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DOE OSTI2021

FTS3: Data Movement Service in containers deployed in OKD

The File Transfer Service (FTS3) is a data movement service developed at CERN which is used to distribute the majority of the Large Hadron Collider's data across the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) infrastructure. At Fermilab, we have deployed FTS3 instances for Intensity Frontier experiments (e.g. DUNE) to transfer data in America and Europe, using a container-based strategy. In this article we summarize our experience building docker images based on work from the SLATE project (slateci.io) and deployed in OKD, the community distribution of Red Hat OpenShift. Additionally, we discuss our method of certificate management and maintenance utilizing Kubernetes CronJobs. Finally, we also report on the two different configurations currently running at Fermilab, comparing and contrasting a Docker-based OKD deployment against a traditional RPM-based deployment.

Lobato Pardavila, Lorena↗

DOE OSTI2022

Generating Sequential PV Deployment Scenarios for High Renewable Distribution Grid Planning: Preprint

This paper introduces a novel approach for generating solar photovoltaic (PV) plant deployment scenarios for grid integration planning. The approach guarantees consistency among scenarios of the same deployment by ensuring that higher penetration scenarios contain PV units deployed in lower penetration scenarios. It also constrains the size and spatial distribution of the PV plants and considers three placement types. A case study on a real-world distribution system proves that the precepts of scenario consistency, deployment diversity, and placement are met. The study further investigates the impact of the resulting scenarios via a stochastic hosting capacity analysis. Results indicate that the ratio between PV and load sizes, referred to as the nodal PV penetration factor (NPPF), is a key driver of the grid integration impact. By reducing the NPPF from 5 to 2, the maximum hosting capacity increased by at least 112%. The study also reveals that scenarios under random placement can lead to higher hosting capacity values.

ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY,SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Licensing, Regulations and Developing Guidance for Nuclear Technology Deployment for Embarking countries in Africa

The African region is witnessing an increased number of countries at different stages of implementing or considering the introduction of peaceful nuclear power programs to meet the demand of their rapidly growing economies as well as clean energy needs. Grid size, cost, licensing, and regulations will be some of the challenges to deploying larger power reactors. A key element of the regulatory framework will be the inclusion of nuclear security information and assurance that security is integrated into the license review process.As each country continue to implement and consider different reactor designs from several vendors, the significance of customer knowledge of licensing, Regulations, and guidance document to facilitate the deployment and operational needs for nuclear technology cannot be over-emphasized. This special session will bring together a selected panel of key stakeholders and policymakers from embarking countries in Africa to participate in a panel discussion to share their experience in the licensing, regulations, and development of guidance for power plant deployment. The session will also consider and identify potential gaps that may affect the licensing and regulatory applications for the future nuclear infrastructure. As well, the panel will promote regional networking and communication to increase capacities in readiness for the potential deployment of additional technology, such as Small Modular Reactors.

Dahunsi, Stephen↗

DOE OSTI2024

Ad-Mat: Adaptations of Mature Manufacturing Strategies for Accelerated Redox Flow Battery Deployment

The concept of the Ad-Mat approach is to leverage existing adjacent markets across a broad scope of technologies in order to reduce the manufacturing learning curve and ultimately accelerate redox flow battery (RFB) deployment at scale. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the dominant energy storage technology, and they came to technological maturity under unique market conditions when there was no meaningful competition in the consumer electronic and electric vehicle (EV) space. Today, alternative chemistries that may be technologically better-suited for long-duration storage applications are experiencing a high barrier to entry. This is in large part due to the substantial bias towards the scaled-up production and supply chain that now exists for LIBs. In the case of RFBs in particular, numerous analyses have suggested that RFBs should theoretically have a much lower system cost than LIBs - however, this relies on a mature and competitive manufacturing landscape, which has been extremely challenging to achieve for both flow batteries and other LIB competitors. At the moment, LIB alternatives tend to have isolated small-scale manufacturing pathways, which preclude the economies of scale that would be required to compete with the mature LIB industry. In the present state of the industry, niche manufacturing tools and approaches have evolved to support each alternative technology, such that there is substantial replication and duplication in effort. Continuing to pursue a strategy of isolated manufacturing processes/approaches for each LIB-alternative may never allow for at-scale deployment. In order for RFBs to meaningfully compete with LIBs in the realm of LDES, a new disruptive approach based on cross-industry learning and coordination is needed - and this is exactly what our Ad-Mat concept aims to tackle. In this re-envisioned manufacturing landscape, tools and processes from mature industries can be adapted and deployed across the range of alternative energy storage technologies. Adapting tools, equipment, processes, and industrial learning from mature industries to meet the technological requirements of RFBs would open new markets for existing OEMs in adjacent industries, would prevent unnecessary duplication and re-development, would improve efficiency across the manufacturing chain, and would ultimately support reduced costs and accelerated deployment of RFBs at scale.

adaptive manufacturing↗

DOE OSTI2024

Post-Deployment Characterization of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset and Thermoplastic Composite Tidal Turbine Blades: Preprint

In 2021, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) supported Verdant Power with the most successful tidal energy deployment in U.S. history. Three of their tidal turbines were deployed as part of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy project. Initially, the three rotors were manufactured from glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Midway through the deployment, one rotor was replaced with one manufactured at NREL. Instead, it was infused with a novel, infusible thermoplastic resin system. Since the deployment, one epoxy rotor and one thermoplastic rotor were returned to NREL for continued materials and manufacturing research. The two rotors underwent full-scale structural testing before being sectioned and cut into specimens for a variety of manufacturing quality tests, thermos-mechanical characterization, and evaluation of material performance in marine environments, to understand the key differences between the fiberglass reinforced epoxy and Elium composites used for the respective rotors. Matrix burnoff tests showed that the Elium blades had a considerably higher fiber volume fraction compared to the epoxy blades (61% vs. 49%). Environmental aging of the specimens showed that the epoxy laminates absorbed more water over the conditioning period, however, it was determined that the Elium laminates had higher diffusion coefficients, so initially absorbed water faster. Finally, one full epoxy blade and one full Elium blade were conditioned at ambient temperatures for up to 11 months, while taking periodic mass measurements. The datasets were extrapolated out to assume a full 20 year operational life span and it was determined that the blades would not reach full saturation during that time span.

composite manufacturing↗

DOE OSTI2024

Applicability of the Milestones Approach to Deployments of Transportable Nuclear Power Plants (TNPPs)

Transportable nuclear power plants (TNPPs) can provide potential benefits to countries embarking on nuclear programs, offering reduced infrastructure requirements, shorter timeframes for implementation, cost savings and greater deployment flexibility than larger conventional reactors. However, the deployment of a TNPP in a Host State comes with the obligation to establish sufficient regulatory, institutional, and technical infrastructure, which, among others, includes a legal and regulatory framework and a competent regulatory body to implement a State’s safeguards obligations. This paper considers how the unique technical and deployment features of TNPPs may affect the process of preparing for and implementing safeguards in nuclear newcomer countries. Evaluating this issue through the lens of the IAEA’s Milestones Approach, this paper discusses some potential implications arising from the shortening of some milestones phases due to reduced construction or licensing time for TNPPs, and the need for increased cooperation between Host States and Supplier States in preparing for and meeting certain safeguards obligations. These considerations are potentially relevant to various stakeholders: newcomer States considering TNPP deployment; the States and companies that supply such reactors; as well as organizations that support international safeguards capacity building.

Siserman-Gray, Ioana-Cristina↗

DOE OSTI2020

Challenges in the designing, planning and deployment of hydrogen refueling infrastructure for fuel cell electric vehicles

Hydrogen can power transportation with near zero greenhouse gas emissions. With government support, early market development is now underway in several nations thanks to technological advances in fuel cell vehicles and electricity generation from renewable energy. Deploying a sustainable hydrogen refueling infrastructure faces methodological and practical challenges ranging from the creation of appropriate codes to managing the co-evolution of the refueling network and growth of the stock of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Furthermore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the challenges facing the designing, planning and deployment of hydrogen refueling infrastructure progress to date and outlook for the future. The design and costs of refueling infrastructure as well as the lifecycle environmental effects of hydrogen vehicles depend on how hydrogen is produced and delivered to refueling stations. In recent years, important advances have been made in methods for planning the numbers, sizes and location of hydrogen stations. Institutional barriers are also gradually being overcome. Co-evolving the deployment of stations and the demand for fuel cell vehicles remains a crucial subject for future research.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Enabling Floating Solar (FPV) Deployment: Policy and Operational Considerations

Floating solar photovoltaics, or "floating PV", offer an opportunity for scaling up the deployment of renewable energy on inland and offshore bodies of water. Floating PV presents the opportunity to: increase clean energy generation to help meet growing demand; lessen the potential for land-use conflicts; help existing hydropower systems optimize their operation; and adapt to increasing temperatures and drought events by reducing the rate of evapotranspiration of waterways. There is significant promise for floating PV deployment in several Southeast Asian countries, especially those rich in hydropower resources, such as Laos and Thailand, but deployment remains limited. This slide deck presents an overview of NREL's research on (1) the policy, economic, environmental, and cultural barriers that currently exist, (2) recently completed modeling exercise on the potential operational benefits of pairing floating PV and hydropower, (3) international best practices that can be adopted to Southeast Asia, and (4) plans for high-resolution floating PV technical potential assessment.

Asia Clean Energy Forum↗

DOE OSTI2023

National Distributed Wind Energy Deployment Network

The National Distributed Wind Deployment Network seeks to broaden the types of stakeholders considering distributed wind deployment, document the barriers and opportunities they have identified, and develop resources and supports to help them deploy the technology.

deployment↗

DOE OSTI2025

Deploying advanced supervisory control strategies to small- and medium-sized commercial buildings: Case study and lessons learned

Deploying advanced supervisory control strategies (ASCSs) in small- and medium-sized commercial buildings (SMBs) is vital but faces two issues: (1) a lack of building control and communication infrastructure (BCCI) in SMBs and (2) the significant engineering efforts required to implement and configurate ASCSs. Despite hindering the large-scale adoption of ASCSs in SMBs, these issues have not been adequately explored in the literature, which tends to focus more on feasibility than scalability. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of these two issues through a case study of an occupied SMB in eastern Tennessee of the United States. Specifically, we design and implement a BCCI for the studied building with commercial off-the-shelf products to accommodate the needs for deploying ASCSs. Here, we then deploy two ASCSs—a rule-based setback control and a model predictive control (MPC)—with the BCCI and evaluate their performance throughout the summer of 2024. This study reveals that the main bottlenecks in establishing BCCIs for SMBs are the high initial cost (∼$56/m 2 ) and communication delays (up to 9 min). Additionally, the assessment of the two ASCSs indicates that the majority (∼75 %) of the engineering effort required for implementation and configuration is spent on model identification, debugging, and tuning.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Evaluation of Performance Variables to Accelerate the Deployment of Sustainable Aviation Fuels at a Regional Scale

An increase in jet fuel consumption and its associated emissions across the world have led to the need for alternative technologies to produce sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). One option to produce SAFs is to utilize waste or biomass-based feedstocks that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% or more compared to conventional jet fuel. However, there is a lack of understanding of how the synergistic effects of key performance variables could hinder or help the deployment of aviation fuels on a regional scale. Here, we assess the implications of key variables-including type and quantity of waste/biomass feedstock availability near the airport, cost of SAF production, life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, policies, and fuel/infrastructure logistics-on the deployment of SAF at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. We consider three ASTM International-approved SAF technologies (Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids, Fischer-Tropsch, and Alcohol to Jet) that can be blended up to 50% with petroleum-based jet fuel. Results from our analysis show that woody biomass-based Fischer-Tropsch technology has the lowest fuel production costs ($2.31-$2.81/gallon gasoline equivalent) of all pathways, and it reduces life cycle GHG emissions by 86% compared to conventional jet fuel despite the higher availability of crop residues compared to either woody biomass or fats, oils, and greases. Also, infrastructure is available at O'Hare International Airport to blend SAF with Jet A fuel through three terminals directly connected to the airport via pipelines. Our sensitivity analysis shows renewable fuel incentives and feedstock price to be key performance variables affecting the production cost and deployment of SAF.

alcohol-to-jet↗

DOE OSTI2022

Automated fault detection and diagnosis deployment Internet of Things solution for building energy system

The building sector is the highest energy consumer and ranks first in terms of carbon emissions among all sectors. To address these issues, decarbonization and electrification in the building energy sector are two critical missions of the new US administration. For decarbonization, the new administration has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50–52% by 2030 and targeting a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. For electrification, the goal is to achieve 100% clean electricity by 2035. Such decarbonization and electrification in the building sector require that energy consumption in buildings be reduced significantly. Therefore, the building sector must continuously adopt new technologies to achieve its energy and carbon emission goals. One of the most fundamental technologies is the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT has proven to be an effective solution for the building domain, including building information/energy modeling, smart buildings, etc. Although much progress has been made in the development of IoT-based building energy systems, there is still a lack of reliable, scalable, and affordable IoT-based automated fault and degradation diagnostic (AFDD) solutions. Such solutions would enable deployment of advanced algorithms into real systems to archive the projected energy benefits. Here, this study reviews existing IoT solutions developed for building energy–related application and developed a simple but effective AFDD IoT deployment solution, including developing a suitable IoT architecture and conducting easy and scalable deployment by leveraging a common cloud-based IoT service.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2023

A comparison of the power potential for surface- and seabed-deployed tidal turbines in the San Juan Archipelago, Salish Sea, WA

The San Juan archipelago lies along the axis of tidal movement between Straits of Juan de Fuca and Strait of Georgia in the Salish Sea. The amplitude of the tidal exchange produces significant tidal currents between the islands, as well as in Rosario and Haro Straits. These are of interest as a future source of electrical power generation, given the islands’ dependence on electricity supply by a subsea cable from the mainland. Here, we evaluate the tidal current energy potential in this region through a re-analysis of measurements collected by the National Ocean Service (NOS) and a high-resolution numerical model. Given the considerable variations in water depth and vertical velocity profiles across candidate tidal energy sites, we consider the trade-offs between tidal turbines deployed from a floating platform and those anchored to the seabed. Measurement re-analysis indicates several locations that could support tidal current power generation by MW-scale turbines with an acceptable balance between turbine size, rated power, and capacity factor. Even for relatively large (30 m) turbine diameters, surface-deployed turbines would be expected to produce up to 30 % more electricity than the same turbine deployed near the seabed due to vertical shear, with this difference increasing for smaller diameter turbines. A benchmark comparison at the measurement locations with the highest power generation potential shows relatively good model fidelity, though, even with relatively high resolution, time-average power density disagreements of ± 50 % persist throughout the water column. Nonetheless, the simulation identifies several locations with power generation potential more than twice as high as locations in the measurement re-analysis. These sites were either not surveyed by NOS or excluded due to data quality issues. Altogether, these results demonstrate the complimentary of models and measurements for tidal energy site assessment and suggest that tidal currents could be an important source of electricity generation in the San Juan archipelago.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2023

Taming the wild edge of smart grid – Lessons from transactive energy market deployments

For two decades, the idea of using market-based approaches in field deployments that coordinate the flexible operation of electricity customer assets has occupied the efforts of transactive energy practitioners. While the purported benefits of this distributed decision-making approach have been well explored, the practical aspects of implementing such a system to address real-world problems are just beginning to emerge. This report surveyed 24 field-deployed programs and interviewed experts instrumental in these deployments. The results of the survey and interviews reveal the diversity of designs and applications. They highlight the technical promise of the approaches as well as challenges with system integration, sustainable business strategy, and regulatory policy obstacles. Insights from the survey offer considerations to direct future effort and investment.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Supply and Demand Drivers of Global Hydrogen Deployment in the Transition toward a Decarbonized Energy System

The role of hydrogen in energy system decarbonization is being actively examined by the research and policy communities. We evaluate the potential ‘hydrogen economy’ in global climate change mitigation scenarios using the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM). We consider major hydrogen production methods in conjunction with delivery options to understand how hydrogen infrastructure affects its deployment. We also consider a rich set of hydrogen end-use technologies and vary their costs to understand how demand technologies affect deployment. We find that the availability of hydrogen transmission and distribution infrastructure primarily affects the hydrogen production mix, particularly the share produced centrally versus onsite, whereas assumptions about end-use technology primarily affect the scale of hydrogen deployment. In effect, hydrogen can be a distributed energy vector, enabled by onsite renewable electrolysis and, to a lesser extent, by onsite industrial production using natural gas with carbon capture and storage (CCS). While the share of hydrogen in final energy is small relative to the share of other major energy carriers in our scenarios, hydrogen enables decarbonization in difficult-to-electrify end uses such as industrial high-temperature heat. Its contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation increases as the climate objective is tightened.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Exploiting Kubernetes to Simplify the Deployment and Management of the Multi-purpose CMS Pilot Job Factory

GlideinWMS, a widely utilized workload management system in high-energy physics (HEP) research, serves as the backbone for efficient job provisioning across distributed computing resources. It is utilized by various experiments and organizations, including CMS, OSG, Dune, and FIFE, to create HTCondor pools as large as 600k cores. In particular, a shared factory service historically deployed at UCSD has been configured to interface with more than 500 routes to compute clusters. As part of our team’s initiative to modernize infrastructure and enhance scalability, we undertook the migration of the GlideinWMS factory service into the Kubernetes environment. Leveraging the flexibility and orchestration capabilities of Kubernetes, we successfully deployed the factory service within the OSG Tiger Kubernetes cluster. The major benefits Kubernetes gives us is it streamlines the management and monitoring of the factory infrastructure, and improves fault tolerance through its resilient deployment strategies. Through this case study, we aim to share insights, challenges, and best practices encountered during the migration process. Our experience underscores the benefits of embracing containerization and Kubernetes orchestration for HEP computing infrastructure, paving the way for scalability and resilience in distributed computing environments.

Dost, Jeffrey Michael [UC, San Diego (main)]↗

DOE OSTI2022

Dynamic land use implications of rapidly expanding and evolving wind power deployment

Abstract The expansion of wind power poses distinct and varied geographic challenges to a sustainable energy transition. However, current knowledge of its land use impacts and synergies is limited by reliance on static characterizations that overlook the role of turbine technology and plant design in mediating interactions with the environment. Here, we investigate how wind technology development and innovation have shaped landscape interactions with social and ecological systems within the United States and contribute to evolving land area requirements. This work assesses trends in key land use facets of wind power using a holistic set of metrics to establish an evidence base that researchers, technology designers, land use managers, and policymakers can use in envisioning how future wind-intensive energy systems may be jointly optimized for clean energy, social, and environmental objectives. Since 2000, we find dynamic land occupancy patterns and regional trends that are driven by advancing technology and geographic factors. Though most historical U.S. wind deployment has been confined to the temperate grassland biome in the nation’s interior, regional expansion has implicated diverse land use and cover types. A large percentage of the typical wind plant footprint (∼96% to > 99%) is not directly impacted by permanent physical infrastructure, allowing for multiple uses in the spaces between turbines. Surprisingly, turbines are commonly close to built structures. Moreover, rangeland and cropland have supported 93.4% of deployment, highlighting potential synergies with agricultural lands. Despite broadly decreasing capacity densities, offsetting technology improvements have stabilized power densities. Land use intensity, defined as the ratio of direct land usage to lifetime power generation of wind facilities, has also trended downwards. Although continued deployment on disturbed lands, and in close proximity to existing wind facilities and other infrastructure, could minimize the extent of impacts, ambitious decarbonization trajectories may predispose particular biomes to cumulative effects and risks from regional wind power saturation. Increased land-use and sustainability feedback in technology and plant design will be critical to sustainable management of wind power.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Analyzing Land Characteristics Associated with Historical Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Deployment in the United States

Large-scale solar (LSS) deployment has accelerated rapidly across the United States, yet comprehensive understanding of its siting patterns remains limited. Here, we present a national-scale geospatial assessment of land characteristics converted for LSS development and apply statistical analyses to evaluate whether installations are disproportionately concentrated within specific land types. We find that siting patterns are strongly correlated with high solar irradiance, underscoring the role of resource quality in shaping deployment decisions. LSS projects are disproportionately concentrated on agricultural lands and shrubland. Within agricultural areas, installations predominantly occur on croplands and are strongly associated with irrigated systems. Notably, more than 90% of projects are deployed on agricultural land with Productive, Versatile, and Resilient (PVR) index values of land quality exceeding the national median. These findings highlight the need for strategic siting frameworks that reconcile solar development with the conservation of agriculturally valuable land.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗