Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge
Not Available
Hyer, Matthew D. (ORCID:0009000053973744)↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “edge detection”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Implementation of Intrusion Detection Methods for Distributed Photovoltaic Inverters at the Grid-Edge.
Abstract not provided.
Jones, Christian Birk↗
Vulnerability Detection Methodology for a Digital Signal Processor Micro-Controller at Edge Level Distributed Energy Resource Controller
Integration of renewable energy and energy storage based Distributed Energy Resource (DER) assets to the grid has seen an upsurge over the past few decades. Traditionally, energy would be generated at a thermal or nuclear power plant and then transmitted over long distance through the transmission grid and then supply to the customers at the distribution grid. Modern renewable energy based DER assets have brought energy production at the edge of distribution grid, which has made the grid vulnerable to cyber intrusion as the power flow controllers for such DER assets are now distributed across the grid from distribution level to transmission level. This paper discusses the vulnerability posed by such power flow controllers of DER assets and demonstrates a detection methodology for unauthorized access and manipulation of system configuration for Digital Signal Processor based Microcontrollers. Experimental results proving efficacy of the methodology have been shown in paper.
Bhowmik, Pankaj↗
Rigorous Oxidation State Assignments for Supported Ga-Containing Catalysts Using Theory-Informed X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Signatures from Well-Defined Ga(I) and Ga(III) Compounds
Gallium-based heterogeneous catalysts originally developed for commercial use in propane dehydroaromatization have been explored extensively as potential replacements for Pt- and Cr-based catalysts used in propane dehydrogenation for on-demand propylene production. In a large number of experimental and theoretical studies, active sites with a variety of Ga nuclearities, coordination environments, and oxidation states have been proposed. Isolated Ga(I) ions are often invoked, despite the scarcity of well-defined molecular species and their well-documented instability. In this study, we investigate the appearance of a high-intensity, low-energy white line at the Ga K-edge upon reduction of Ga/HZSM-5 by H 2 at a temperature of ca. 500 °C, accompanied by a dramatic reduction in the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) intensity. In contrast, Ga/γ-Al 2 O 3 does not show such behavior. In order to lay a rigorous foundation for characterizing these types of systems and to establish experimental signatures for the elusive Ga(I) oxidation state, we recorded Ga K-edge X-ray absorption spectra [including high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection-X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (HERFD-XANES)] for several well-defined molecular and crystalline Ga(I) compounds. XANES is essential to establishing the presence of Ga(I), despite the overlap in edge energies with organoGa(III) compounds, because Ga(I)-containing oxide materials show very weak EXAFS scattering. Compared to the XANES of trigonal Ga(III)-containing materials, Ga(I) spectra display a significantly more intense white line feature. Theoretical simulations agree well with this experimental observation and reveal that the strong XANES intensity originates from the superposition of transitions to several empty, nearly degenerate p-like states. Finally, these signatures provide compelling evidence for assigning the intense white line and dramatic loss of EXAFS intensity in Ga/HZSM-5 to the near-quantitative reduction of Ga(III) to Ga(I), while the weaker white line and conventional EXAFS signal of Ga/γ-Al 2 O 3 point to, at most, a minor fraction of Ga(I) sites.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Iridium pair sites anchored to Zr 6 O 8 nodes of the metal–organic framework UiO-66 catalyze ethylene hydrogenation
Isolated metal pair sites on metal oxide and zeolite supports are drawing attention as catalysts, because—in contrast to single atomically dispersed metals—they provide neighboring metal centers that can act cooperatively. We now report pairs of iridium atoms anchored to the Zr 6 O 8 nodes of the metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-66, synthesized by chemisorption of Ir 2 (μ-OCH 3 ) 2 (COD) 2 (COD is cyclooctadienyl) followed by removal of the COD ligands. The supported species were characterized with infrared spectra of adsorbed CO combined with iridium LIII-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure and high-energy-resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption near edge (HERFD XANES) spectra. The HERFD XANES spectra were recorded with the sample in a variety of atmospheres in which the iridium pair sites were stable, including CO, H 2 , and C 2 H 4 + H 2 at temperatures in the range of 35–80 °C. The data provide sensitive measures of the electronic structure of the iridium in the pair sites. The samples were evaluated as catalysts for ethylene hydrogenation, with the pair-sites being more selective for hydrogenation than analogous isolated atomically dispersed iridium, which catalyzes both hydrogenation and isomerization. Metal pair sites on MOFs offer uncharted opportunities for catalysts having reactivities associated with neighboring metal centers.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
On the formation of swelling and related flaws in laser powder bed fusion
Process monitoring in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing can provide insights into stochastic anomalies, melt pool and plume dynamics, and part quality. Swelling, a build anomaly where overbuilt material protrudes through the powder layer after recoating, is readily detectable in post-recoat visible light images of the powder bed. Here, this work identifies several of the underlying mechanisms driving swelling formation by analyzing the influence of processing parameters, laser scan paths, and build plate locations on the presence of swelling detected in situ. Swelling near the edge of the part and swelling in the internal region of the part are shown to correlate with different process conditions. Edge and internal swelling may be driven by different phenomena, with edge swelling predominately occurring on the edge of a part facing the laser module and correlated to clusters of near-surface voids (detected with X-ray computed tomography). A larger spot size, higher laser power, and lower scan velocity also increased the presence of edge swelling. Laser spot size and scan path influenced internal swelling, which occurred preferentially with a larger spot size and in regions with large melt pools, caused by localized heat accumulation due to non-optimal processing parameters or scan path strategies. For coupons processed with a slicer-defined maximum scan vector length, swelling seldom occurred at internal vector-stripe boundaries. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how swelling can be linked to material flaws, insight into how some instances of swelling can be avoided, and evidence supporting the use of swelling as an in situ indicator for quality assurance and part qualification.
Anomaly↗
Characterization of Fuel Cladding Chemical Interaction on a High Burnup U-10Zr Metallic Fuel via Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy Enhanced by Machine Learning
Fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) is one of the main performance limiting factors for metallic nuclear fuels. The interaction destabilizes the martensitic microstructure and deteriorates mechanical properties of HT-9 cladding. The detection of low atomic number elements (Z<10) and overlapping of elemental peaks can be problematic in interpreting energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) provides precise elemental edge energy values and can detect elements with a low atomic number. This work utilizes EELS to study the distribution of lanthanides and light elements at the interaction region. The sample was prepared from the FCCI region of a U-10Zr (wt.%) solid fuel with HT-9 cladding, irradiated to a burnup of 13.2 at.%. Processing the EELS data included three major steps: 1) enhance the signal to noise ratio by denoising the spectrum with principal component analysis (PCA) method, removing background and performing deconvolution; 2) identify chemical elements with core energy loss edges; 3) confirm different phases using a popular machine learning method, K-means. This work presents qualitative assessment of lanthanides and light elements like carbon (C) and oxygen (O) enhanced by the application of machine learning algorithms. By comparing with EDS elemental maps, EELS provides higher resolution chemical maps, reveals the distribution of carbon at the interaction region supporting the formation of zirconium carbide, a rind-like microstructure feature that was proposed to mitigate the chemical interaction. Furthermore, the plasmon peak map was also found to indicate an energy shift associated with the formation of phases/compounds. K-means clustering method was used on the processed electron energy loss (EEL) spectrum to automatically reveal different phases. The resulting clustered maps from K-means clustering align well with elemental maps confirming certain phases, especially Fe-Ce and Zr-C, in the FCCI region.
EELS↗
Bolometric Superconducting Optical Nanoscopy (BOSON)
Superconducting transition-edge sensors are renowned for their extraordinary photon sensitivity and energy resolution, finding applications spanning quantum information, astronomy, and nanophotonics. Here, we report the development of bolometric superconducting optical nanoscopy (BOSON), a novel platform that integrates bolometric detection at the superconducting transition edges with near-field optical techniques. BOSON enables the mapping of photoinduced changes in superconductivity with unprecedented spatial resolution and photon sensitivity. By incorporating BOSON with low-dimensional materials, we achieved polariton imaging at nanowatt excitation levels—at least 4 orders of magnitude lower than the power typically required in prior near-field nanoscopy experiments. Our findings highlight the potential for BOSON to advance scanning-probe-based optical platforms to enable the detection of photons, polaritons, and Cooper pair dynamics at the nanoscale. This paves the way for quantum sensing applications using single-polariton detection and can offer deeper insights into quasiparticle dynamics.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Improved precision in As speciation analysis with HERFD-XANES at the As K -edge: the case of As speciation in mine waste
High-energy-resolution fluorescence-detected (HERFD) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) is a spectroscopic method that allows for increased spectral feature resolution, and greater selectivity to decrease complex matrix effects compared with conventional XANES. XANES is an ideal tool for speciation of elements in solid-phase environmental samples. Accurate speciation of As in mine waste materials is important for understanding the mobility and toxicity of As in near-surface environments. In this study, linear combination fitting (LCF) was performed on synthetic spectra generated from mixtures of eight measured reference compounds for both HERFD-XANES and transmission-detected XANES to evaluate the improvement in quantitative speciation with HERFD-XANES spectra. The reference compounds arsenolite (As 2 O 3 ), orpiment (As 2 S 3 ), getchellite (AsSbS 3 ), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), kaňkite (FeAsO 4 ·3.5H 2 O), scorodite (FeAsO 4 ·2H 2 O), sodium arsenate (Na 3 AsO 4 ), and realgar (As 4 S 4 ) were selected for their importance in mine waste systems. Statistical methods of principal component analysis and target transformation were employed to determine whether HERFD improves identification of the components in a dataset of mixtures of reference compounds. LCF was performed on HERFD- and total fluorescence yield (TFY)-XANES spectra collected from mine waste samples. Arsenopyrite, arsenolite, orpiment, and sodium arsenate were more accurately identified in the synthetic HERFD-XANES spectra compared with the transmission-XANES spectra. In mine waste samples containing arsenopyrite and either scorodite or kaňkite, LCF with HERFD-XANES measurements resulted in fits with smaller R -factors than concurrently collected TFY measurements. The improved accuracy of HERFD-XANES analysis may provide enhanced delineation of As phases controlling biogeochemical reactions in mine wastes, contaminated soils, and remediation systems.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Identifying the Molecular Edge Termination of Exfoliated Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Plane-Wave DFT Calculations
Hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS), the isoelectronic analog to graphene, have received interest over the past decade due to their high thermal oxidative resistance, high bandgap, catalytic activity, and low cost. The functional groups that terminate boron and nitrogen zigzag and/or armchair edges directly affect their chemical, physical, and electronic properties. However, an understanding of the molecular edge termination present in h-BNNS is lacking. Here, high-resolution magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy, and plane-wave density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to determine the molecular edge termination in exfoliated h-BNNS. 1 H → 11 B cross-polarization MAS (CPMAS) SSNMR spectra of h-BNNS revealed multiple hydroxyl/oxygen coordinated boron edge sites that were not detectable in direct excitation experiments. A dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced 1 H → 15 N CPMAS spectrum of h-BNNS displayed four distinct 15 N resonances while a 2D 1 H{ 14 N} dipolar-HMQC spectrum acquired with fast MAS revealed three distinct 14 N environments. Plane-wave DFT calculations were used to construct model edge structures and predict the corresponding 11 B, 14 N and 15 N SSNMR spectra. Comparison of the experimental and predicted SSNMR spectra confirms that zigzag and armchair edges with both amine and boron hydroxide/oxide termination are present. The detailed characterization of h-BNNS molecular edge termination will prove useful for many material science applications. The techniques outlined here should also be applicable to understand the molecular edge terminations in other 2D materials
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
ARMing the Edge: Demonstration of Edge Computing Field Campaign Report
Edge computing enables “next-to-instrument” control and intelligent data volume reduction and the potential for autonomous, adaptive measurement strategies such as for automated control of scan strategies for Doppler lidar (DL). Instruments with narrow bandwidth connections (e.g., ship and remote sites) can do scene determination and save phenomenon-appropriate data. For example, Doppler spectrum can be saved when clouds are detected by the instrument or automatic moment detection can take place in camera images and only preserve spectrum when non-monomodal spectra are detected. Automated control at the edge involves changing the sampling (temporal or scanning strategy) of an instrument to suit the phenomena both present and being studied (Jackson et al. 2020). Both data processing and instrument control introduces the possibility of a software-defined instrument.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Distributed Cyber-Physical Intrusion Detection System Sensors Effectively Secure Photovoltaic Inverter Communications at the Grid-Edge.
Abstract not provided.
Hossain-McKenzie, Shamina↗
Proactive Intrusion Detection and Mitigation System
SAND2023-05661O The proactive intrusion detection and mitigation system (PIDMS) provides grid-edge situational awareness for cybersecurity defense by capturing real-time distributed energy resource (DER) network traffic and performance data with a novel approach that improves the detection and prevention of cyber-physical attacks. The PIDMS addresses the grid-edge security gap with real-time analysis of both network traffic and photovoltaic performance data to deliver a novel, cyber-physical intrusion detection system (IDS) approach that increases the accuracy and effectiveness of detection and mitigation. This hybrid IDS analysis enables dual monitoring that increases the workload of the adversary; both cyber and physical data would have to be simultaneously spoofed to evade detection. Furthermore, monitoring and analyzing cyber data are insufficient in some cases. For example, in an insider threat aimed at disrupting inverter grid-support functions where proper credentials and authentication are achieved, only the altered PV performance would indicate abnormal behavior. All in all, the PIDMS provides novel capabilities for: • Distributed, real-time cyber-physical detection and mitigation analysis • Cybersecurity defense for grid-edge systems • Analysis framework that can provide situational awareness across the transmission, distribution, and DER systems The PIDMS sensor is designed to collect cyber-physical data, process the data using machine-learning algorithms, detect abnormal events, and deploy mitigations. With these goals, the main functional PIDMS objectives are: • Capability to collect cyber-physical data • Onboard storage of cyber-physical data • Peer-to-peer communication • Computationally efficient machine-learning algorithms • Online cyber-physical data analysis • Alerting/visualization capabilities • Mitigation deployment capability with bump-in-the-wire (BITW) implementation Each of these functional objectives enable PIDMS to perform effective cyber-physical intrusion detection and mitigation. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Jones, Christian↗
Demonstration Trials of AI/ML Edge+Cloud Suite (CRADA Final Report)
PACE AI and LBNL partnered under this CRADA to test and evaluate the PACE5 edge node prototype, an AI/ML edge and cloud-based suite, at FLEXLAB.The objective of the test was to evaluate the PACE5 edge node prototype's ability to perform demand shed and take to dynamic price signals, and to demonstrate advanced fault detection and microgrid monitoring capabilities.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Validation of the EDGES Low-band Antenna Beam Model
The response of the antenna is a source of uncertainty in measurements with the Experiment to Detect the Global Epoch of Reionization Signature (EDGES). We aim to validate the electromagnetic beam model of the low-band (50–100 MHz) dipole antenna with comparisons between models and against data. We find that simulations of a simplified model of the antenna over an infinite perfectly conducting ground plane are, with one exception, robust to changes in the numerical electromagnetic solver code or algorithm. For simulations of the antenna with the actual finite ground plane and realistic soil properties, we find that two out of three numerical solvers agree well. Applying our analysis pipeline to a simulated drift-scan observation from an early EDGES low-band instrument that had a 10 m × 10 m ground plane, we find residual levels after fitting and removing a five-term foreground model from the simulated data binned in local sidereal time (LST) average about 250 mK with ±40 mK variation between numerical solvers. A similar analysis of the primary 30 m × 30 m sawtooth ground plane reduced the LST-averaged residuals to about 90 mK with ±10 mK between the two viable solvers. More broadly we show that larger ground planes generally perform better than smaller ground planes. Simulated data have a power that is within 4% of real observations, a limitation of net accuracy of the sky and beam models. We observe that residual spectral structures after foreground model fits match qualitatively between simulated data and observations, suggesting that the frequency dependence of the beam is reasonably represented by the models. We find that a soil conductivity of 0.02 S m{sup -1} and relative permittivity of 3.5 yield good agreement between simulated spectra and observations. This is consistent with the soil properties reported by Sutinjo et al. for the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory, where EDGES is located.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Demonstration of the HeRALD superfluid helium detector concept
The SPICE/HeRALD collaboration is performing research and development to enable studies of sub-GeV dark matter models using a variety of target materials. Here we report our recent progress on instrumenting a superfluid 4 He target mass with a transition-edge sensor based calorimeter to detect both atomic signals (scintillation) and 4 He quasiparticle (phonon and roton) excitations. The sensitivity of HeRALD to the critical “quantum evaporation” signal from 4 He quasiparticles requires us to block the superfluid film flow to the calorimeter. We have developed a heat-free film-blocking method employing an unoxidized Cs film, which we implemented in a prototype “HeRALD v0.1” detector of ~10 g target mass. This article reports initial studies of the atomic and quasiparticle signal channels. Here, a key result of this work is the measurement of the quantum evaporation channel’s gain of 0.15±0.01, which will enable 4 He-based dark matter experiments in the near term. With this gain the HeRALD detector reported here has an energy threshold of 145 eV at 5σ, which would be sensitive to dark matter masses down to 220 MeV/c 2 .
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Effect of hydrogen isotope on plasma impedance and thermal pinching induced by single aerosol droplets injected into an inductively coupled plasma
The mass of the hydrogen isotope in micrometer-sized aqueous droplets introduced into an ICP has been found to affect the degree of resulting plasma perturbation. Studied plasma perturbations include local plasma cooling, plasma shrinkage due to thermal pinching, and changes in plasma impedance. The local cooling effect caused by a vaporizing aerosol droplet was found to be similar between H 2 O and D 2 O. This finding is likely a result of the similar heat capacities and vaporization rates of H 2 O and D 2 O droplets and of the comparable thermal conductivities and dissociation kinetics of H 2 O and D 2 O vapor. In contrast, a clear isotope effect was observed for plasma shrinkage and impedance change, with H 2 O causing a considerably stronger effect. Plasma shrinkage, gauged by the reduction in Ar emission at the edge of the plasma, was detected at all observation heights within the load-coil region, with D 2 O droplets causing as much as 30% less of an effect than H 2 O. Likewise, D 2 O droplets induce significantly less change in plasma impedance than H 2 O droplets. Depending on experimental conditions and the probing method, changes in plasma impedance caused by monodisperse D 2 O droplets were only 52%–80% that of H 2 O. The lower influence on plasma shrinkage and impedance change for D 2 O droplets is believed to be related to the much lower thermal conductivity of atomic deuterium, around 70% that of atomic hydrogen (protium). The time required for the plasma impedance to return to its original steady-state value was comparatively long (~10 ms) and similar for H 2 O and D 2 O droplets.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Isotropic parallel antiferromagnetism in the magnetic field induced charge-ordered state of $\mathrm{Sm Ru_4 P_{12}}$ caused by $p - f$ hybridization
Nature of the field-induced charge-ordered phase (phase II) of SmRu 4 P 12 has been investigated by resonant x-ray diffraction (RXD) and polarized neutron diffraction (PND), focusing on the relationship between the atomic displacements and the antiferromagnetic (AFM) moments of Sm. From the analysis of the interference between the nonresonant Thomson scattering and the resonant magnetic scattering, combined with the spectral function obtained from x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, it is shown that the AFM moment of Sm prefers to be parallel to the field (m AF ∥ H), giving rise to large and small moment sites around which the P 12 and Ru cage contract and expand, respectively. This is associated with the formation of the staggered ordering of the Γ 7 -like and Γ 8 -like crystal-field states, providing a strong piece of evidence for the charge order. PND was also performed to obtain complementary and unambiguous conclusion. In addition, isotropic and continuous nature of phase II is demonstrated by the field-direction invariance of the interference spectrum in RXD. Finally, crucial role of the p-f hybridization is shown by resonant soft x-ray diffraction at the P K edge (1s↔3p), where we detected a resonance due to the spin polarized 3p orbitals reflecting the AFM order of Sm.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗