Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “critical mode detection”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Signatures of a liquid-crystal transition in spin-wave excitations of skyrmions

Abstract Understanding the spin-wave excitations of chiral magnetic order, such as the skyrmion crystal (SkX), is of fundamental interest to confirm such exotic magnetic order. The SkX is realized by competing Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya and ferromagnetic-exchange interactions with a magnetic field or anisotropy. Here, we compute the dynamical spin structure factor, using Monte Carlo and spin dynamics simulations, extracting the spin-wave spectrum in the SkX, in the vicinity of the paramagnet to SkX transition. Inside the SkX, we find six spin-wave modes, which are supplemented by another mode originating from the ferromagnetic background. Above the critical temperature T s for the skyrmion crystallization, we find a diffusive regime, reminiscent of the liquid-to-crystal transition, revealing that topological spin texture of skyrmionic character starts to develop above T s as the precursor of the SkX. We discuss the opportunities for the detection of the spin waves of the SkX using inelastic-neutron-scattering experiments in manganite-iridate heterostructures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Non-Gaussian photonic state engineering with the quantum frequency processor

Non-Gaussian quantum states of light are critical resources for optical quantum information processing, but methods to generate them efficiently remain challenging to implement. Here we introduce a generic approach for non-Gaussian state production from input states populating discrete frequency bins. Based on controllable unitary operations with a quantum frequency processor, followed by photon-number-resolved detection of ancilla modes, our method combines recent developments in both frequency-based quantum information and non-Gaussian state preparation. Leveraging and refining the K-function representation of quantum states in the coherent basis, we develop a theoretical model amenable to numerical optimization and, as specific examples, design quantum frequency processor circuits for the production of Schrödinger cat states, exploring the performance tradeoffs for several combinations of ancilla modes and circuit depth. Our scheme provides a valuable framework for producing complex quantum states in frequency bins, paving the way for single-spatial-mode, fiber-optic-compatible non-Gaussian resources.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1993

Failure detection and recovery in the assembly/contingency subsystem

The Assembly/Contingency Subsystem (ACS) is the primary communications link on board the Space Station. Any failure in a component of this system or in the external devices through which it communicates with ground-based systems will isolate the Station. The ACS software design includes a failure management capability (ACFM) that provides protocols for failure detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR). The the ACFM design requirements as outlined in the current ACS software requirements specification document are reviewed. The activities carried out in this review include: (1) an informal, but thorough, end-to-end failure mode and effects analysis of the proposed software architecture for the ACFM; and (2) a prototype of the ACFM software, implemented as a C program under the UNIX operating system. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the FDIR protocols specified in the ACS design and the specifications themselves in light of their use in implementing the ACFM. The basis of failure detection in the ACFM is the loss of signal between the ground and the Station, which (under the appropriate circumstances) will initiate recovery to restore communications. This recovery involves the reconfiguration of the ACS to either a backup set of components or to a degraded communications mode. The initiation of recovery depends largely on the criticality of the failure mode, which is defined by tables in the ACFM and can be modified to provide a measure of flexibility in recovery procedures.

Gantenbein, Rex E.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantum Enhanced Probes of Magnetic Circular Dichroism

Magneto-optical microscopies, including optical measurements of magnetic circular dichroism, are increasingly ubiquitous tools for probing spin-orbit coupling, charge-carrier g-factors, and chiral excitations in matter, but the minimum detectable signal in classical magnetic circular dichroism measurements is fundamentally limited by the shot-noise limit of the optical readout field. Here, a two-mode squeezed light source is used to improve the minimum detectable signal in magnetic circular dichroism measurements by 3 decibels compared with state-of-the-art classical measurements, even with relatively lossy samples like terbium gallium garnet. Furthermore, these results provide a framework for new quantum-enhanced magneto-optical microscopies that are particularly critical for environmentally sensitive materials and for low temperature measurements where increased optical power can introduce unacceptable thermal perturbations.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2009

Single Longitudinal Mode, High Repetition Rate, Q-switched Ho:YLF Laser for Remote Sensing

Ho:YLF/LuLiF lasers have specific applications for remote sensing such as wind-speed measurement and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration measurement in the atmosphere because the operating wavelength (around 2 m) is located in the eye-safe range and can be tuned to the characteristic lines of CO2 absorption and there is strong backward scattering signal from aerosol (Mie scattering). Experimentally, a diode pumped Ho:Tm:YLF laser has been successfully used as the transmitter of coherent differential absorption lidar for the measurement of with a repetition rate of 5 Hz and pulse energy of 75 mJ [1]. For highly precise CO2 measurements with coherent detection technique, a laser with high repetition rate is required to averaging out the speckle effect [2]. In addition, laser efficiency is critically important for the air/space borne lidar applications, because of the limited power supply. A diode pumped Ho:Tm:YLF laser is difficult to efficiently operate in high repetition rate due to the large heat loading and up-conversion. However, a Tm:fiber laser pumped Ho:YLF laser with low heat loading can be operated at high repetition rates efficiently [3]. No matter whether wind-speed or carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration measurement is the goal, a Ho:YLF/LuLiF laser as the transmitter should operate in a single longitudinal mode. Injection seeding is a valid technique for a Q-switched laser to obtain single longitudinal mode operation. In this paper, we will report the new results for a single longitudinal mode, high repetition rate, Q-switched Ho:YLF laser. In order to avoid spectral hole burning and make injection seeding easier, a four mirror ring cavity is designed for single longitudinal mode, high repetition rate Q-switched Ho:YLF laser. The ramp-fire technique is chosen for injection seeding.

Bai, Yingxin↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnetic Field Sensing via Acoustic Sensing Fiber with Metglas® 2605SC Cladding Wires

Magnetic field sensing has the potential to become necessary as a critical tool for long-term subsurface geophysical monitoring. The success of distributed fiber optic sensing for geophysical characterization provides a template for the development of next generation downhole magnetic sensors. In this study, Sentek Instrument’s picoDAS is coupled with a multi-material single mode optical fiber with Metglas® 2605SC cladding wire inclusions for magnetic field detection. The response of acoustic sensing fibers with one and two Metglas® 2605SC cladding wires was evaluated upon exposure to lateral AC magnetic fields. An improved response was demonstrated for a sensing fiber with in-cladding wire following thermal magnetic annealing (~400 °C) under a constant static transverse magnetic field (~200 μT). A minimal detectable magnetic field of ~500 nT was confirmed for a sensing fiber with two 10 μm cladding wires. The successful demonstration of a magnetic field sensing fiber with Metglas® cladding wires fabricated via traditional draw processes sets the stage for distributed measurements and joint inversion as a compliment to distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors.

Dejneka, Zach (ORCID:0000000179415708)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing In-Process Monitoring and Optimization Using Thermionic Emission Detection

In this project, the emission of electrons during laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing was identified and investigated to resolve the underlying dynamics driven by laser-material interactions. Laser powder bed fusion involves the selective laser melting of metal powder particles layer by layer which fuse together forming a larger 3D structure. Laser-based additive manufacturing approaches such as laser powder bed fusion hold the potential to revolutionize manufacturing of complex metal components in the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries. However, the difficulty in producing defect-free components by metal 3D printing is a major hurdle for widespread commercial adoption. This project resolved important dynamics in laser powder bed fusion including the identification of plasma formation mechanisms, transitions between laser-induced melting modes and stochastic precursors to defect formation. These findings were realized through implementation of electronic sensing diagnostics into an existing testbed system and harnessing capabilities developed for the time dependent analysis of laser powder bed fusion datasets. Importantly, the results advance our understanding of laser-material interactions and reveal that detection of thermionic emission can also resolve information critical to optimization of the laser powder bed fusion fabrication process. The findings are critical for advancing our fundamental understanding of the laser powder bed fusion process and can help assure the requisite fidelity of fabricated components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2002

Composite Bending Box Section Modal Vibration Fault Detection

One of the primary concerns with Composite construction in critical structures such as wings and stabilizers is that hidden faults and cracks can develop operationally. In the real world, catastrophic sudden failure can result from these undetected faults in composite structures. Vibration data incorporating a broad frequency modal approach, could detect significant changes prior to failure. The purpose of this report is to investigate the usefulness of frequency mode testing before and after bending and torsion loading on a composite bending Box Test section. This test article is representative of construction techniques being developed for the recent NASA Blended Wing Body Low Speed Vehicle Project. The Box section represents the construction technique on the proposed blended wing aircraft. Modal testing using an impact hammer provides an frequency fingerprint before and after bending and torsional loading. If a significant structural discontinuity develops, the vibration response is expected to change. The limitations of the data will be evaluated for future use as a non-destructive in-situ method of assessing hidden damage in similarly constructed composite wing assemblies. Modal vibration fault detection sensitivity to band-width, location and axis will be investigated. Do the sensor accelerometers need to be near the fault and or in the same axis? The response data used in this report was recorded at 17 locations using tri-axial accelerometers. The modal tests were conducted following 5 independent loading conditions before load to failure and 2 following load to failure over a period of 6 weeks. Redundant data was used to minimize effects from uncontrolled variables which could lead to incorrect interpretations. It will be shown that vibrational modes detected failure at many locations when skin de-bonding failures occurred near the center section. Important considerations are the axis selected and frequency range.

Werlink, Rudy↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparison of CCM- and CRM-Based Boost Parallel Active Power Decoupler for PV Microinverter

Single-phase inverter or rectifier systems often make use of an active power decoupler (APD) to balance the mismatch between constant dc power and fluctuating ac power. This article deals with the comparison of continuous conduction mode (CCM) and critical conduction mode (CRM) operation-based design of a parallel boost-type APD for photovoltaic microinverter applications. From a design perspective, multiobjective analysis of efficiency, volume, and cost is explored within a decision space including planar inductors, gallium nitride based devices, film capacitors, switching frequency, and modulation (CCM vs. CRM). The theoretical study analyzes all possible design configurations within CCM and CRM and identifies Pareto-optimal designs, from which the selected CRM design can achieve reduced system volume and lower cost with the use of smaller inductor core, while operating with similar California Energy Commission efficiency drop as the selected CCM design. From a control perspective, a pulsewidth modulation based control strategy is proposed to implement closed-loop CRM modulation that does not rely on zero-crossing detection. Furthermore, closed-loop systems are designed for the optimal CCM and CRM realizations, and the final system characteristics are compared. Experimental results, obtained using two separate 40-V, 400-W hardware prototypes for CCM and CRM, are presented to verify the analyses.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

A perspective on the device physics of lead halide perovskite semiconducting detector for gamma and x-ray sensing

Metal-halide perovskites are emerging materials for radiation sensing featuring high absorption cross section, high charge mobility, and long carrier lifetime enabling superior detection efficiencies even at room temperature. Perovskite detector technologies are more complex involving different detecting modes and device architectures. Here, to elucidate the working principles, we provide a Perspective on the device structures and the operational principles of halide perovskite direct conversion detectors for radiation sensing. We will first discuss different detection modes and introduce the commonly used device architectures and their working principles. Based on our work and pioneer developments in the field, we will next compare the performances of the reported detectors. Additionally, we will summarize the single crystal detectors and polycrystalline thin film devices and discuss their advantages and disadvantages for different applications. Finally, we provide a future Perspective on the critical problems that must be addressed to commercialize this technology.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2006

Grism Performance for Mid-IR (5-40 microns) Spectroscopy

Grisms provide a straightforward method to transform an imager into a spectrometer with little change to the original imaging optics. This paper addresses the performance of a suite of grisms as part of an Astrobiology Science and Instrument Development (ASTID) Program to implement a moderate resolution spectroscopic capability to the mid/far-IR facility instrument FORCAST for the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) [see accompanying abstract by Adams et al.]. A moderate resolution mid-IR spectrometer on SOFIA will offer advantages not available to either ground or space-based instruments after the Spitzer Space Telescope ceases operation in approx. 2007. SOFIA will begin operations in 2007 and will have an operational lifetime of approx. 20 years. From aircraft altitudes, it will be possible to cover a range of wavelengths, particularly in the critical 5-9 micron band, where detection of astrobiologically interesting molecules have key spectral signatures, that are not accessible from the ground. This grism suite consists of six grisms: four monolithic Si grisms [see accompanying abstract by Mar et al.] and two KRS-5 grisms. These devices will allow long slit low-resolution and short slit, cross-dispersed high-resolution spectroscopic modes selectable by simply moving the camera filter wheels. This configuration will enable observing programs to gather images and spectra in a single SOFIA flight. The four silicon grisms, whose performance is highlighted in this paper, will operate in the following wavelength ranges: 5-8, 17-28, and 28-37 microns. In the 5-8 micron range, R=1200 is achievable for a 2 arcsecond slit using the grism as a cross-disperser. For the 17-28 and 28-37 micron ranges, the resolving powers are R approx. 130, 250 when used in low orders with a slit of 3 arcseconds. The silicon grisms demonstrate a new family of dispersive elements with good optical performance for spectroscopy from 1.2-8 micron and beyond 18 microns. Furthermore, the FORCAST grism modes are close in wavelength coverage and resolving power to the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS), so that among other possible observations, SOFIA can now enable follow-up studies of the brighter objects that Spitzer has observed and enable studies of sources that were too bright for observation with Spitzer.

Ennico, K. A.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Precursor region with full phonon softening above the charge-density-wave phase transition in 2 H -TaSe 2

Research on charge-density-wave (CDW) ordered transition-metal dichalcogenides continues to unravel new states of quantum matter correlated to the intertwined lattice and electronic degrees of freedom. Here, we report an inelastic x-ray scattering investigation of the lattice dynamics of the canonical CDW compound 2H-TaSe 2 complemented by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional perturbation theory. Our results rule out the formation of a central-peak without full phonon softening for the CDW transition in 2H-TaSe 2 and provide evidence for a novel precursor region above the CDW transition temperature T CDW , which is characterized by an overdamped phonon mode and not detectable in our photoemission experiments. Thus, 2H-TaSe 2 exhibits structural before electronic static order and emphasizes the important lattice contribution to CDW transitions. Our ab-initio calculations explain the interplay of electron-phonon coupling and Fermi surface topology triggering the CDW phase transition and predict that the CDW soft phonon mode promotes emergent superconductivity near the pressure-driven CDW quantum critical point.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2002

Far infrared interferometer technology development: a progress report

We report on the progress of developing a cryogenic delay line and integrated optics components. These are some of the critical components needed to enable farm, direct detection, interferometers. To achieve background limited performance in the 40 to 400 pm region, the interferometer optics and delay line must be cooled to near liquid Helium temperatures. The cryogenic delay line design incorporates a number of novel features and has been tested and characterized at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The integrated optics effort has focused on producing single mode spatial filters and beam combiners.

Interferometer↗
DOE OSTI2021

Feasibility of Lead Fast Reactor Heat Exchanger Tube Online Monitoring

Within virtually all reactor systems with heat exchangers, the thinnest barriers between primary and secondary fluids are the heat exchanger tubes. Consistent with light water reactor experience, the advanced reactor heat exchangers are the most susceptible regions for corrosion and leakage (NRC, 2019). Moreover, traditional inspections and repairs using robotics will be expensive or impractical. On-line structural health corrosion monitoring (OLSHM) is therefore desirable to detect tube degradation prior to leaks that may allow mixing of heat exchanger fluids. Rhetorically many molten salt reactor (MSR) designers plan for on-line monitoring of critical reactor components including heat exchangers but there are no proven OLSHM sensors or systems for MSR heat exchangers. Guided wave ultrasound from the tube-end or ID using conventional low-temperature piezoelectric sensors has been shown to be sensitive to pits and cracks less than 50% through-wall in long pipes and tubes (Narayanan M.M., 2019) . Mode and frequency selection are important for practical sensor design decisions and ultimate performance. The L-0 wave-mode is easily excited by L-mode transducers but they have surface normal wave motion that will be sensitive to and more attenuative because of fluid interaction with the tube surface (Rose J.L., 1994). Shear Horizontal (SH) wave modes have material motion parallel to the tube surface therefore are virtually unaffected by fluid interaction. For SH-0 to be nondispersive in steel, the frequency-thickness product (MHz-mm) must be less than approximately 1.5. SH mode transducers must be coupled by a material that can support shear stress; a thin layer of honey works well for temporary sensors and an adhesive or a brazed metallurgical bond for permanent sensors. If sensors are incorporated into the fabrication process, the same kinds of SH-0 waves can be generated from the stagnant flow area of the tube OD without compromising the heat-exchange tube function. Piezoelectric materials are also available that can withstand harsh temperatures of molten salt heat exchangers (Stevenson T., 2015) (Machura et al., 2008). Though they may not have as high-performance characteristics, their performance only needs to be good enough to detect flaws of interest. This project attempts to demonstrate feasibility to develop a sensor that can be sensitive to flaws of interest and perform long-term monitoring of a molten salt reactor heat exchanger. Benefits to the advanced reactor system include: • Minimizing the expense of a reactor shut down for periodic inspection—only shutdown for cause. • Reduce risk of unexpected tube rupture by detecting flaws before they grow to through-wall leaks. • Cost reduction by minimizing need to design for manual/robotic inspectability. Transducer design, characterization of the beam profile, wedges vs. direct application of piezoelectric sensors, and ultrasonic pulse-echo responses from a representative heat exchange tube with fabricated flaw types are discussed.

On-Line Tube Monitor, Guided Wave Ultrasound, SH-0↗
DOE OSTI2020

Progress Toward Molten Salt Reactor Heat Exchanger On-Line Monitoring

Within virtually all reactor systems with heat exchangers, the thinnest barriers between primary and secondary fluids are the heat exchanger tubes. Consistent with light water reactor experience, the advanced reactor heat exchangers are the most susceptible regions for corrosion and leakage (NRC, 2019). Moreover, traditional inspections and repairs using robotics will be expensive or impractical. On-line structural health corrosion monitoring (OLSHM) is therefore desirable to detect tube degradation prior to leaks that may allow mixing of heat exchanger fluids. Rhetorically many molten salt reactor (MSR) designers plan for on-line monitoring of critical reactor components including heat exchangers but there are no proven OLSHM sensors or systems for MSR heat exchangers. Guided wave ultrasound from the tube-end or ID using conventional low-temperature piezoelectric sensors has been shown to be sensitive to pits and cracks less than 50% through-wall in long pipes and tubes (Narayanan M.M., 2019) . Mode and frequency selection are important for practical sensor design decisions and ultimate performance. The L-0 wave-mode is easily excited by L-mode transducers but they have surface normal wave motion that will be sensitive to and more attenuative because of fluid interaction with the tube surface (Rose J.L., 1994). Shear Horizontal (SH) wave modes have material motion parallel to the tube surface therefore are virtually unaffected by fluid interaction. For SH-0 to be nondispersive in steel, the frequency-thickness product (MHz-mm) must be less than approximately 1.5. SH mode transducers must be coupled by a material that can support shear stress; a thin layer of honey works well for temporary sensors and an adhesive or a brazed metallurgical bond for permanent sensors. If sensors are incorporated into the fabrication process, the same kinds of SH-0 waves can be generated from the stagnant flow area of the tube OD without compromising the heat-exchange tube function. Piezoelectric materials are also available that can withstand harsh temperatures of molten salt heat exchangers (Stevenson T., 2015) (Machura et al., 2008). Though they may not have as high-performance characteristics, their performance only needs to be good enough to detect flaws of interest. This project attempts to demonstrate feasibility to develop a sensor that can be sensitive to flaws of interest and perform long-term monitoring of a molten salt reactor heat exchanger. Benefits to the advanced reactor system include: • Minimizing the expense of a reactor shut down for periodic inspection—only shutdown for cause. • Reduce risk of unexpected tube rupture by detecting flaws before they grow to through-wall leaks. • Cost reduction by minimizing need to design for manual/robotic inspectability. Transducer design, characterization of the beam profile, and ultrasonic pulse-echo responses from a representative heat exchange tube with fabricated flaw types are discussed.

On-Line Tube Monitor, Guided Wave Ultrasound, SH-0↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nature of Magnetic Excitations in the High-Field Phase of α–RuCl 3

We present comprehensive electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of in-plane oriented single crystals of α–RuCl 3 , a quasi-two-dimensional material with honeycomb structure, focusing on its high-field spin dynamics. The measurements were performed in magnetic fields up to 16 T, applied along the [110] and [100] directions. Several ESR modes were detected. Combining our findings with recent inelastic neutron- and Raman-scattering data, we identified most of the observed excitations. Most importantly, we show that the low-temperature ESR response beyond the boundary of the magnetically ordered region is dominated by single- and two-particle processes with magnons as elementary excitations. In conclusion, the peculiarities of the excitation spectrum in the vicinity of the critical field are discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS2007

Real-Time Wireless Data Acquisition System

Current and future aerospace requirements demand the creation of a new breed of sensing devices, with emphasis on reduced weight, power consumption, and physical size. This new generation of sensors must possess a high degree of intelligence to provide critical data efficiently and in real-time. Intelligence will include self-calibration, self-health assessment, and pre-processing of raw data at the sensor level. Most of these features are already incorporated in the Wireless Sensors Network (SensorNet(TradeMark)), developed by the Instrumentation Group at Kennedy Space Center (KSC). A system based on the SensorNet(TradeMark) architecture consists of data collection point(s) called Central Stations (CS) and intelligent sensors called Remote Stations (RS) where one or more CSs can be accommodated depending on the specific application. The CS's major function is to establish communications with the Remote Stations and to poll each RS for data and health information. The CS also collects, stores and distributes these data to the appropriate systems requiring the information. The system has the ability to perform point-to-point, multi-point and relay mode communications with an autonomous self-diagnosis of each communications link. Upon detection of a communication failure, the system automatically reconfigures to establish new communication paths. These communication paths are automatically and autonomously selected as the best paths by the system based on the existing operating environment. The data acquisition system currently under development at KSC consists of the SensorNet(TradeMark) wireless sensors as the remote stations and the central station called the Radio Frequency Health Node (RFHN). The RFF1N is the central station which remotely communicates with the SensorNet(TradeMark) sensors to control them and to receive data. The system's salient feature is the ability to provide deterministic sensor data with accurate time stamps for both time critical and non-time critical applications. Current wireless standards such as Zigbee(TradeMark) and Bluetooth(Registered TradeMark) do not have these capabilities and can not meet the needs that are provided by the SensorNet technology. Additionally, the system has the ability to automatically reconfigure the wireless communication link to a secondary frequency if interference is encountered and can autonomously search for a sensor that was perceived to be lost using the relay capabilities of the sensors and the secondary frequency. The RFHN and the SensorNet designs are based on modular architectures that allow for future increases in capability and the ability to expand or upgrade with relative ease. The RFHN and SensorNet sensors .can also perform data processing which forms a distributed processing architecture allowing the system to pass along information rather than just sending "raw data points" to the next higher level system. With a relatively small size, weight and power consumption, this system has the potential for both spacecraft and aircraft applications as well as ground applications that require time critical data.

Valencia, Emilio J.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Spin pumping driven by magnon-polaritons in a ferromagnet–coplanar superconducting resonator hybrid system

We demonstrate spin pumping driven by a strongly coupled magnon-photon system using a ferromagnet-coplanar superconducting resonator hybrid system at 1.4 K. Electrical readout via the inverse spin-Hall effect reveals characteristic coupling features, including mode splitting and linewidth broadening, demonstrating the electrical detection of strongly coupled microwave photons and magnons. The microwave magnon-photon coupling strength obtained by combined spin pumping and inverse spin-Hall effect measurements is compared to microwave transmission experiments. Here, microwave power-dependent measurements reveal a decrease in the coupling strength with increasing microwave power alongside the onset of nonlinearities of the superconducting resonator above a critical microwave power threshold.

Wagle, Dinesh [University of Delaware, Newark, DE ↗