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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2013

Future Challenges in Managing Human Health and Performance Risks for Space Flight

The global economy forces many nations to consider their national investments and make difficult decisions regarding their investment in future exploration. To enable safe, reliable, and productive human space exploration, we must pool global resources to understand and mitigate human health & performance risks prior to embarking on human exploration of deep space destinations. Consensus on the largest risks to humans during exploration is required to develop an integrated approach to mitigating risks. International collaboration in human space flight research will focus research on characterizing the effects of spaceflight on humans and the development of countermeasures or systems. Sharing existing data internationally will facilitate high quality research and sufficient power to make sound recommendations. Efficient utilization of ISS and unique ground-based analog facilities allows greater progress. Finally, a means to share results of human research in time to influence decisions for follow-on research, system design, new countermeasures and medical practices should be developed. Although formidable barriers to overcome, International working groups are working to define the risks, establish international research opportunities, share data among partners, share flight hardware and unique analog facilities, and establish forums for timely exchange of results. Representatives from the ISS partnership research and medical communities developed a list of the top ten human health & performance risks and their impact on exploration missions. They also drafted a multilateral data sharing plan to establish guidelines and principles for sharing human spaceflight data. Other working groups are also developing methods to promote international research solicitations. Collaborative use of analog facilities and shared development of space flight research and medical hardware continues. Establishing a forum for exchange of results between researchers, aerospace physicians and program managers takes careful consideration of researcher concerns and decision maker needs. Active participation by researchers in the development of this forum is essential, and the benefit can be tremendous. The ability to rapidly respond to research results without compromising publication rights and intellectual property will facilitate timely reduction in human health and performance risks in support of international exploration missions.

Corbin, Barbara J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Proof test criteria for thin-walled 2219 aluminum pressure vessels. Volume 1: Program summary and data analysis

This experimental program was undertaken to investigate the crack growth behavior of deep surface flaws in 2219 aluminum. The program included tests of uniaxially loaded surface flaw and center crack panels at temperatures ranging from 20K (-423 F) to ambient. The tests were conducted on both the base metal and as-welded weld metal material. The program was designed to provide data on the mechanisms of failure by ligament penetration, and the residual cyclic life, after proof-testing, of a vessel which has been subjected to incipient penetration by the proof test. The results were compared and analyzed with previously developed data to develop guidelines for the proof testing of thin walled 2219 pressure vessels.

Finger, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The US Space Station programme

The Manned Space Station (MSS) involves NASA, and other countries, in the operation, maintenance and expansion of a permanent space facility. The extensive use of automation and robotics will advance those fields, and experimentation will be carried out in scientific and potentially commercial projects. The MSS will provide a base for astronomical observations, spacecraft assembly, refurbishment and repair, transportation intersection, staging for interplanetary exploration, and storage. Finally, MSS operations will be performed semi-autonomously from ground control. Phase B analysis is nearing completion, and precedes hardware development. Studies are being performed on generic advanced technologies which can reliably and flexibly be incorporated into the MSS, such as attitude control and stabilization, power, thermal, environmental and life support control, auxiliary propulsion, data management, etc. Guidelines are also being formulated regarding the areas of participation by other nations.

Hodge, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An expert system for wind shear avoidance

The principal objectives are to develop methods for assessing the likelihood of wind shear encounter (based on real-time information in the cockpit), for deciding what flight path to pursue (e.g., takeoff abort, landing go-around, or normal climbout or glide slope), and for using the aircraft's full potential for combating wind shear. This study requires the definition of both deterministic and statistical techniques for fusing internal and external information, for making go/no-go decisions, and for generating commands to the aircraft's autopilot and flight directors for both automatic and manually controlled flight. The expert system for pilot aiding is based on the results of the FAA Windshear Training Aids Program, a two-volume manual that presents an overview, pilot guide, training program, and substantiating data that provides guidelines for this initial development. The Windshear Safety Advisor expert system currently contains over 140 rules and is coded in the LISP programming language for implementation on a Symbolics 3670 LISP Machine.

Stengel, Robert F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Preparing safety data packages for experimenters using the Get Away Special (GAS) carrier system

The implementation of NSTS 1700.7B and more forceful scruntiny of data packages by the Johnson Space Flight Center (JSC) lead to the development of a classification policy for GAS/CAP payloads. The purpose of this policy is to classify experiments using the carrier system so that they receive an appropriate level of JSC review (i.e., one or multiphase reviews). This policy is based on energy containment to show inherent payload safety. It impacts the approach to performing hazard analyses and the nature of the data package. This paper endeavors to explain the impact of this policy as well as the impact of recent JSC as well as Kennedy Space Flight Center (KSC) 'interpretations' of existing requirements. The GAS canister does adequately contain most experiments when flown in the sealed configuration (however this must be shown, not merely stated). This paper also includes data package preparation guidelines for those experiments that require an opening door which often present unique safety issues.

Kosko, Jerome↗
NASA NTRS1993

Liquid Oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning concept testing

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and industry contractors have undertaken activities to develop a simplified liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning concept for future expendable launch vehicles. The objective of these activities is to reduce operations costs and timelines and to improve safety of these vehicles. The approach followed has been to identify novel concepts through system level studies and demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts through small-scale and full-scale testing. Testing will also provide data for design guidelines and validation of analytical models. Four different concepts are being investigated: no-bleed, low-bleed, use of a recirculation line, and helium (He) bubbling. This investigation is being done under a Joint Institutional Research and Development (JIRAD) program currently in effect between MSFC and General Dynamics Space Systems (GDSS). A full-scale test article, which is a facsimile of a propellant feed duct with an attached section to simulate heat input from a LO2 turbopump, will be tested at the Cold Flow Facility at MSFC's West Test Area. Liquid nitrogen (LN2), which has similar properties to LO2, will be used in place of LO2 for safety and budget reasons. Work to date includes design and fabrication of the test article, design of the test facility and initial fabrication, development of a test matrix and test procedures, initial predictions of test output, and heat leak calibration and heat exchanger tests on the test article. The tests for all propellant conditioning concepts will be conducted in the summer of 1993, with the final report completed by October, 1993.

Perry, Gretchen L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) space optics handbook

The overall objective of this effort is to construct a top-level space optics handbook that provides design guidelines based upon data collected from the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) experiment. The content of the handbook would cover optical coatings, surfaces, fiber optics, and fabricating process for lenses, windows and mirrors that were used on LDEF. The goal of this program (and handbook) is to ensure that the space community can derive the maximum benefit from the LDEF experiment relative to future optics designs for space applications. The summary of this handbook is 'What did we learn from the LDEF experiment?'

Kemp, William T.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Updated Observations of Clouds By MODIS for Global Model Assessment

This paper describes a new global dataset of cloud properties observed by MODIS relying on the current (collection 6.1) processing of MODIS data and produced to facilitate comparison with results from the MODIS observational proxy used in climate models. The dataset merges observations from the two MODIS instruments into a single netCDF file. Statistics (mean, standard deviation, and number of observations) are accumulated over daily and monthly timescales on an equal-angle grid for viewing and illumination geometry, cloud detection, cloud-top pressure, and cloud properties (optical thickness, effective particle size, and water path) partitioned by thermodynamic phase and an assessment as to whether the underlying observations come from fully or partly cloudy pixels. Similarly partitioned joint histograms are available for (1) optical thickness and cloud-top pressure, (2) optical thickness and particle size, and (3) cloud water path and particle size. Differences with standard data products, caveats for data use, and guidelines for comparison to the MODIS simulator are described.

Robert Pincus↗
NASA NTRS2020

NASA ESDS Citizen Science Data Working Group

This document provides guidelines for legal, policy, and ethical issues; standards for citizen science data collection and management; information on ensuring usability of citizen science data and communication regarding its use; and best practices for long-term archival of citizen science data.Section1 contains a detailed discussion of policy, ethical, and legal considerations influencing citizen science data collection. Section 2 considers standards for documentation, including documentation of instrumentation, procedures, and the data itself. It concludes with a discussion of how citizen science data should be attributed. Section 3 provides guidance about how to ensure citizen science data are collected and stored in a useable way. It also considers how NASA and data producers should notify the scientific community, including citizen scientists and the public, about citizen science datasets and the scientific conclusions reached using them. Finally, Section 4 provides detailed information regarding what should be archived from projects using a citizen science approach, including data and code. It provides guidance about archive location, process, and timeframe, as well as information about data access and distribution services provided by NASA that may be relevant to data producers working with citizen scientists.

Citizen Science↗
NASA NTRS1978

Wind shear modeling for aircraft hazard definition

Mathematical models of wind profiles were developed for use in fast time and manned flight simulation studies aimed at defining and eliminating these wind shear hazards. A set of wind profiles and associated wind shear characteristics for stable and neutral boundary layers, thunderstorms, and frontal winds potentially encounterable by aircraft in the terminal area are given. Engineering models of wind shear for direct hazard analysis are presented in mathematical formulae, graphs, tables, and computer lookup routines. The wind profile data utilized to establish the models are described as to location, how obtained, time of observation and number of data points up to 500 m. Recommendations, engineering interpretations and guidelines for use of the data are given and the range of applicability of the wind shear models is described.

Frost, W.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Development of user guidelines for ECAS display design, volume 1

Experiment computer application software (ECAS) display design and command usage guidelines were developed, which if followed by spacelab experiments, would standardize methods and techniques for data presentation and commanding via ECAS. These guidelines would provide some commonality among experiments which would enhance crew training and flight operations. The guidelines are applicable to all onboard experiment displays, whether allocated by ECAS or a dedicated experiment processor. A brief description of the spacelab data display system characteristics and of the services provided by the experiment computer operating system is included. Guidelines concerning data presentation and layout of alphanumeric and graphic information are presented along with guidelines concerning keyboard commanding and command feedback.

Dodson, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Finding the forest in the trees. The challenge of combining diverse environmental data

Development of analytical and functional guidelines to help researchers and technicians engaged in interdisciplinary research to better plan and implement their supporting data management activities is addressed. An emphasis is on the projects that involve both geophysical and ecological issues. Six case studies were used to identify and to understand problems associated with collecting, integrating, and analyzing environmental data from local to global spatial scales and over a range of temporal scales. These case studies were also used to elaborate the common barriers to interfacing data of disparate sources and types. A number of lessons derived from the case studies are summarized and analyzed.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1976

Potential role of remote sensing in disaster relief management

Baseline or predisaster data which would be useful to decision making in the immediate postdisaster period were suggested for the six areas of public health concern along with guidelines for organizing these data. Potential sources of these data are identified. In order to fully assess the impact of a disaster on an area, information about its predisaster status must be known. Aerial photography is one way of acquiring and recording such data.

Rush, M.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Data Recipes: Toward Creating How-To Knowledge Base for Earth Science Data

Both the diversity and volume of Earth science data from satellites and numerical models are growing dramatically, due to an increasing population of measured physical parameters, and also an increasing variety of spatial and temporal resolutions for many data products. To further complicate matters, Earth science data delivered to data archive centers are commonly found in different formats and structures. NASA data centers, managed by the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS), have developed a rich and diverse set of data services and tools with features intended to simplify finding, downloading, and working with these data. Although most data services and tools have user guides, many users still experience difficulties with accessing or reading data due to varying levels of familiarity with data services, tools, and or formats. The data recipe project at Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) was initiated in late 2012 for enhancing user support. A data recipe is a How-To online explanatory document, with step-by-step instructions and examples of accessing and working with real data (http:disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.govrecipes). The current suite of recipes has been found to be very helpful, especially to first-time-users of particular data services, tools, or data products. Online traffic to the data recipe pages is significant, even though the data recipe topics are still limited. An Earth Science Data System Working Group (ESDSWG) for data recipes was established in the spring of 2014, aimed to initiate an EOSDIS-wide campaign for leveraging the distributed knowledge within EOSDIS and its user communities regarding their respective services and tools. The ESDSWG data recipe group is working on an inventory and analysis of existing data recipes and tutorials, and will provide guidelines and recommendation for writing and grouping data recipes, and for cross linking recipes to data products. This presentation gives an overview of the data recipe activites at GES DISC and ESDSWG. We are seeking requirements and input from a broader data user community to establish a strong knowledge base for Earth science data research and application implementations.

data recipe↗
NASA NTRS1991

Guideline requirements for serviceable spacecraft grasping/berthing/docking interfaces based on simulations and flight experience (survey paper)

As space vehicles and structures become larger and more complex, the development of systems to assist humans in assembling, operating, maintaining, and performing space rescue or retrieval of these vehicles and structures becomes increasingly important. With the diversity of international spacecraft, both manned and unmanned, planned to be in orbit in the future, a set of guidelines for berthing and docking subsystems is mandatory if servicing, resupply, and retrieval is to become practical on an international level. Successful interaction between these space systems and ground and/or space-based humans requires standardized and effective operational interface designs, particularly with respect to space grasping/berthing/docking interface mechanisms. This paper defines the spacecraft mechanical interfaces necessary to create a standard dynamic envelope for joining two free-flying spacecraft in a 'hard' berth or dock with each other in space. A review was made of past space flights and dynamics simulations dating back to 1962 to obtain necessary parameters and their values for successful manually controlled and autonomous spacecraft docking/berthing. The various spacecraft docking/berthing mechanisms and concepts are illustrated along with their dynamic capture and impact tolerances including maximum contact velocity along the approach axis and in the y-z plane; capture linear misalignment tolerances; and maximum capture roll, pitch, and yaw angles. From this data sets of recommended guidelines parameters were developed for autonomous and manual impact docking tolerances, non-impact grasping/berthing tolerances (end effectors), berthing contact conditions, and alignment tolerances after rigidizing. Also, detailed requirements were developed for mechanical design interface features, as well as latching, unlatching, and separation tolerances. This data was drafted in the form of a proposed ANSI Standard guideline, reviewed, and added to by members of the committee representing several spacecraft manufacturers, NASA, and the USAF, and a consensus was reached.

Thompson, Allen B.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Testing guideline for single event gate rupture (SEGR) of power MOSFETs

The purpose of this document is two-fold. First, the document lists and discusses many of the issues important to understand when testing power MOSFETs. Second, the recommended approach for using radiation test data to define the device application requirements is presented. These include SEE rate calculation, data analysis, and derating guidelines. A significant amount of work has been done on the basic effects of SEB and SEGR. References are supplied where seminal work has been done on the topic at hand. The reader is urged to review the references if the testing issues or mission application at hand are complex.

Scheick, Leif↗