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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2013

A Global Model of Meteoric Sodium

A global model of sodium in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere has been developed within the framework of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The standard fully interactive WACCM chemistry module has been augmented with a chemistry scheme that includes nine neutral and ionized sodium species. Meteoric ablation provides the source of sodium in the model and is represented as a combination of a meteoroid input function (MIF) and a parameterized ablation model. The MIF provides the seasonally and latitudinally varying meteoric flux which is modeled taking into consideration the astronomical origins of sporadic meteors and considers variations in particle entry angle, velocity, mass, and the differential ablation of the chemical constituents. WACCM simulations show large variations in the sodium constituents over time scales from days to months. Seasonality of sodium constituents is strongly affected by variations in the MIF and transport via the mean meridional wind. In particular, the summer to winter hemisphere flow leads to the highest sodium species concentrations and loss rates occurring over the winter pole. In the Northern Hemisphere, this winter maximum can be dramatically affected by stratospheric sudden warmings. Simulations of the January 2009 major warming event show that it caused a short-term decrease in the sodium column over the polar cap that was followed by a factor of 3 increase in the following weeks. Overall, the modeled distribution of atomic sodium in WACCM agrees well with both ground-based and satellite observations. Given the strong sensitivity of the sodium layer to dynamical motions, reproducing its variability provides a stringent test of global models and should help to constrain key atmospheric variables in this poorly sampled region of the atmosphere.

meteoric flux↗
DOE OSTI2024

Feasibility of using nuclear microreactor process heat for bioconversion and agricultural processes

Introduction There is a global goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by 2023. Nuclear microreactors, a subset of small modular reactors, offer a potential solution due to their compact size, transportability, and carbon-neutral power generation capabilities. Methods This study explores the feasibility of using heat from nuclear microreactors for bioconversion and agricultural processes, including transforming biomass into energy carriers and products such as syngas, bio-oil, and pasteurized milk. Operating requirements for gasification, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, hydrothermal liquefaction, hydrothermal gasification, ethanol production, anaerobic digestion, and pasteurization were obtained through a literature review. A Brayton cycle model based on the eVinci TM microreactor was developed to assess the feasibility of powering these processes using nuclear microreactor heat. Results and Discussion Exergetic efficiency values for high-temperature processes ranged from 72% to 100%, whereas lower-temperature processes ranged from 2% to 53%. These efficiencies depend on the available source temperature for each microreactor design. There were trade-offs between producing net power and using process heat, particularly for high-temperature processes. Three heat exchanger locations were considered: before the turbine (600 ℃ ), between the turbine and regenerator (370 ℃ ), and after the regenerator (192 ℃ ). High-temperature processes like gasification require temperatures too high for feasibility. Middle temperature processes are better suited to a heat exchanger between the turbine and regenerator, while also operable before the turbine. Lower-temperature processes like pasteurization and anaerobic digestion can use waste heat after the regenerator and do not impact power production. These findings are valuable for optimizing nuclear microreactor heat use and aligning with global climate initiatives.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrated multimodel analysis reveals achievable pathways toward reliable, 100% renewable electricity for Los Angeles

Climate change has prompted many communities to set targets for carbon-free power supplies, but they often lack data-driven strategies to achieve them. We present a comprehensive analysis of an entirely renewable electric power system that can maintain operating reliability and resource adequacy using detailed models of the city of Los Angeles power grid. In consultation with the operating utility, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), and the local community, we develop four supply scenarios across three demand projections to analyze which types of infrastructure and operational changes would achieve reliable electricity at least cost. We find that a reliable, 100%-renewable power system yielding more than $1 billion annually in health and climate co-benefits is achievable. Solar can supply most future energy needs, while combustion turbines that use renewable, storable carbon-neutral fuels are key to maintaining reliability. This study provides a replicable methodology that other jurisdictions globally can follow.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Leading Modes of Asian Summer Monsoon Variability as Pulses of Atmospheric Energy Flow

Monsoon rainfall anomalies are often organized into dynamical modes that are more predictable than rainfall at specific locations. Here a linear response function (LRF) is constructed to extract the neutral modes (NM) of the dynamical atmospheric system and their optimal forcing that govern precipitation variability, providing a dynamical underpinning for the empirically derived, recurrent rainfall patterns. The leading mode (NM1) features a shift in the Atlantic ITCZ, a drying over the Indian Ocean and Indian subcontinent, and a “South-Flood-North Drought (SFND)” pattern over eastern China, a pattern inferable from changes in the atmospheric energy flow forced by the corresponding optimal forcing and further enhanced by the water vapor and cloud feedbacks. Moreover, the slow evolving component of the NM1 in response to CO2 forcing can be skillfully predicted by running the ocean heat uptake through the LRF, implicating a deterministic ocean dynamic source for the NM1-like trend under climate warming.

monsoon mode of variability, EBM, climate change, ↗
NASA NTRS1990

Aerosol spectral optical depths - Jet fuel and forest fire smokes

The Ames autotracking airborne sun photometer was used to investigate the spectral depth between 380 and 1020 nm of smokes from a jet fuel pool fire and a forest fire in May and August 1988, respectively. Results show that the forest fire smoke exhibited a stronger wavelength dependence of optical depths than did the jet fuel fire smoke at optical depths less than unity. At optical depths greater than or equal to 1, both smokes showed neutral wavelength dependence, similar to that of an optically thin stratus deck. These results verify findings of earlier investigations and have implications both on the climatic impact of large-scale smokes and on the wavelength-dependent transmission of electromagnetic signals.

Pueschel, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Composition Changes After the "Halloween" Solar Proton Event: The High-Energy Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere (HEPPA) Model Versus MIPAS Data Intercomparison Study

We have compared composition changes of NO, NO2, H2O2,O3, N2O, HNO3 , N2O5, HNO4, ClO, HOCl, and ClONO2 as observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat in the aftermath of the "Halloween" solar proton event (SPE) in October/November 2003 at 25-0.01 hPa in the Northern hemisphere (40-90 N) and simulations performed by the following atmospheric models: the Bremen 2D model (B2dM) and Bremen 3D Chemical Transport Model (B3dCTM), the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) model, FinROSE, the Hamburg Model of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere (HAMMONIA), the Karlsruhe Simulation Model of the Middle Atmosphere (KASIMA), the ECHAM5/MESSY Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model, the modeling tool for SO1ar Climate Ozone Links studies (SOCOL and SOCOLi), and the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM4). The large number of participating models allowed for an evaluation of the overall ability of atmospheric models to reproduce observed atmospheric perturbations generated by SPEs, particularly with respect to NOS, and ozone changes. We have further assessed the meteorological conditions and their implications on the chemical response to the SPE in both the models and observations by comparing temperature and tracer (CH4 and CO) fields. Simulated SPE-induced ozone losses agree on average within 5% with the observations. Simulated NO(y) enhancements around 1 hPa, however, are typically 30% higher than indicated by the observations which can be partly attributed to an overestimation of simulated electron-induced ionization. The analysis of the observed and modeled NO(y) partitioning in the aftermath of the SPE has demonstrated the need to implement additional ion chemistry (HNO3 formation via ion-ion recombination and water cluster ions) into the chemical schemes. An overestimation of observed H2O2 enhancements by all models hints at an underestimation of the OH/HO2 ratio in the upper polar stratosphere during the SPE. The analysis of chlorine species perturbations has shown that the encountered differences between models and observations, particularly the underestimation of observed ClONO2 enhancements, are related to a smaller availability of ClO in the polar night region already before the SPE. In general, the intercomparison has demonstrated that differences in the meteorology and/or initial state of the atmosphere in the simulations causes a relevant variability of the model results, even on a short timescale of only a few days.

Funke, B.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 11

The AR5 was published in 2014. The Paris Agreement and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015. An increasing number of countries have since announced ambitions to be carbon neutral by 2045–2060. The COVID-19 pandemic shocked the global economy in 2020 and motivated economic stimulus with demands for green recovery and concerns for economic security. All this has created a new context and a growing recognition that all industry, including the energy and emissions intensive industries, need to reach net zero GHG emissions. There is an ongoing mind shift around the opportunities to do so, with electrification and hydrogen emerging among key mitigation options as a result of renewable electricity costs falling rapidly. On the demand side there has been renewed attention to end-use demand, material efficiency, and more and better-quality recycling measures. This chapter takes its starting point in this new context and emphasizes the need for deploying innovative processes and practices in order to limit the global warming to 1.5°C or 2°C (IPCC 2018a).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pathways to Carbon Neutrality 2050 in Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia has recently set an ambitious target of achieving carbon neutrality as early as 2050. To accomplish this, the country will need to strategically reduce its emissions across all sectors. In 2020, Malaysia emitted approximately 368 MtCO2e, with the largest sources of emissions including electricity (36% of total emissions), transportation (17%), and industry (15%)1. We find that the greatest reductions in emissions can therefore come from decarbonizing power generation and electrifying end-use sectors. Digitalization, smart technologies, and improved energy efficiency will significantly reduce economy-wide energy consumption. By leveraging efficient technologies, both Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur can address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and climate change. Digitalization is a broad category that includes a variety of measures; for example, the wide adoption of high-efficiency appliances and lighting or improved building energy codes in the buildings sector. Similarly, technological improvements can advance industrial energy efficiency, and for transportation, smart technologies cover a shift from private to public transportation and the greater use of electric vehicles. While renewable energy (RE) will play a crucial role in decarbonization, achieving carbon neutrality in certain sectors will be difficult without emerging technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and innovative fuel sources such as hydrogen. In order for Malaysia to rely on CCS as a mitigation option, early investment and incentives to the private sector will be critical. This holds for the use of hydrogen as well: investing in the necessary technology, infrastructure, and human capital will allow Malaysia to position itself as an innovator in the region and leverage these advanced technologies as a key part of its climate strategy. Another possible carbon removal option other than CCS would be a land-use sink; however, given that Malaysia is still developing and may deforest in the near-term, this report does not focus on the mitigation potential of land-use change. With its innovative and bold climate plans, Kuala Lumpur is primed to be a leader in regional climate change efforts. Kuala Lumpur is also engaged in several international collaborations to ensure sustainable city development such as the C40 network and the ASEAN Smart Cities Partnership. As such, the city will play a critical role in contributing to Malaysia’s overall climate goals and as a policy trendsetter through ambitious, scalable plans. One key factor in these emissions reductions is that Kuala Lumpur has full control over its building guidelines, allowing for ambitious policies resulting in significant emissions reductions. However, in other sectors, Kuala Lumpur has less direct control over regulations; for example, power generation and integration of RE are largely in the hands of the Malaysian government. With limited and primarily light industry, Kuala Lumpur’s contributions to emissions reductions here are curbed. And, while Kuala Lumpur has control over local transportation policies like increasing access to and quality of public transportation, broad shifts in transportation will stem from national-level policies. As such, multi-level governance is an integral component of Malaysia’s climate strategy and coordination between local and national governments will be essential in reducing emissions and achieving other climate goals. This report addresses these and other key challenges and opportunities Malaysia faces on the road to carbon neutrality.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

The vertical-velocity skewness in the atmospheric boundary layer without buoyancy and Coriolis effects

One of the main features of near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence is the positive vertical velocity skewness $Sk_w$ above the roughness sublayer or the buffer region in smooth-walls. The $Sk_w$ variations are receiving renewed interest in many climate-related parameterizations of the ABL given their significance to cloud formation and to testing sub-grid schemes for Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The vertical variations of $Sk_w$ are explored here using wind tunnel and flume experiments collected above smooth, rough, and permeable-walls in the absence of buoyancy and Coriolis effects. These laboratory experiments form a necessary starting point to probe the canonical structure of $Sk_w$ as they deal with a key limiting case (i.e., near-neutral conditions). Diagnostic models based on cumulant expansions, realizability constraints, and constant mass flux approach routinely employed in the convective boundary layer as well as prognostic models based on third-order budgets are used to explain variations in $Sk_w$ for the idealized laboratory conditions. The failure of flux-gradient relations to model $Sk_w$ from the gradients of the vertical velocity variance σ$_w^2$ are explained and corrections based on models of energy transport offered. Novel links between the diagnostic and prognostic models are also featured, especially for the inertial term in the third-order budget of the vertical velocity fluctuation. The co-spectral properties of w′/σ w vs w′ 2 /σ$_w^2$ are also presented for the first time to assess the dominant scales governing $Sk_w$ in the inner and outer layers, where w′ is the fluctuating vertical velocity and σ w is the vertical velocity standard deviation.>

Boundary layer flow↗
DOE OSTI2025

Aerosol Decline Accelerates the Increasing Extreme Precipitation in China

Extreme precipitation is becoming more intense and frequent. The increasing trends in extreme precipitation in China in warm season related to changes in aerosols and greenhouse gases (GHGs) are investigated using observations, reanalysis data and model simulations. A significant accelerating increase in extreme precipitation occurred around 2010, with the trend in accumulated extreme rainfall amount (R95pTOT) increasing from 2.88 mm per decade during 2000–2010 to 22.88 mm per decade during 2010–2023. The sudden acceleration of the increasing extreme precipitation is largely attributed to the reverse in aerosol trends associated with China’s clean air actions, which affects extreme precipitation through perturbing cloud microphysics and atmospheric dynamics, accounting for half of the change in R95pTOT trends. Future aerosol reduction to achieve carbon neutrality is shown to continue to intensify the extreme precipitation, which overweighs the effect induced by GHGs, highlighting the importance of aerosol changes in modulating future climate and weather extremes.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Choosing the Best Carbon Factor for the Job: Exploring Available Carbon Emissions Factors and the Impact of Factor Selection

Over 600 local governments in the United States, including nearly half of the largest 100 cities, have enacted climate action plans that include carbon reduction goals and greenhouse gas inventories (Markolf et al. 2020). The magnitude of these goals ranges from modest reduction targets to carbon neutrality. None will be met without significant contributions from the buildings sector. Understanding how energy efficiency and building electrification impact greenhouse gas emissions requires local, time-sensitive, and forward-looking carbon emissions factors for electricity use in buildings. There are a variety of emissions factors currently available from various sources, including average emissions factors and historical short-run marginal emissions factors. Long-run marginal emissions factors and future-year short-run marginal emissions factors are also now available from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Cambium data sets. In this paper, we describe the different carbon emissions factors available, including both conventional sources and newly available options. We discuss the types of analyses each emissions factor is best suited to support. Then, using residential energy efficiency and electrification load profiles, we demonstrate how different conclusions result from different choices of carbon emissions factors. For two grid regions, we explore takeaways of using current versus future-year emissions, short-run versus long-run, and levelized versus single-year values. We include a framework for selecting the best carbon emissions factor for the job.

carbon emissions factors↗
DOE OSTI2024

Choosing the Best Carbon Factor for the Job: Exploring Available Carbon Emissions Factors and the Impact of Factor Selection: Preprint

Over 600 local governments in the United States, including nearly half of the largest 100 cities, have enacted climate action plans that include carbon reduction goals and greenhouse gas inventories (Markolf et al. 2020). The magnitude of these goals ranges from modest reduction targets to carbon neutrality. None will be met without significant contributions from the buildings sector. Understanding how energy efficiency and building electrification impact greenhouse gas emissions requires local, time-sensitive, and forward-looking carbon emissions factors for electricity use in buildings. There are a variety of emissions factors currently available from various sources, including average emissions factors and historical short-run marginal emissions factors. Long-run marginal emissions factors and future-year short-run marginal emissions factors are also now available from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) Cambium data sets. In this paper, we describe the different carbon emissions factors available, including both conventional sources and newly available options. We discuss the types of analyses each emissions factor is best suited to support. Then, using residential energy efficiency and electrification load profiles, we demonstrate how different conclusions result from different choices of carbon emissions factors. For two grid regions, we explore takeaways of using current versus future-year emissions, short-run versus long-run, and levelized versus single-year values. We include a framework for selecting the best carbon emissions factor for the job.

carbon emissions factors↗
DOE OSTI2023

Captured QBO‐MJO Connection in a Subseasonal Prediction System

Abstract The quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) impacts the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity with a stronger MJO in QBO easterly (QBOE) than QBO westerly (QBOW) winters. However, this relationship is poorly represented in the current generation climate models. For the first time, this paper applies a stratospheric zonal‐mean nudging in a subseasonal prediction system to capture it. Two strong MJO cases in a QBO‐neutral winter are investigated. The QBO temperature and zonal wind anomalies are added separately as well as together to the stratosphere using nudging in MJO case hindcast. Only by nudging the QBO temperature anomalies while leaving the zonal wind free, can the prediction system capture the observed QBO‐MJO connection. The tropopause instability is found positively correlated to the MJO amplitude, but it cannot fully explain the captured connection. The free‐evolving zonal wind anomalies in the stratosphere due to the nudged QBO temperature are crucial for the captured connection.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Corrosion in CO2 Electrolysis Systems

Driven by concerns over climate change, interest in CO2 conversion technologies has dramatically increased in recent years. By viewing CO2 as a readily available feedstock, many pathways for the production of carbon-neutral fuels and chemicals become available. In converting CO2, low carbon emitting energy sources must be used to ensure a low carbon footprint of the fuel and chemical products. The low-temperature electrochemical conversion of CO2 is a promising technology and allows for direct integration with renewable electricity sources. The development of low-temperature CO2 electrolysis technologies is informed by both PEM fuel cells and water electrolyzers, both of which are at a higher stage of development. However, CO2 electrolysis operates at a much higher cell voltage (-3V) than other low-temperature electrochemical processes, which can have implications for materials compatibility in the electrolyzer device. Carbon corrosion is of particular concern for the anode of CO2 electrolyzers, as a large driving force for corrosion exists due to the high required cell potentials. In this presentation, recent observations will be shared on carbon corrosion of the anode gas diffusion electrode (GDE) in low-temperature alkaline exchange membrane CO2 electrolysis. Results from ex-situ tests designed to isolate the carbon corrosion process for anode GDEs will be shared. These results will provide guidance on materials selection for CO2 utilization MEAs, which need to have a lifetime of several years to ensure industrial viability.

BIOMASS FUELS↗
NASA NTRS2002

Extreme Weather Events and Their Relationship to Low Frequency Teleconnection Patterns

A new method for identifying the structure and other characteristics of extreme weather events is introduced and applied to both model simulations and observations. The approach is based on a linear regression model that links daily extreme precipitation amounts for a particular point on the globe to precipitation and related quantities at all other points. We present here some initial results of our analysis of extreme precipitation events over the United States, including how they are influenced by ENSO and various large-scale teleconnection patterns such as the PNA. The results are based on simulations made with the NASA/NCAR AGCM (Lin and Rood 1996). The quality of the simulated climate for the NASA/NCAR AGCM forced with observed SSTs is described in Chang et al. (2001). The runs analyzed here consist of three 20-year runs forced with idealized cold, neutral and warm ENSO SST anomalies (superimposed on the mean seasonal cycle of SST). The idealized warm or cold SST anomalies are fixed throughout each 20- year simulation and consist of the first EOF (+/- 3 standard deviations) of monthly SST data. Comparisons are made with the results obtained from a similar analysis that uses daily NOAA precipitation observations (Higgins et al. 1996) over the United States and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1949-1998.

Chang, Yehui↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sustainable Valorization of CO2 through Nuclear Power-to-X Pathways

Some of the issues concerning energy security and climate change can be addressed by employing nuclear power (NP) to supply the energy required for the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into chemicals, products, and materials. Nuclear energy represents a neutral carbon source that can be generated sustainably, reliably, and consistently. Nuclear power plants (NPPs) could supply energy in the form of heat, electricity, and ionizing radiation to drive CO2 chemical reactions underpinning NP-to-X type of pathways. CO2 conversion processes are either commercially available or emerging technologies at different developmental maturity stages. This work reviews the published literature (articles and patents) that reports R&D results and the understanding and development of chemical reactions and processes, as well as the efforts in integrating NPPs and chemical processes (CPs). As will be made evident, a new industrial era for the manufacturing of decarbonized chemicals, products, and materials will be possible by developing and implementing new (more energy- and carbon-efficient) processes responding to the NP-to-X pathways. This new decarbonizing platform not only contributes to achieving net zero goals but also broadens the NPP product beyond electricity.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Critical adjustment of land mitigation pathways for assessing countries' climate progress

Collective progress towards the Paris Agreement’s temperature targets will be assessed by the Agreement’s Global Stocktake process. Global emission pathways by Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are a likely benchmark against which aggregated countries’ greenhouse gas mitigation pledges will be assessed. However, this approach requires comparability, which is currently hampered by a 5 GtCO2yr-1 mismatch between the estimated global land anthropogenic flux of IAMs and countries’ GHG inventories (GHGIs) for 2005-2015. We show that this gap is mostly the result of differences in how the anthropogenic forest sink is defined. Countries define managed forest more broadly than IAMs, and on this larger area typically consider anthropogenic also fluxes due to human-induced environmental change, which IAMs do not include their pathways. Using five IAMs and a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM), we present and apply a novel method that adjusts IAM results to the countries’ definition, closing the gap with GHGIs at global and regional scale. When expressed in a way compatible with GHGIs, adjusted 1.5°C and well-below 2°C pathways have a cumulative CO2 balance until carbon neutrality that is 110–176 GtCO2 lower than the original IAMs pathways. The use of these country-compatible emission pathways under the Global Stocktake would therefore be essential for an accurate assessment of the collective progress towards the Paris Agreement’s climate goals.

Grassi, Giacomo↗
DOE OSTI2025

Editorial: Functionalization of porous materials for sustainable energy applications

Global energy demands are shifting toward a more sustainable future, with the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Emerging technologies are driving this transition. The industry, academia, government, non-profit organizations, and the broader community are collaboratively working to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and address climate change to ensure a sustainable future. According to the International Energy Agency, in 2022, the production, transportation, and processing of oil and gas resulted in 5.1 billion tons of CO 2 -equivalent emissions, representing nearly 15% of all energy-related GHG emissions. Moreover, the end-use of oil and gas accounted for an additional 40% of emissions. The IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario calls for immediate, collective action from the industry, transportation and other stakeholders to mitigate these emissions. In this effort, the development of energy materials will play a critical role in reducing emissions. Among these, porous materials offer an innovative solution, leveraging their high surface area, adjustable pore sizes, and chemical versatility to address these pressing challenges effectively. By carefully designing their nanostructures, the architecture and properties of these materials can be tailored for specific applications. Key factors such as chemical composition, particle size, pore distribution, and surface area optimization enhance the reactivity and energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, pre- and post-functionalization processes can introduce targeted chemical properties, further improving their performance. This Research Topic explores recent advancements in energy and materials science through four scholarly papers, showcasing innovative solutions for sustainable energy technologies while providing valuable insights into the unique properties and structure of porous materials (Figure 1). Li et al. present their work on highly defective NiFeV layered triple hydroxides, highlighting enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability for oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Kovalskii et al. contribute a mini-review on hydrogen storage using hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and BN-based materials, offering an insightful overview of these promising materials. Chava et al. discuss their recent achievements in ceramic electrolytes used for improvement of performance of solid-state batteries. Lastly, Li et al. review the properties of porous materials with a focus on shrinkage behavior during the drying process, shedding light on key considerations for material design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗