more particles precipitating in the southern hemisphere. Since the planet lacks an atmosphere, precipitating particles will collide directly with the surface of the planet. The incident charged particles can kick up neutrals from the surface and have implications for the formation of the exosphere and weathering of the surface

Energetic particles↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Attenuation of Solar Energetic Particles By Wave-Particle Interaction With an Ion Thruster Plume

Solar energetic particles (SEP) are a significant concern for interplanetary human spaceflight. This work investigates wave-particle interactions caused by the incidence of a beam of energetic protons, representing a notional SEP event, onto a cloud of xenon ions, representing a notional ion thruster plume. The resulting electromagnetic ion/ion instability is developed to investigate the degree to which energetic protons can be scattered out of the initial beam.

space weather↗
NASA NTRS2024

Multispacecraft Observations of a Widespread Solar Energetic Particle Event on 2022 February 15–16

On 2022 February 15–16, multiple spacecraft measured one of the most intense solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed so far in Solar Cycle 25. This study provides an overview of interesting observations made by multiple spacecraft during this event. Parker Solar Probe (PSP) and BepiColombo were close to each other at 0.34–0.37 au (a radial separation of ∼0.03 au) as they were impacted by the flank of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME). At about 100° in the retrograde direction and 1.5 au away from the Sun, the radiation detector on board the Curiosity surface rover observed the largest ground-level enhancement on Mars since surface measurements began. At intermediate distances (0.7–1.0 au), the presence of stream interaction regions (SIRs) during the SEP arrival time provides additional complexities regarding the analysis of the distinct contributions of CME-driven versus SIR-driven events in observations by spacecraft such as Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A, and by near-Earth spacecraft like ACE, SOHO, and WIND. The proximity of PSP and BepiColombo also enables us to directly compare their measurements and perform cross-calibration for the energetic particle instruments on board the two spacecraft. Our analysis indicates that energetic proton measurements from BepiColombo and PSP are in reasonable agreement with each other to within a factor of ∼1.35. Finally, this study introduces the various ongoing efforts that will collectively improve our understanding of this impactful, widespread SEP event.

Solar energetic particles↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Deflection of Solar Energetic Protons by an Ion Thruster

While Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) represent a long-term cancer risk to deep space human missions, Solar Energetic Particles (SEP) represent a significant acute radiation hazard to human spaceflight. This work investigates wave-particle interactions caused by the incidence of a beam of energetic protons, representing a notional SEP event, onto a cloud of ions representing a notional ion thruster plume. The resulting electromagnetic ion/ion instability is developed to investigate the degree to which energetic protons can be scattered out of the initial beam. This work includes investigations of deflection rate dependences on incident SEP energy and flux, ion thruster power and orientation relative to SEP incidence, plume ion species, and background plasma. Also investigated are the spectrum and angular distribution of electromagnetic radiation resulting from the wave-particle interactions. The primary objective of this investigation is to develop a technique for active mitigation of SEP radiation threats to spacecraft and crew, by exploring the wave-particle interaction of a SEP event with the plasma plume expelled from an ion thruster. Since the cost in expended fuel restricts this technique to intermittent use during interplanetary flights, effective prediction of when a SEP event might impact the mission is still important, and the observation of conditions that might lead to SEP events, human-in-the-loop space weather analyses, and development of SEP prediction models remain essential to crew safety, spacecraft function, and mission success.

Interplanetary Space Flight↗
NASA NTRS1972

Subsatellite measurements of plasma and energetic particles

The Apollo 16 particles and fields subsatellite is instrumented to measure (1) plasma and energetic-particle fluxes, (2) vector magnetic fields, and (3) velocity of the subsatellite to a high precision for the purpose of determining lunar gravitational anomalies. Results from the magnetic-field and gravitational-field experiments are discussed. The results obtained from the plasma and energetic-particle detectors are discussed briefly. The plasma and energetic-particles experiment describes the various plasma regimes in which the moon moves, and determines how the moon interacts with the plasma and magnetic fields in the environment.

Anderson, K. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effect of energetic oxygen atoms on neutral density models.

The dissociative recombination of O2(+) and NO(+) in the F region results in the production of atomic oxygen and atomic nitrogen with substantially greater kinetic energy than the ambient atoms. In the exosphere these energetic atoms have long free paths. They can ascend to altitudes of several thousand kilometers and can travel horizontally to distances of the order of the earth's radius. The distribution of energetic oxygen atoms is derived by means of models of the ion and neutral densities for quiet and disturbed solar conditions. A distribution technique is used to study the motion of the atoms in the collision-dominated region. Ballistic trajectories are calculated in the spherical gravitational field of the earth. The present calculations show that the number densities of energetic oxygen atoms predominate over the ambient atomic oxygen densities above 1000 km under quiet solar conditions and above 1600 km under disturbed solar conditions.

Rohrbaugh, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Coronal magnetic fields and energetic particles

An examination was made of magnetic field effects in coronal and interplanetary space on propagation and storage of energetic particles from the flare site to 1 AU. Attempts were made to determine how several characteristics of solar energetic particle emissions are influenced by detailed configuration of the corona magnetic fields below 2.5 solar radii. Solar energetic particles are followed in the ambient magnetic field from injection above a flare until they either: (1) impact on the photosphere, (2) escape into interplanetary space, or (3) mirrow at some distant location in the corona.

Newkirk, G., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Effects of a transient sea surface temperature anomaly on the energetics of the Mintz-Arakawa model atmosphere

The possible response of the atmosphere, as simulated by the two level Mintz-Arakawa global general circulation model, to a transient North Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is investigated in terms of the energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. Results indicate that the transient SST variations of reasonable magnitude in the North Pacific Ocean can induce a disturbing effect on the global energetics both in the spatial and wave number domains. The ability of the two level Mintz-Arakawa model to simulate the atmospheric energetics is also examined. Except in the tropics, the model exhibits a reasonable and realistic energy budget.

Chow, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Pioneer 10 - Observations of energetic electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere

Data obtained by Pioneer 10 on the properties of energetic electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere are analyzed. The basic detectors (seven miniature Geiger-Mueller tubes) are described together with the signal processor and sampling techniques. The model of Jupiter used in the data analysis is a centered dipole with a tilt of 9.5 deg toward 230 deg System III longitude. The energetic-electron observations within the inner magnetosphere are found to indicate that radial as well as pitch-angle diffusion of energetic electrons must take place very rapidly. Outbound observations within the magnetodisk (the region beyond 20 Jupiter radii) are found to indicate a spiraling of the apparent location of the longitude of the dipole tilt, while inbound data indicate a constant value for the apparent longitude of the dipole tilt out to 70 Jupiter radii.

Randall, B. A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Location of the source of magnetospheric energetic particle bursts by multispacecraft observations

During a magnetic substorm on Oct. 16, 1973 a number of magnetospheric bursts of energetic particles were observed simultaneously by IMP-6 and IMP-7 in the magnetotail. Detailed anisotropy measurements of 210 and 290 keV protons provide for the first time an indication of the location of the source of the energetic magnetospheric particles as well as evidence for its movement with speeds from 30 to more than 80 km/sec, in association with the intensification of the westward auroral electrojet during a magnetic bay at the station closest to the local time of the spacecraft (also local midnight). The observations indicate that energetic particles are accelerated to greater than 1.85 MeV in a moving and localized region in the geomagnetotail.

Sarris, E. T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Solar wind, energetic particles, and coronal magnetic structure - The first year of solar cycle 20

Coronal magnetic field structure is investigated by using solar and interplanetary magnetic polarity measurements and by using observations of solar wind plasma and energetic particles during the first 8 months of 1965. When it is compared by using all data available during this period, interplanetary polarity (mapped back to the high corona by using observed solar wind velocities) correlates best with mid-latitude solar polarity. However, when it is compared at only those times when energetic particles were present in the interplanetary medium and again at times of fast solar wind, the best correlation is with equatorial solar polarity. From these results we infer that energetic particles and fast solar wind escape preferentially from equatorial coronal magnetic structures which are open, while the more usual equatorial structures at this time are closed.

Nolte, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The effects of the geosynchronous energetic particle radiation environment on spacecraft charging phenomena

The energetic electron environment at the geosynchronous orbit is responsible for a variety of adverse charging effects on spacecraft components. The most serious of these is the degradation and failure of a complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronic components as a result of internal charge-buildup induced by the energetic electrons. Efforts to accurately determine the expected lifetime of these components in this orbit are hampered by the lack of detailed knowledge of the electron spectrum and intensity, particularly of the more penetrating energies greater than 1.5 MeV. This problem is illustrated through the calculation of the dose received by a CMOS device from the energetic electrons and associated bremsstrahlung as a function of aluminum shielding thickness using the NASA AE-6 and the Aerospace measured electron environments. Two computational codes which were found to be in good agreement were used to perform the calculations. For a given shielding thickness the dose received with the two radiation environments differ by as much as a factor of seven with a corresponding variation in lifetime of the CMOS.

Reagan, J. B.↗