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DOE OSTI2020

Jet shapes and fragmentation functions in Au+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV in STAR

The STAR Collaboration reports measurements of differential jet shapes and semi-inclusive jet fragmentation functions in Au+Au collisions at with the STAR detector at RHIC. Additionally, jet shapes, which represent the radial distribution of momentum carried by constituents, are measured differentially for (1) the charged particles transverse momentum and (2) the jet azimuthal angle relative to the second-order event plane. Based on the semi-inclusive population of jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum trigger hadron, jet fragmentation functions in 40-60% central heavy-ion collisions are measured, and compared to those in PYTHIA simulations for pp collisions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2022

Methodology of the Extraction of Multi-Differential Cross Sections of Charged-Current $\nu_\mu$-Argon Interactions in MicroBooNE Using Wire-Cell $\nu_\mu$CC Selection

Neutrino physics experiments rely on accurate nuclear-interaction models that are in part guided by experimental observations. Multi-differential cross section measurements are particularly valuable for exploring the underlying physics described in these models, making them a significant step forward in the field. This note presents methodology in preparation to unfold neutrino flux-averaged double and triple-differential cross sections of the inclusive muon neutrino charged-current interaction on Argon. This work builds upon the existing framework and methodology presented in recent energy dependent cross section measurements at MicroBooNE using the Wire-Cell tomographic event reconstruction. The signal definition, choice of binning, and handling of estimated detector uncertainties are discussed, and the MicroBooNE simulation model is validated over the multi-dimensional phase space of muon momentum, muon polar angle, and visible hadronic energy.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of $d^2 \sigma/d|\vec{q}|d E_{avail}$ and 2p2h contribution using charged current $\nu_\mu$ interactions in the NOvA Near Detector

This Thesis presents the analysis methods and measurement of the $d^2 \sigma/d|\vec{q}|d E_{avail}$-CC inclusive cross section that describes neutrino scattering in a predominantly hydrocarbon medium. Studies that are prerequisite for the analysis including, variable determinations, event selections, efficiency, purity determinations, and systematic uncertainty estimations, are summarized. Tests of the analysis are also detailed, and shown to reproduce the input distributions. The double-differential cross-section measurement provides the foundation for determination of the inclusive rate for the excess induced by 2p2h processes together with nuclear medium effects that are not described by the Fermi gas model. The methodology for the extraction of this rate, defined as the excess observed relative to the rate estimated for known single-nucleon interactions, is described in detail. The following new measurements are reported in this Thesis: (1) The $\nu_\mu-$CC inclusive double-differential cross section as a function of three-momentum transfer and available hadronic energy, for an average $E_\nu$ of 1.8 GeV, is obtained. The double-differential cross section value that obtains when the bin widths are taken to be the dimensions of the entire analysis domain, e.g. $0.2 \le |\vec{q}| \le 2.0 GeV/c$ and $0.0 \le E_{avail} \le 2.0$ GeV, is inclusive cross section is $(6.05 \pm 0.75)\times10^{-39}$ cm$^2$/GeV/GeV/$c$/nucleon. An event excess attributed to 2p2h-MEC processes is observed; most of the rate occurs in a contiguous phase space region $0.3 \le |\vec{q}| \le 1.0$ GeV$/c$ $0.0 \le E_{avail} \le 0.35$ GeV. This rate represents $12.0\pm 6.5\%$ of the observed CC inclusive cross section; its cross section ratio relative to CCQE scattering is estimated to be $44.3 \pm 23.9\%$.

Olson, Travis Grant↗

DOE OSTI2022

Inclusive and Inelastic Scattering in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions

Neutrino-nucleus cross section measurements can provide both insights into nuclear physics and important data that can be used to improve model predictions used for neutrino oscillation physics. Two measurements of neutrino-nucleus cross sections were performed using data from the MINERvA experiment, each probing different classes of neutrino interactions. Double and single-differential flux-integrated measurements of inclusive charged current neutrino-nucleus cross sections at a peak neutrino energy of 3.5 GeV are presented as a function of the longitudinal and transverse momentum of the muon produced in the interaction. Additionally, an analysis of charged-current deep inelastic scattering (DIS) of muon neutrinos was performed in carbon, iron, lead and hydrocarbon in a neutrino beam with a peak energy of 6 GeV. Cross sections were measured in each material, and ratios were also taken between the cross sections of each of the materials and hydrocarbon, allowing for examination of nuclear dependencies of the neutrino cross section. Absolute DIS cross sections as a function of neutrino energy and flux integrated differential cross sections as a function of the Bjorken-x scaling variable were both measured.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Measurements of the $W$ boson rapidity, helicity, double-differential cross sections, and charge asymmetry in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt {s}$ = 13 TeV

The differential cross section and charge asymmetry for inclusive W boson production at s=13 TeV is measured for the two transverse polarization states as a function of the W boson absolute rapidity. The measurement uses events in which a W boson decays to a neutrino and either a muon or an electron. The data sample of proton-proton collisions recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2016 corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb-1. The differential cross section and its value normalized to the total inclusive W boson production cross section are measured over the rapidity range |yW|<2.5. In addition to the total fiducial cross section, the W boson double-differential cross section, d2σ/dpTℓd|ηℓ|, and the charge asymmetry are measured as functions of the charged lepton transverse momentum and pseudorapidity. The precision of these measurements is used to constrain the parton distribution functions of the proton using the next-to-leading order NNPDF3.0 set.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Measurement of prompt charged-particle production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV

The differential cross-section of prompt inclusive production of long-lived charged particles in proton-proton collisions is measured using a data sample recorded by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The data sample, collected with an unbiased trigger, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.4 nb -1 . The differential cross-section is measured as a function of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity in the ranges $p_T$ ∋ [80, 10 000) MeV/c and η ∋ [2.0, 4.8) and is determined separately for positively and negatively charged particles. The results are compared with predictions from various hadronic-interaction models.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2023

J/ψ production at midrapidity in p-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}$ = 8.16 TeV

The production of inclusive, prompt and non-prompt J/ψ was studied for the first time at midrapidity (–1.37 < y cms < 0.43) in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 8.16 TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. The inclusive J/ψ mesons were reconstructed in the dielectron decay channel in the transverse momentum (p T ) interval 0 < p T < 14 GeV/c and the prompt and non-prompt contributions were separated on a statistical basis for p T > 2 GeV/c. The study of the J/ψ mesons in the dielectron channel used for the first time in ALICE online single-electron triggers from the Transition Radiation Detector, providing a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 689 ± 13 μb –1 . The proton-proton reference cross section for inclusive J/ψ was obtained based on interpolations of measured data at different centre-of-mass energies and a universal function describing the p T -differential J/ψ production cross sections. The p T -differential nuclear modification factors R pPb of inclusive, prompt, and non-prompt J/ψ are consistent with unity and described by theoretical models implementing only nuclear shadowing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Measurement and interpretation of same-sign W boson pair production in association with two jets in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents the measurement of fiducial and differential cross sections for both the inclusive and electroweak production of a same-sign W-boson pair in association with two jets (W ± W ± jj) using 139 fb –1 of proton-proton collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis is performed by selecting two same-charge leptons, electron or muon, and at least two jets with large invariant mass and a large rapidity difference. The measured fiducial cross sections for electroweak and inclusive W ± W ± jj production are 2.92 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.) fb and 3.38 ± 0.22 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.) fb, respectively, in agreement with Standard Model predictions. The measurements are used to constrain anomalous quartic gauge couplings by extracting 95% confidence level intervals on dimension-8 operators. A search for doubly charged Higgs bosons H ±± that are produced in vector-boson fusion processes and decay into a same-sign W boson pair is performed. The largest deviation from the Standard Model occurs for an H ±± mass near 450 GeV, with a global significance of 2.5 standard deviations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Factorization for azimuthal asymmetries in SIDIS at next-to-leading power

Differential measurements of the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) process with polarized beams provide important information on the three-dimensional structure of hadrons. Among the various observables are azimuthal asymmetries that start at subleading power, and which give access to novel transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs). Theoretical predictions for these distributions are currently based on the parton model rather than a rigorous factorization based analysis. Working under the assumption that leading power Glauber interactions do not spoil factorization at this order, we use the Soft Collinear Effective Theory to derive a complete factorization formula for power suppressed hard scattering effects in SIDIS. This yields generalized definitions of the TMDs that depend on two longitudinal momentum fractions (one of them only relevant beyond tree level), and a complete proof that only the same leading power soft function appears and can be absorbed into the TMD distributions at this order. We also show that perturbative corrections can be accounted for with only one new hard coefficient. Factorization formulae are given for all spin dependent structure functions which start at next-to-leading power. Prospects for improved subleading power predictions that include resummation are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Determination of the parton distribution functions of the proton using diverse ATLAS data from pp collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 7$$, 8 and 13 TeV

This paper presents an analysis at next-to-next-to-leading order in the theory of quantum chromodynamics for the determination of a new set of proton parton distribution functions using diverse measurements in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7, 8 and 13 TeV, performed by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider, together with deep inelastic scattering data from ep collisions at the HERA collider. The ATLAS data sets considered are differential cross-section measurements of inclusive W ± and Z/γ* boson production, W ± and Z boson production in association with jets, $t\bar{t}$ production, inclusive jet production and direct photon production. In the analysis, particular attention is paid to the correlation of systematic uncertainties within and between the various ATLAS data sets and to the impact of model, theoretical and parameterisation uncertainties. The resulting set of parton distribution functions is called ATLASpdf21.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Single differential $\nu_\mu$ charged-current cross section with the MicroBooNE detector using the Cosmic Ray Tagger

We perform a single differential $\nu_\mu$ charged current (CC) inclusive cross section measurement in MicroBooNE using improved detector response simulation, reconstruction, and with improved cosmic ray-induced background rejection using an external Cosmic Ray Tagger (CRT). The measurement uses data recorded from Fermilab’s Booster Neutrino Beamline (BNB) between December 2017 and July 2018, corresponding to an integrated protons on target of 7.6e18). We present the results in a similar manner as our previous $\nu_\mu$ charged current (CC) inclusive cross section to allow for direct comparison. The direct comparison highlights two improvements in this measurement over the previous measurement: firstly, the drastically reduced cosmic contamination achieved when using the CRT, and secondly the significantly improved detector modeling, with associated reduced systematic uncertainties. It is shown in this analysis that the outcome is an improved measurement (σ = 0.800 ± 0.030 (stat) ± 0.101 (sys) · 10 -38 cm 2 ) with much smaller uncertainties but a result consistent with that of the previous analysis (σ previous = 0.693 ± 0.010 ± 0.165 · 10 -38 cm 2 ).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

First Experimental Test of the Ratio Method

The ratio is a new reaction observable suggested to extract accurately structure information on halo nuclei. It corresponds to the ratio of differential cross sections for scattering and breakup, which is predicted to remove the uncertainty related to the reaction dynamics. We present here the first experimental test of the method for the 11 Be + 12 C collision at E Lab = 20A MeV performed at Texas A&M University. Differential cross sections for scattering and inclusive one-neutron breakup have been measured with the new detector array BlueSTEAl. The ratio of cross sections is very smooth and independent of the projectile-target interaction, which demonstrates the validity of the ratio method. We extend our analysis to existing 11 Be + 208 Pb data, confirming that the method works well on any target.

11Be↗

DOE OSTI2026

Small-𝑥 Factorization in the Target Fragmentation Region

We consider the differential cross-section for single-inclusive jet production with transverse momentum 𝑃 ⊥ in deep inelastic scattering at small Bjorken 𝑥 Bj , mediated by a virtual photon with virtuality 𝑄 2 . Unlike most studies at small 𝑥, which focus on particle production in the current fragmentation region, we investigate the kinematic regime where the jet is produced in the target fragmentation hemisphere of the Breit frame, and with 𝑃 ⊥ ≪ 𝑄. For a longitudinally polarized photon, we demonstrate that this cross section is not power suppressed in 𝑃 ⊥ /𝑄 and we derive a factorized expression in terms of extended quark and gluon jet fracture functions. Our formula, valid at next-to-leading order in 𝛼 𝑠 at small 𝑥, is akin to the Altarelli-Martinelli identity for the longitudinal DIS structure function. Numerical estimates show that the extended quark jet fracture function is the most sensitive to saturation effects in large nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Semileptonic form factors for $$B\rightarrow D^*\ell \nu $$ at nonzero recoil from $$2+1$$-flavor lattice QCD: Fermilab Lattice and MILC Collaborations

Abstract We present the first unquenched lattice-QCD calculation of the form factors for the decay $$B\rightarrow D^*\ell \nu $$ B → D ∗ ℓ ν at nonzero recoil. Our analysis includes 15 MILC ensembles with $$N_f=2+1$$ N f = 2 + 1 flavors of asqtad sea quarks, with a strange quark mass close to its physical mass. The lattice spacings range from $$a\approx 0.15$$ a ≈ 0.15 fm down to 0.045 fm, while the ratio between the light- and the strange-quark masses ranges from 0.05 to 0.4. The valence b and c quarks are treated using the Wilson-clover action with the Fermilab interpretation, whereas the light sector employs asqtad staggered fermions. We extrapolate our results to the physical point in the continuum limit using rooted staggered heavy-light meson chiral perturbation theory. Then we apply a model-independent parametrization to extend the form factors to the full kinematic range. With this parametrization we perform a joint lattice-QCD/experiment fit using several experimental datasets to determine the CKM matrix element $$|V_{cb}|$$ | V cb | . We obtain $$\left| V_{cb}\right| = (38.40 \pm 0.68_{\text {th}} \pm 0.34_{\text {exp}} \pm 0.18_{\text {EM}})\times 10^{-3}$$ V cb = ( 38.40 ± 0 . 68 th ± 0 . 34 exp ± 0 . 18 EM ) × 10 - 3 . The first error is theoretical, the second comes from experiment and the last one includes electromagnetic and electroweak uncertainties, with an overall $$\chi ^2\text {/dof} = 126/84$$ χ 2 /dof = 126 / 84 , which illustrates the tensions between the experimental data sets, and between theory and experiment. This result is in agreement with previous exclusive determinations, but the tension with the inclusive determination remains. Finally, we integrate the differential decay rate obtained solely from lattice data to predict $$R(D^*) = 0.265 \pm 0.013$$ R ( D ∗ ) = 0.265 ± 0.013 , which confirms the current tension between theory and experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of three-dimensional inclusive muon-neutrino charged-current cross sections on argon with the MicroBooNE detector

We report the measurement of the triple-differential cross section d 3 σ/dE vis d cos(θ μ )dP μ for inclusive muon-neutrino charged-current scattering on argon. This measurement utilizes data from 6.4 x 10 20 protons on target of exposure collected using the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber located along the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam with a mean neutrino energy of approximately 0.8 GeV. The mapping from reconstructed kinematics to truth quantities is validated within uncertainties by comparing the distribution of reconstructed hadronic energy in data to that of the model prediction in different muon scattering angle bins after applying a conditional constraint from the muon momentum distribution in data. The success of this validation provides confidence that the energy transfer in the MicroBooNE detector is well-modeled within simulation uncertainties, enabling a reliable unfolding to a triple-differential cross section defined at the nominal neutrino flux over muon momentum, muon scattering angle, and visible neutrino energy. This validation not only supports accurate cross-section extraction, but also establishes a critical foundation for tuning interaction models used in future neutrino oscillation measurements. The unfolded measurement covers an extensive phase space, providing a wealth of information useful for future liquid argon time projection chamber experiments measuring neutrino oscillations. Comparisons against a number of commonly used model predictions are included and their performance in different parts of the available phase-space is discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of event shapes in minimum-bias events from proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13

A measurement of event-shape variables is presented, using a data sample produced in a special run with approximately one inelastic proton-proton collision per bunch crossing. The data were collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 64 μ⁢b −1 . A number of observables related to the overall distribution of charged particles in the collisions are corrected for detector effects and compared with simulations. Inclusive event-shape distributions, as well as differential distributions of event shapes as functions of charged-particle multiplicity, are studied. None of the models investigated are able to satisfactorily describe the data. Moreover, there are significant features common amongst all generator setups studied, particularly showing data being more isotropic than any of the simulations. Multidimensional unfolded distributions are provided, along with their correlations.

Chekhovsky, V. [Yerevan Physics Institute]↗

DOE OSTI2022

Simultaneous measurement of visible energy and momentum transfer in anti-electron neutrino interactions on hydrocarbon

Precise knowledge of neutrino interaction cross sections is required for current and future accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. Precision neutrino oscillation measurements require inference of the neutrino energy and flavor from the visible particles in the neutrino interaction in the detector. This inference is different for the true neutrino flavors measured, electron and muon neutrinos, and can be studied by observation of neutrino interactions in an experiment’s near detector. However, anti-electron neutrinos make up only a few percent of an anti-muon neutrino beam and pose a challenge in making cross section measurements and predictions. The reported measurements were made using data from MINERvA, a neutrino-nucleus scattering experiment, with an anti-neutrino beam configuration of mean energy ~ 6 GeV. This thesis provides two double-differential cross sections of anti-electron neutrino inclusive charged-current reactions using the kinematics of visible energy, three-momentum transfer, and transverse momentum. The analysis is carried out at low three-momentum transfer, making it sensitive to regions with multi-nucleon effects.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Transcriptome analysis and immune gene expression of channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) fed diets with inclusion of frass from black soldier fly larvae

The larval waste, exoskeleton shedding, and leftover feed components of the black soldier fly and its larvae make up the by-product known as frass. In this study, we subjected channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to a 10-week feeding trial to assess how different dietary amounts of frass inclusion would affect both systemic and mucosal tissue gene expression, especially in regard to growth and immune-related genes. Fish were divided in quadruplicate aquaria, and five experimental diets comprising 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g of frass per kilogram of feed were fed twice daily. At the end of the trial, liver, head kidney, gill, and intestine samples were collected for gene expression analyses. First, liver and intestine samples from fish fed with a no frass inclusion diet (control), low-frass (50 g/kg) inclusion diet, or a high-frass (300 g/kg) inclusion diet were subjected to Illumina RNA sequencing to determine global differential gene expression among diet groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included the upregulation of growth-related genes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and myostatin, as well as innate immune receptors and effector molecules such as toll-like receptor 5, apolipoprotein A1, C-type lectin, and lysozyme. Based on the initial screenings of low/high frass using RNA sequencing, a more thorough evaluation of immune gene expression of all tissues sampled, and all levels of frass inclusion, was further conducted. Using targeted quantitative PCR panels for both innate and adaptive immune genes from channel catfish, differential expression of genes was identified, which included innate receptors (TLR1, TLR5, TLR9, and TLR20A), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β type a, IL-1β type b, IL-17, IFN-γ, and TNFα), chemokines (CFC3 and CFD), and hepcidin in both systemic (liver and head kidney) and mucosal (gill and intestine) tissues. Overall, frass from black soldier fly larvae inclusion in formulated diets was found to alter global gene expression and activate innate and adaptive immunity in channel catfish, which has the potential to support disease resistance in this species in addition to demonstrated growth benefits.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗