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At least 91 records · Page 5

Coronal Structure: Legacy of EUVE

During this past school year, the Smithsonian Predoctoral student, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, began work on this Ph.D. thesis research which will focus on the coronal structure of active cool binary stars. He developed a semi-automatic algorithm to derive the emission measure distribution from EUVE spectra using the latest atomic parameters. To date, he has modeled our long EUVE pointing on lambda And that occurred in the fall of 1998, and has reduced and modeled spectra from EUVE pointings on AR Lac and UX Ari. Some of these observations were made simultaneous with the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Physics (ASCA) satellite, and the results reported at the HEAD meeting in Spring 1999.

Dupree, Andrea K,↗

Testing Photoionization Calculations Using Chandra X-ray Spectra

A great deal of work has been devoted to the accumulation of accurate quantities describing atomic processes for use in analysis of astrophysical spectra. But in many situations of interest the interpretation of a quantity which is observed, such as a line flux, depends on the results of a modeling- or spectrum synthesis code. The results of such a code depends in turn on many atomic rates or cross sections, and the sensitivity of the observable quantity on the various rates and cross sections may be non-linear and if so cannot easily be derived analytically. In such cases the most practical approach to understanding the sensitivity of observables to atomic cross sections is to perform numerical experiments, by calculating models with various rates perturbed by random (but known) factors. In addition, it is useful to compare the results of such experiments with some sample observations, in order to focus attention on the rates which are of the greatest relevance to real observations. In this paper I will present some attempts to carry out this program, focussing on two sample datasets taken with the Chandra HETG. I will discuss the sensitivity of synthetic spectra to atomic data affecting ionization balance, temperature, and line opacity or emissivity, and discuss the implications for the ultimate goal of inferring astrophysical parameters.

Kallman, Tim↗

Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Atomic Data Used for X-ray Spectrum Synthesis

A great deal of work has been devoted to the accumulation of accurate quantities describing atomic processes for use in analysis of astrophysical spectra. But in many situations of interest the interpretation of a quantity which is observed, such as a line flux, depends on the results of a modeling- or spectrum synthesis code. The results of such a code depends in turn on many atomic rates or cross sections, and the sensitivity of the observable quantity on the various rates and cross sections may be non-linear and if so cannot easily be derived analytically. In such cases the most practical approach to understanding the sensitivity of observables to atomic cross sections is to perform numerical experiments, by calculating models with various rates perturbed by random (but known) factors. In addition, it is useful to compare the results of such experiments with some sample observations, in order to focus attention on the rates which are of the greatest relevance to real observations. In this paper I will present some attempts to carry out this program, focussing on two sample datasets taken with the Chandra HETG. I will discuss the sensitivity of synthetic spectra to atomic data affecting ionization balance, temperature, and line opacity or emissivity, and discuss the implications for the ultimate goal of inferring astrophysical parameters.

Kallman, Tim↗

Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Atomic Data Used for X-ray Spectrum Synthesis

A great deal of work has been devoted to the accumulation of accurate quantities describing atomic processes for use in analysis of astrophysical spectra. But in many situations of interest the interpretation of a quantity which is observed, such as a line flux, depends on the results of a modeling- or spectrum synthesis code. The results of such a code depends in turn 011 many atomic rates or cross sections, and the sensitivity of the observable quantity on the various rates and cross sections may be non-linear and if so cannot easily be derived analytically. In such cases the most practical approach to understanding the sensitivity of observables to atomic cross sections is to perform numerical experiments, by calculating models with various rates perturbed by random (but known) factors. In addition, it is useful to compare the results of such experiments with some sample observations, in order to focus attention on the rates which are of the greatest relevance to real observations. In this paper I will present some attempts to carry out this program, focussing on two sample datasets taken with the Chandra HETG. I will discuss the sensitivity of synthetic spectra to atomic data affecting ionization balance, temperature, and line opacity or emissivity, and discuss the implications for the ultimate goal of inferring astrophysical parameters.

Kallman, Tim↗

Highly Charged Ions in a New Era of High Resolution X-Ray Astrophysics

X‐ray astronomy and ground‐based atomic physics have a long history of fruitful collaboration: Sound understanding of the underlying atomic physics is the key to reliable interpretation of the spectra from celestial sources; conversely, astronomical spectra have been used to benchmark and advance atomic physics. This interplay is about to become even more important as we enter a new era of high‐resolution X‐ray astrophysics with large effective collection area. Although high‐resolution observations with the gratings on the Chandra and XMM‐Newton observatories continue to drive new science, upcoming planned and proposed missions will open up new discovery space in the near future that is currently challenging to access: high‐resolution spectroscopy on extended sources, in the Fe K band, and on short time scales. This review summarizes open questions in these areas and the design parameters for the Hitomi, XRISM, Athena, and Arcus observatories. The expected high quality of spectra taken with these observatories puts new constraints on the accuracy of atomic reference data required to take full advantage of the diagnostic potential of these spectra.

Natalie Hell↗

Temperature, N2, and N density profiles of Triton's atmosphere - Observations and model

Improved analysis of the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer observations of the solar occultation by Triton yields the isothermal temperature and N2 number densities in the altitude range 475-675 km. The signature of atomic nitrogen in the occultation spectra is identified, its density profile is derived, and an experimental value of the escape rate of N atoms is given. The one-dimensional thermal conductivity equation for a spherical atmosphere is solved, taking into account CO heating and cooling and heating by precipitating electrons, solar radiation, and chemical effects. Finally, profiles of number densities of N, H2, and H are calculated.

Krasnopolsky, V. A.↗

C III spectra in WC Wolf-Rayet stars - Does collisional excitation dominate?

A direct comparison of the spectra emitted by an improved collisionally excited C III atomic model, with observations of C III spectra in Wolf-Rayet WC stars, shows agreement for UV, visible, and near-infrared lines including lines usually considered to be recombination lines. The agreement implies high-density and temperature source conditions corresponding to log (Ne Te) is greater than 16 as a lower limit, whereas most current modeling assumes log (Ne Te) is less than 15.5. This raises questions concerning the photoionization/recombination assumptions on which most WR modeling is based. Recent models are discussed from this point of view.

Kastner, S. O.↗

Detection of nitric oxide pollution

Studies of absorption spectra enhancement of certain atomic and molecular species inserter in dye-laser cavities have indicated that nitric oxide can be determined at low concentrations. Absorption coefficient of small amounts of nitric oxide in intra-laser-cavity absorption cell containing helium is enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude.

Chackerian, C., Jr.↗

The high energy multicharged particle exposure of the microbial ecology evaluation device on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft

The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.

Benton, E. V.↗

Composition and energy spectra of heavy nuclei of unknown origin detected on Skylab

At the orbit of Skylab, steeply falling energy spectra of nuclei with atomic numbers of at least 8 and energies between about 10 and 40 MeV/amu at intensities much higher than seen outside the magnetosphere were observed. The composition is consistent with that of the solar corona. It is suggested that heavy solar-wind ions enter the magnetosphere, are accelerated, and populate the inner radiation belt.

Chan, J. H.↗

Observability of atomic line features in strong magnetic fields

The physical properties of atoms in superstrong magnetic fields, characteristic of neutron stars, and the possibility of detecting magnetically strongly shifted atomic lines in the spectra of magnetized X-ray pulsars are discussed. It is suggested that it is recommendable to look for magnetically strongly shifted Fe 26 Lyman lines in rotating neutron stars of not too high luminosity using spectrometers working in the energy range 10 - 20 keV, with sensitivities to minus 4 power photons per sq cm and second, and resolution E/delta E approx. 10-100.

Wunner, G.↗

Einstein Observatory pulse-phase spectroscopy of Hercules X-1

Spectra of the Her X-1 pulsations from 0.15 to 4.5 keV have been obtained with the Objective-Grating and Solid State Spectrometers on the HEAO 2 Einstein Observatory. The spectra show no distinct atomic emission or absorption features, except for broad emission near 1 keV possibly due to unresolved Fe L shell emission lines. Spectrally resolved pulse waveforms show a dramatic 240 deg phase shift for E less than 0.85 keV. The soft X-rays are interpreted as the result of the reprocessing of the hard X-ray beam by the inner disk at the magnetospheric boundary of the neutron star, and several spectroscopic and phase observations are suggested which could provide further knowledge of these structures.

Mccray, R. A.↗

Observations of potassium in the tenuous lunar atmosphere

Observations of neutral potassium (K) in the tenuous lunar atmosphere are described. An echelle spectrograph, CCD, and data acquisition system are used to obtain emission spectra of neutral K atoms in the lunar atmosphere as observed by the 1.54 telescope at the Catalina Observatory at first quarter the night of April 29, 1989. A table of relevant lunar atmosphere parameters summarizes the results of the investigation. It is found that the number density at the surface is 9.5 + or - 1 atoms per cu cm and that there is a large nonthermal component and a deficiency of atoms equilibrated to the surface temperature. The calculated thermalization rate of the nonthermal component through encounters with the lunar surface gives a source of strength for the thermal component factor of 7 greater than loss by photoionization. Possible explanations for the low thermalized population observed are considered.

Kozlowski, Richard W. H.↗

Diagnostics of Carbon Nanotube Formation in a Laser Produced Plume

This research has involved the analysis and interpretation of spectroscopic data taken over a two year period from 1998 to 1999 at the Johnson Space Center. The data was taken in an attempt to perform diagnostic studies of the formation of carbon nanotubes in a laser produced plume. Carbon nanotubes hold great promise for the development of new materials with exciting properties. Current production processes are not sufficient to meet research and development needs. A better understanding of the chemical processes involved in carbon nanotube formation will suggest better production processes that would be more able to meet the demands of research and development. Our work has focused on analysis of the emission spectra and laser induced fluorescent spectra of the carbon dimer, C2, and the laser induced fluorescence spectra of the nickel atom, which is a necessary reagent in th formation of carbon nanotubes.

DeBoer, Gary↗

Laboratory Astrophysics at the LLNL Electron Beam Ion Traps: EBIT-I and EBIT-II

In order to provide a complete, accurate set of atomic data for interpreting spectra provided by missions such as XMM-Newton, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and Astro-E2, we have harnessed the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's electron beam ion traps EBIT-I. EBIT-II, and Super-EBIT for laboratory astrophysics. In support of this work we have developed a number of unique techniques, including the ability to experimentally simulate a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies and measuring low-energy charge exchange cross sections using the magnetic trapping mode. We have also built and operated a full suite of spectrometers spanning the 1-7000 Angstrom wavelength band, the most recent being a spectrometer based on a spare Astro-E (6 x 6) microcalorimeter array. Results of our efforts include a complete list of wavelengths of the Fe L-shell transitions, measurements of absolute and relative cross sections for direct impact, dielectronic, and resonance excitation, and measurements of low energy charge transfer reactions. A brief overview of the LLNL ebit facility, its capabilities, and some results will be discussed.

Brown, G. V.↗

Atomic Data Needs for X-Ray Astronomy

This publication contains written versions of most of the invited talks presented at the workshop on Atomic Data Needs for X-ray Astronomy which was held at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center on December 16-1 7 1999. The idea of hosting such a workshop emerged from an imminent need to update and complete current atomic datasets in anticipation of a new era of high quality X-ray spectra starting with the launching of Chandra and XMM-Newton observatories. At first, our vision of the workshop was of a short and limited attendance event, given the specialization of the topic. But it, was soon realized, from the response to the first workshop announcement, that the topic was of much interest, to researchers working in X-ray spectra (physicists and astronomers). As a result, the workshop grew to approximately 120 participants from several countries. The kind of atomic data that interests us are those parameters needed for analysis and modeling of spectra shortward of about about 100 A and relevant to ionic species of astronomical interest. The physical mechanisms of interest in the formation of spectra include photoionization. collisional ionization, recombination (radiative and dielectronic). collisional excitation (by electrons and protons). and radiative deexcitation. Unique to X-ray spectroscopy are the ionization and excitation processes from inner-closed shells. in addition to the challenges in interpret,ing the medium resolution (epsilon/delta epsilon is about 0.05 - 0.1) data obtained by current X-ray astronomy experiments. Line wavelengths are of interest too, particularly owing to the high resolution spectra from the new experiments. The workshop was divided into five major areas: Observational Spectroscopy, Theoretical Calculations of Atomic Data, Laboratory Measurements of Atomic Parameters. Spectra Modeling, and Atomic Databases. One comforting finding from the work shop is that the enthusiasm felt by X-ray astronomers about the new observational missions seems to be shared by theoretical and experimental physicists. Talks were presented about several exciting new projects and experimental and theoretical techniques devoted to X-ray spectroscopy. Simultaneously, several new tools for spectral analysis and modeling have recently been developed, together with improved atomic databases. These proceeding are expected to be of interests to producers and users of atomic data. Moreover. the contributions presented here have been written in a way that can be used by a general audience of scientists and graduate students in X-ray astronomy, modelling, and in computational and experimental atomic physics.

Kallman, Timothy↗

Interactions of satellite-speed helium atoms with satellite surfaces. 2: Energy distributions of reflected helium atoms

Energy transfer in collisions of satellite-speed (7,000 m/sec) helium atoms with a cleaned 6061-T6 satellite-type aluminum surface was investigated using the molecular-beam technique. The amount of energy transferred was determined from the measured energy of the molecular-beam and the measured spatial and energy distributions of the reflected atoms. Spatial distributions of helium atoms scattered from a 6061-T6 aluminum surface were measured. The scattering pattern exhibits a prominent backscattering, probably due to the gross surface roughness and/or the relative lattice softness of the aluminum surface. Energy distributions of reflected helium atoms from the same surface were measured for six different incidence angles. For each incidence angle, distributions were measured at approximately sixty scattering positions. At a given scattering position, the energy spectra of the reflected helium atoms and the background gas were obtained using the retarding-field energy analyzer.

Liu, S. M.↗