Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “cooling and trapping”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

More about hot electrons between cold walls

This paper adds new findings to the recently described hampering of electron cooling by electron trapping in a developing electrostatic potential well between the two cold walls. We show that the self-consistent process of the potential well formation and electron trapping is tractable analytically when the end walls reflect most of the incoming electrons. For immobile ions, this process creates a steady-state that retains a significant fraction of the initial electron kinetic energy. Here, we also describe the subsequent slow decay of the system due to ion motion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Trapping of lithium atoms in a large hollow optical dipole trap

We describe the trapping of lithium atoms in an optical dipole trap about 1 mm in size, with a nearly rectangular potential. The trap has the shape of a cylinder with flat bases. The confinement region is bounded by thin walls produced by light with a frequency blue-detuned from an atomic transition (resonance) frequency by 19 GHz. Before trapping, the gas is collected and cooled in a magneto-optical trap whose centre nearly coincides with the centre of the dipole trap. After switching off the magneto-optical trap, we have photographed the atoms remaining in the dipole trap. (paper)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

CHARACTERIZATION OF DISSIPATIVE REGIONS OF A N-DOPED SRF CAVITY

We report scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on N-doped cavity hot and cold spot cutouts. Analysis of the electron tunneling spectra using a proximity effect theory shows that hot spots have a reduced superconducting gap and a wider distribution of the contact resistance. Alone, these degraded superconducting properties account for a much weaker excess dissipation as compared with the vortex contribution. Based on the correlation between the quasiparticle density of states and temperature mapping, we suggest that degraded superconducting properties may facilitate vortex nucleation or settling of trapped flux during cooling the cavity through the critical temperature.

Lechner, E.M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers

It is proposed that the rapid release of water under great pressure from deeply buried aquifers is responsible for the formation of the Martian channels suggestive of catastrophic flooding (outflow channels). Fine channels in the Martian surface suggest the presence of surface water early in the history of the planet, which would have entered the ground water system through the porous near-surface rocks. Subsequent global cooling would have trapped the ground water under a thick permafrost layer and formed a system of confined aquifers. High pore pressures within the aquifers are considered to have triggered the breakout of water from the aquifers at rates of from 10 to the 5th to 10 to the 7th cu m/sec, which would be prevented from reentering the ground water system by the layer of permafrost. Outflow from the aquifer is also considered to have caused the undermining of adjacent areas and the collapse of the surface to form areas of chaos, often associated with channels.

Carr, M. H.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Keynote address: The past, present, and future of atomic time

The early history of atomic time and frequency standards is reviewed. The most accurate and stable present standards are described. Prospective future improvements are discussed, particularly those with laser cooling and with trapped ions and atoms.

Ramsey, Norman F.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Buffer Gas Experiments in Mercury (Hg+) Ion Clock

We describe the results of the frequency shifts measured from various buffer gases that might be used as a buffer gas to increase the loading efficiency and cooling of ions trapped in a small mercury ion clock. The small mass, volume and power requirement of space clock precludes the use of turbo pumps. Hence, a hermetically sealed vacuum system, incorporating a suitable getter material with a fixed amount of inert buffer gas may be a practical alternative to the groundbased system. The collision shifts of 40,507,347.996xx Hz clock transition for helium, neon and argon buffer gases were measured in the ambient earth magnetic field. In addition to the above non-getterable inert gases we also measured the frequency shifts due to getterable, molecular hydrogen and nitrogen gases which may be used as buffer gases when incorporated with a miniature ion pump. We also examined the frequency shift due to the low methane gas partial pressure in a fixed higher pressure neon buffer gas environment. Methane gas interacted with mercury ions in a peculiar way as to preserve the ion number but to relax the population difference in the two hyperfine clock states and thereby reducing the clock resonance signal. The same population relaxation was also observed for other molecular buffer gases (N H ,) but at much reduced rate.

mercury ion clock↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optical Trapping of High-Aspect-Ratio NaYF Hexagonal Prisms for kHz-MHz Gravitational Wave Detectors

Here, we present experimental results on optical trapping of Yb-doped β-NaYF subwavelength-thickness high-aspect-ratio hexagonal prisms with a micron-scale radius. The prisms are trapped in vacuum using an optical standing wave, with the normal vector to their face oriented along the beam propagation direction, yielding much higher trapping frequencies than those typically achieved with microspheres of similar mass. This platelike geometry simultaneously enables trapping with low photon-recoil-heating, high mass, and high trap frequency, potentially leading to advances in high frequency gravitational wave searches in the Levitated Sensor Detector, currently under construction. The material used here has previously been shown to exhibit internal cooling via laser refrigeration when optically trapped and illuminated with light of suitable wavelength. Employing such laser refrigeration methods in the context of our work may enable higher trapping intensity and thus higher trap frequencies for gravitational wave searches approaching the several hundred kilohertz range.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conveyor-belt magneto-optical trapping of molecules

Abstract Laser cooling is used to produce ultracold atoms and molecules for quantum science and precision measurement applications. Molecules are more challenging to cool than atoms due to their vibrational and rotational internal degrees of freedom. Molecular rotations lead to the use of type-II transitions ( F ⩾ F ′ ) for magneto-optical trapping (MOT). When typical red detuned light frequencies are applied to these transitions, sub-Doppler heating is induced, resulting in higher temperatures and larger molecular cloud sizes than realized with the type-I MOTs most often used with atoms. To improve type-II MOTs, Jarvis et al (2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 083201) proposed a blue-detuned MOT to be applied after initial cooling and capture with a red-detuned MOT. This was successfully implemented (Burau et al 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. 130 193401; Jorapur et al 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 163403; Li et al 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 233402), realizing colder and denser molecular samples. Very recently, Hallas et al (2024 arXiv:2404.03636) demonstrated a blue-detuned MOT with a ‘1+2’ configuration that resulted in even stronger compression of the molecular cloud. Here, we describe and characterize theoretically the conveyor-belt mechanism that underlies this observed enhanced compression. We perform numerical simulations of the conveyor-belt mechanism using both stochastic Schrödinger equation and optical Bloch equation approaches. We investigate the conveyor-belt MOT characteristics in relation to laser parameters, g -factors and the structure of the molecule, and find that conveyor-belt trapping should be applicable to a wide range of laser-coolable molecules.

Li, Grace K. (ORCID:0000000277223355)↗
NASA NTRS1962

DEVELOPMENT OF A LIGHT-WEIGHT REGENERATIVELY COOLED THRUST CHAMBER WITH BRAZED RIBS AND BRAZED OUTER WIRE TRAP

Design and fabrication procedures are discussed of a brazed-ribtype thrust chamber fabricated from stainless steel or inconel for a Sooo-lb thrust 20: 1 expansion-area-ratio regeneratively cooled liquidpropellant rocket engine which is designated as the JPL 6K Engine and operates at a chamber pressure of 150 psia. Hydrazine is used as the fuel and regenerative coolant and nitrogen tetroxide as the oxidizer. The nozzle-throat diameter is 5.42 in. The thrust chamber consists of a sheet-metal gas-side liner with longitudinal ribs spotwelded and brazed to the outer surface. Wire is wrapped over the ribs circumferentially, spot-welded to the ribs, and brazed. The liner, ribs, and wire form the coolant-passage walls. There are three basic advantages to this type of thrust chamber: light weight, ease of fabrication, and comparatively low cost. The total dry weight of a thrust chamber of this type and size made of 347 stainless steel is 46.2 lb, and the wet weight is 56.3 Ib. A total of 87 static engine tests were made on 19 of 23 thrust chambers fabricated by this technique. Four of the chambers tested had an expansion-area ratio of 20:1, and 15, which were shorter but had the same throat diameter, had an expansion-area ratio of 3.5:l. Accumulated test time was 1926 sec, including 558 sec regenerative cooling with hydrazine and 1368 sec cooling with water. One 20:l thrust chamber was subjected to 16 separate engine tests, with an accumulated test time of 399 sec, and was still in very good operating condition after the tests were completed. With water flowing through the coolant passages at 10 lb/sec, the measured nominal pressure drop between coolant manifolds of a 20:l thrust chamber wrapped with flat wire was 17.2 psi.

Thrust Chamber↗
DOE OSTI2024

Raman Sideband Cooling of Molecules in an Optical Tweezer Array to the 3D Motional Ground State

Ultracold polar molecules are promising for quantum information processing and searches for physics beyond the standard model. Laser cooling to ultracold temperatures is an established technique for trapped diatomic and triatomic molecules. Further cooling of the molecules to near the motional ground state is crucial for reducing various dephasings in quantum and precision applications. In this work, we demonstrate Raman sideband cooling (RSC) of CaF molecules in optical tweezers to near their motional ground state, with average motional occupation quantum numbers of n ¯ x = 0.16 ( 12 ) , n ¯ y = 0.17 ( 17 ) (radial directions), and n ¯ z = 0.22 ( 16 ) (axial direction), and a 3-D motional-ground-state probability of 54 ± 18 % of the molecules that survive the RSC. This process paves the way to increase molecular coherence times in optical tweezers for robust quantum computation and simulation applications. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
NASA NTRS2022

Gas Trap Plug Design, Function and Performance

The cooling loops of the Internal Active Thermal Control System (IATCS) on the Node 3, Node 2 and US Laboratory (USL) Modules of the International Space Station (ISS) have been serviced by Gas Traps (GTs) since the onset of operations. These traps serve to protect the pumping function of the cooling loops by eliminating free gas that would otherwise impact the impellers and cause a loop shutdown. Gas Trap Plug Assemblies (GTPAs) have been designed, manufactured and tested, to permit function of the IATCS in the event of a loss of cabin atmosphere and long term decrew event. The GTPA also serve to give the crew additional time to evacuate the United States Operating Segment (USOS) in the unlikely event of an Ammonia breach of an Interface Heat Exchanger (IFHX). These GTPAs have been installed on the ISS IATCS since May 2019. This paper will address purpose, design and testing of the GTPA. The paper will also provide analyses showing residual trapping capability and free gas elimination of the GTs even while tightly plugged, for both the GTs and the Alternate Gas Trap Assemblies (AGTAs) ground spares.

Gas Trap Plugs↗
DOE OSTI2024

Rapid cooling of the in-plane motion of two-dimensional ion crystals in a Penning trap to millikelvin temperatures

Here, we propose a highly feasible technique with no experimental overhead to rapidly cool the in-plane degrees of freedom of large two-dimensional ion crystals in Penning traps. Through simulations, we demonstrate that our approach enables the in-plane modes to cool down to a temperature of around 1 mK in less than 10 ms. Our technique relies on near-resonant coupling of the poorly cooled in-plane motions and the efficiently cooled out-of-plane motions, and is achieved without introducing additional potentials. The rapid cooling enabled by our approach is in contrast to typical operating conditions, where our simulations of the laser cooling dynamics suggest that the ion crystal's in-plane motion cools very slowly on a timescale of several hundreds of milliseconds, a rate likely slower than experimental heating rates. Our work sets the stage for sub-Doppler laser cooling of the planar motion, and more robust and versatile quantum simulation and quantum sensing experiments with two-dimensional crystals in Penning traps.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Solid-State Laser Refrigeration of Ytterbium-Doped Potassium-Lutetium-Fluoride (KLF) Microcrystals

Hydrothermal methods are used for the first time to synthesize distinct crystallographic stoichiometries within the potassium-lutetium-fluoride phase diagram for applications in solid-state laser refrigeration. Four crystalline phases were synthesized hydrothermally and doped with 10% Yb(III) ions, namely, orthorhombic K 2 LuF 5 (space group Pnma), trigonal KLuF 4 (space group P3 1 21), orthorhombic KLu 2 F 7 (space group Pna2 1 ), and cubic KLu 3 F 10 (space group $Fm\bar{3m}$), with each phase exhibiting unique microcrystalline morphologies. Among the four phases, the most significant cooling was observed for the KLuF 4 phase, which showed an overall refrigeration of 8.6 ± 2.1 K below room temperature. Laser refrigeration for KLuF4 was measured by observing both the eigenfrequencies of optomechanical cantilevers in vacuum and also the Brownian dynamics of optically trapped microcrystals in water. Cooling was also observed for the first time for the K 2 LuF 5 phase in vacuum based on measurements of the mean luminescence wavelength of Yb(III) ions. Finally, cooling was not observed with the other two phases.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ion-chain sympathetic cooling and gate dynamics

Sympathetic cooling is a technique often employed to mitigate motional heating in trapped-ion quantum computers. However, choosing system parameters such as number of coolants and cooling duty cycle for optimal gate performance requires evaluating trade-offs between motional errors and other slower errors such as qubit dephasing. The optimal parameters depend on cooling power, heating rate, and ion spacing in a particular system. In this study, we aim to analyze best practices for sympathetic cooling of long chains of trapped ions using analytical and computational methods. We use a case study to show that optimal cooling performance is achieved when coolants are placed at the center of the chain and provide a perturbative upper bound on the cooling limit of a mode given a particular set of cooling parameters. In addition, using computational tools, we analyze the trade-off between the number of coolant ions in a chain and the center-of-mass mode heating rate. We also show that cooling as often as possible when running a circuit is optimal when the qubit coherence time is otherwise long. These results provide a roadmap for how to choose sympathetic cooling parameters to maximize circuit performance in trapped-ion quantum computers using long chains of ions.

Cooling & trapping↗
DOE OSTI2022

MAGNETIC FLUX EXPULSION IN SUPERCONDUCTING RADIO-FREQUENCY NIOBIUM CAVITIES MADE FROM COLD WORKED NIOBIUM

Trapped residual magnetic field during the cool down of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities is one of the primary sources of RF residual losses leading to lower quality factor. Historically, SRF cavities have been fabricated from high purity fine grain niobium with grain size ~50 to 100 µm as well as large grain with grain size of the order of few centimeters. Non-uniform recrystallization of fine-grain Nb cavities after the post fabrication heat treatment leads to higher flux trapping during the cool down, and hence the lower quality factor. We fabricated two 1.3 GHz single cell cavities from cold-worked niobium from different vendors and processed along with cavities made from SRF grade Nb. The flux expulsion and flux trapping sensitivity were measured after successive heat treatments in the range 800 to 1000°C. The flux expulsion from cold-worked fine-grain Nb cavities improves after 800°C/3h heat treatments and it becomes similar to that of standard fine-grain Nb cavities when the heat treatment temperature is higher than 900°C.

Khanal, B. D.↗
DOE OSTI2022

MAGNETIC FLUX EXPULSION IN SUPERCONDUCTING RADIO-FREQUENCY NIOBIUM CAVITIES MADE FROM COLD WORKED NIOBIUM

Trapped residual magnetic field during the cool down of superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities is one of the primary sources of RF residual losses leading to lower quality factor. Historically, SRF cavities have been fabricated from high purity fine grain niobium with grain size ~50 to 100 µm as well as large grain with grain size of the order of few centimeters. Non-uniform recrystallization of fine-grain Nb cavities after the post fabrication heat treatment leads to higher flux trapping during the cool down, and hence the lower quality factor. We fabricated two 1.3 GHz single cell cavities from cold-worked niobium from different vendors and processed along with cavities made from SRF grade Nb. The flux expulsion and flux trapping sensitivity were measured after successive heat treatments in the range 800 to 1000°C. The flux expulsion from cold-worked fine-grain Nb cavities improves after 800°C/3h heat treatments and it becomes similar to that of standard fine-grain Nb cavities when the heat treatment temperature is higher than 900°C.

Khanal, B. D.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microhydration of the metastable N -Protomer of 4-Aminobenzoic acid by condensation at 80 K: H/D exchange without conversion to the more stable O- protomer

4-Aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) is a model scaffold for studying solvent-mediated proton transfer. Although protonation at the carboxylic group (O-protomer) is energetically favored in the gas phase, the N-protomer, where the proton remains on the amino group, can be kinetically trapped by electrospray ionization of 4ABA in an aprotic solvent such as acetonitrile. Here we report the formation of the hydrated deuterium isotopologues of the N-protomers, RND 3 + ·(H 2 O) n=1-3 , (R=C 6 H 4 COOD), which are generated by condensing water molecules onto the bare N-protomers in a liquid nitrogen cooled, radiofrequency octopole ion trap at 80 K. The product clusters are then transferred to a 20 K cryogenic ion trap where they are tagged with weakly bound D 2 molecules. The structures of these clusters are determined by analysis of their vibrational patterns obtained by resonant IR photodissociation. The resulting patterns confirm that the metastable N-protomer configuration remains intact even when warmed by sequential condensation of water molecules. Attachment of H 2 O molecules onto the RND 3 + head group also affords the opportunity to explore the possibility of H/D exchange between the acid scaffold and the proximal water network. The spectroscopic results establish that although the RND 3 + ·(H 2 O) n=1,2 clusters are formed without H/D exchange, the n = 3 cluster exhibits about 10% H/D exchange as evidenced by the appearance of the telltale HOD bands. Furthermore, the site of exchange on the acid is determined to be the acidic OH by the emergence of the OH stretching fundamental in the -COOH motif.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1990

Cooled artery extension

An artery vapor trap. A heat pipe artery is constructed with an extension protruding from the evaporator end of the heat pipe beyond the active area of the evaporator. The vapor migrates into the artery extension because of gravity or liquid displacement, and cooling the extension condenses the vapor to liquid, thus preventing vapor lock in the working portion of the artery by removing vapor from within the active artery. The condensed liquid is then transported back to the evaporator by the capillary action of the artery extension itself or by wick located within the extension.

Gernert, Nelson J.↗