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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1999

Applications of amorphous track models in radiation biology

The average or amorphous track model uses the response of a system to gamma-rays and the radial distribution of dose about an ion's path to describe survival and other cellular endpoints from proton, heavy ion, and neutron irradiation. This model has been used for over 30 years to successfully fit many radiobiology data sets. We review several extensions of this approach that address objections to the original model, and consider applications of interest in radiobiology and space radiation risk assessment. In the light of present views of important cellular targets, the role of target size as manifested through the relative contributions from ion-kill (intra-track) and gamma-kill (inter-track) remains a critical question in understanding the success of the amorphous track model. Several variations of the amorphous model are discussed, including ones that consider the radial distribution of event-sizes rather than average electron dose, damage clusters rather than multiple targets, and a role for repair or damage processing.

NASA Discipline Radiation Health↗
NASA NTRS1987

Structure and dynamics of amorphous water ice

Further insight into the structure and dynamics of amorphous water ice, at low temperatures, was obtained by trapping in it Ar, Ne, H2, and D2. Ballistic water-vapor deposition results in the growth of smooth, approximately 1 x 0.2 micrometer2, ice needles. The amorphous ice seems to exist in at least two separate forms, at T < 85 K and at 85 < T < 136.8 K, and transform irreversibly from one form to the other through a series of temperature-dependent metastable states. The channels formed by the water hexagons in the ice are wide enough to allow the free penetration of H2 and D2 into the ice matrix even in the relatively compact cubic ice, resulting in H2-(D2-) to-ice ratios (by number) as high as 0.63. The larger Ar atoms can penetrate only into the wider channels of amorphous ice, and Ne is an intermediate case. Dynamic percolation behavior explains the emergence of Ar and Ne (but not H2 and D2) for the ice, upon warming, in small and big gas jets. The big jets, each containing approximately 5 x 10(10) atoms, break and propel the ice needles. Dynamic percolation also explains the collapse of the ice matrix under bombardment by Ar , at a pressure exceeding 2.6 dyn cm-2, and the burial of huge amounts of gas inside the collapsed matrix, up to an Ar-to-ice of 3.3 (by number). The experimental results could be relevant to comets, icy satellites, and icy grain mantles in dense interstellar clouds.

NASA Program Exobiology↗
NASA NTRS2006

New Optical Constants for Amorphous and Crystalline H2O-ice and H2O-mixtures.

We will present the products of new laboratory measurements of ices relevant to Trans-Neptunian Objects. We have calculated the real and imaginary indices of refraction for amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice and also H2O-rich ices containing other molecular species. We create ice samples by condensing gases onto a cold substrate. We measure the thickness of the sample by reflecting a He-Ne laser off of the sample and counting interference fringes as it grows. We then collect transmission spectra of the samples in the wavelength range from 0.7-22 micrometers. Using the thickness and the transmission spectra of the ice we calculate the imaginary part of the index of refraction. We then use a Kramers-Kronig calculation to calculate the real part of the index of refraction (Berland et al. 1994; Hudgins et al. 1993). These optical constants can then be used to create model spectra for comparison to spectra from Solar System objects, including TNOs. We will summarize the difference between the amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice spectra. These changes include weakening of features and shifting of features to shorter wavelength. One important result is that the 2 pm feature is stronger in amorphous H2O ice than it is in crystalline H2O-ice. We will also discuss the changes seen when H2O is mixed with other components, including CO2, CH4, HCN, and NH3 (Bernstein et al. 2005; Bernstein et al. 2006).

Mastrapa, Rachel↗
NASA NTRS2001

Nanocrystal dispersed amorphous alloys

Compositions and methods for obtaining nanocrystal dispersed amorphous alloys are described. A composition includes an amorphous matrix forming element (e.g., Al or Fe); at least one transition metal element; and at least one crystallizing agent that is insoluble in the resulting amorphous matrix. During devitrification, the crystallizing agent causes the formation of a high density nanocrystal dispersion. The compositions and methods provide advantages in that materials with superior properties are provided.

Perepezko, John H.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Amorphous Silicates in Primitive Meteoritic Materials: Acfer 094 and IDPs

The abundance of presolar grains is one measure of the primitive nature of meteoritic materials. Presolar silicates are abundant in meteorites whose matrices are dominated by amorphous silicates such as the unique carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. Presolar silicates are even more abundant in chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles (CP-IDPs). Amorphous silicates in the form of GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) grains are a major component of CP IDPs. We are studying amorphous silicates in Acfer 094 matrix in order to determine whether they are related to the GEMS grains in CPIDPs

Keller, L. P.↗
NASA NTRS2008

New Optical Constants of Amorphous and Crystalline H2O-ice, 3-20_m

We will present new optical constants forth amorphous and crystalline H2O-ice in the spectral range 3-20 _m. Our new measurements provide high temperature resolution for crystalline H2O-ice, 10 K intervals from 20-150 K, including temperatures relevant to Solar System ices. We have found that the shape of the 3 _m feature in amorphous H2O-ice is strongly dependant on deposition temperature and the high and low density phases of amorphous H2O-ice are not easily distinguishable. We will present methods of measuring the change in band shape with phase and temperature. We acknowledge financial support from the NASA Origins of the Solar System Program and the NASA Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program.

Mastrapa, Rachel Michelle Elizab↗
NASA NTRS2012

Formation and Processing of Amorphous Silicates in Primitive Carbonaceous Chondrites and Cometary Dust

Chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles (CP IDPs) exhibit strongly heterogeneous and unequilibrated mineralogy at sub-micron scales, are enriched in carbon, nitrogen and volatile trace elements, and contain abundant presolar materials [1-4]. These observations suggest that CP IDPs have largely escaped the thermal processing and water-rock interactions that have severely modified or destroyed the original mineralogy of primitive meteorites. CP IDPs are believed to represent direct samples of the building blocks of the Solar System - a complex mixture of nebular and presolar materials largely unperturbed by secondary processing. The chemical and isotopic properties of CP IDPs and their atmospheric entry velocities are also consistent with cometary origins. GEMS (glass with embedded metal and sulfides) grains are a major silicate component of CP IDPs. GEMS grains are < 0.5 microns in diameter objects that consist of numerous 10 to 50 nm-sized Fe-Ni metal and Fe-Ni sulfide grains dispersed in a Mg-Si-Al-Fe amorphous silicate matrix [2, 5]. Based on their chemistry and isotopic compositions, most GEMS appear to be non-equilibrium condensates from the early solar nebula [2]. If GEMS grains are a common nebular product, then they should also be abundant in the matrices of the most physically primitive chondritic meteorites. Although amorphous silicates are common in the most primitive meteorites [6-9], their relationship to GEMS grains and the extent to which their compositions and microstructure have been affected by parent body processing (oxidation and aqueous alteration) is poorly constrained. Here we compare and contrast the chemical, microstructural and isotopic properties of amorphous silicates in primitive carbonaceous chondrites to GEMS grains in IDPs.

Keller, Lindsay P.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Update on the Chemical Composition Of Crystalline, Smectite, and Amorphous Components for Rocknest Soil and John Klein and Cumberland Mudstone Drill Fines at Gale Crater, Mars

We have previously calculated the chemical compositions of the X-ray-diffraction (XRD) amorphous component of three solid samples (Rocknest (RN) soil, John Klein (JK) drill fines, and Cumberland (CB) drill fines) using major-element chemistry (APXS), volatile-element chemistry (SAM), and crystalline- phase mineralogy (CheMin) obtained by the Curiosity rover as a part of the ongoing Mars Science Laboratory mission in Gale Crater. According to CheMin analysis, the RN and the JK and CB samples are mineralogically distinct in that RN has no detectable clay minerals and both JK and CB have significant concentrations of high-Fe saponite. The chemical composition of the XRD amorphous component is the composition remaining after mathematical removal of the compositions of crystalline components, including phyllosilicates if present. Subsequent to, we have improved the unit cell parameters for Fe-forsterite, augite, and pigeonite, resulting in revised chemical compositions for the XRD-derived crystalline component (excluding clay minerals). We update here the calculated compositions of amorphous components using these revised mineral compositions.

Morris, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS2017

An IR Investigation of Solid Amorphous Ethanol-Spectra, Properties, and Phase Changes

Mid- and far-infrared spectra of condensed ethanol (CH3CH2OH) at 10-160 K are presented, with a special focus on amorphous ethanol, the form of greatest astrochemical interest, and with special attention given to changes at 155-160 K. Infrared spectra of amorphous and crystalline forms are shown. The refractive index at 670 nm of amorphous ethanol at 16 K is reported, along with three IR band strengths and a density. A comparison is made to recent work on the isoelectronic compound ethanethiol (CH3CH2SH), and several astrochemical applications are suggested for future study.

Hudson, Reggie L.↗
NASA NTRS2019

The Refractive Index of Amorphous and Crystalline Water Ice in the UV-vis

Amorphous solid water (ASW) is found on icy dust grains in the interstellar medium (ISM), as well as on comets and other icy objects in the outer solar system. The optical properties of ASW are thus relevant for many astrophysical environments, but in the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), its refractive index is not well constrained. Here, we introduce a new method based on UV–vis broadband interferometry to measure the wavelength dependent refractive index n(λ) of amorphous water ice from 10 to 130 K, i.e., for different porosities, in the wavelength range of 210–757 nm. We also present n(λ) for crystalline water ice at 150 K, which allows us to compare our new method with literature data. Based on this, a method to calculate n(λ, ρ) as a function of wavelength and porosity is reported. This new approach carries much potential and is generally applicable to pure and mixed ice, both amorphous and crystalline. The astronomical and physical–chemical relevance and future potential of this work are discussed.

Kofman, Vincent↗
NASA NTRS1968

Electron beam recrystallization of amorphous semiconductor materials

Nucleation and growth of crystalline films of silicon, germanium, and cadmium sulfide on substrates of plastic and glass were investigated. Amorphous films of germanium, silicon, and cadmium sulfide on amorphous substrates of glass and plastic were converted to the crystalline condition by electron bombardment.

Evans, J. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Electron tunnelling into amorphous germanium and silicon.

Measurements of tunnel conductance versus bias, capacitance versus bias, and internal photoemission were made in the systems aluminum-oxide-amorphous germanium and aluminium-oxide-amorphous silicon. A function was extracted which expresses the deviation of these systems from the aluminium-oxide-aluminium system.

Smith, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Low-temperature relaxations in amorphous polyolefins

The dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of two series of amorphous polyolefins, was investigated from 4.2 K to the glass transition. Most of the polymers show a damping maximum or plateau in the 40 to 50 K region. Various mechanisms which have been suggested for cryogenic relaxations in amorphous polymers are considered as they might relate to the polyolefins. Two secondary relaxation processes above 80 K are distinguished. A relaxation at about 160 K (beta) in the second and third member of each series is associated with restricted blackbone motion. This process requires a certain degree of chain flexibility since it is not observed in the first member of each series. A lower temperature process (gamma) is observed in each member of the second series and is attributed to motion of the ethyl side group.

Hiltner, A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Direct /TEM/ observation of the catalytic oxidation of amorphous carbon by Pd particles

The catalytic oxidation of amorphous carbon substrates by Pd particles is observed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Various modes of selective attack of the carbon substrate in the immediate neighborhood of Pd particles are observed, which can be correlated with different degrees of particle mobility. Using amorphous substrates we have been able to demonstrate that the particle-substrate interaction is influenced by the structure of the particle. This has not previously been noted.

Moorhead, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposited by ion-beam sputtering

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films 1/2 to 1 micron thick were deposited on metal and glass substrates using ion-beam sputtering techniques. The 800 eV, 2 mA/sq cm beam was a mixture of argon and hydrogen ions. The argon sputtered silicon from a pure (7.6 cm) single crystal wafer, while the hydrogen combined with the sputtered material during the deposition. Hydrogen to argon pressure ratios and substrate temperatures were varied to minimize the defect state density in the amorphous silicon. Characterization was done by electrical resistivity, index of refraction and optical absorption of the films.

Lowe, V. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Optical conductivity of amorphous Ta and beta-Ta films

Tantalum films evaporated in high vacuum onto liquid-nitrogen-cooled substrates had an amorphous structure that persisted even after warming to room temperature. The optical conductivity (as well as the dc conductivity) of the amorphous films differed significantly from that of the bcc films.

Nestell, J. E., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Cluster adsorption on amorphous and crystalline surfaces - A molecular dynamics study of model Pt on Cu and model Pd on Pt

Molecular dynamics was used to study the structure, dispersion and short-time behavior of ten-atom clusters adsorbed onto amorphous and crystalline substrates, in which the cluster atoms differed from the substrate atoms. Two adatom-substrate model systems were chosen; one, in which the interaction energy between adatom pairs was greater than that between substrate pairs, and the other, in which the reverse was true. At relatively low temperature ranges, increased dispersion of cluster atoms occurred: (a) on the amorphous substrate as compared to the FCC(100) surface, (b) with increasing reduced temperature, and (c) with adatom-substrate interaction energy stronger than adatom-adatom interaction. Two-dimensional clusters (rafts) on the FCC(100) surface displayed migration of edge atoms only, indicating a mechanism for the cluster rotation and shape changes found in experimental studies.

Garofalini, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Hydrogen diffusion and electronic structure in crystalline and amorphous Ti/sub y/CuH/sub x/

Hydrogen diffusion behavior and electronic properties of crystalline TiCuHo94, Ti2CuH1.90, and Ti2CuH2.63 and amorphous a-TiCuH1.4 were studied using proton relaxation times, proton Knight shifts, and magnetic susceptibilities. Crystal structure and hydrogen site occupancy have major roles in hydrogen mobility. The density of electron states at E sub F is reduced in amorphous a-TiCuH1.4 compared to the crystalline hydrides.

Bowman, R. C., Jr.↗