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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

An Anode-Free Zn–MnO 2 Battery

Aqueous Zn-based batteries are attractive because of the low cost and high theoretical capacity of the Zn metal anode. However, the Zn-based batteries developed so far utilize an excess amount of Zn (i.e., thick Zn metal anode), which decreases the energy density of the whole battery. In this study, we demonstrate an anode-free design (i.e., zero-excess Zn), which is enabled by employing a nanocarbon nucleation layer. Electrochemical studies show that this design allows for uniform Zn electrodeposition with high efficiency and stability over a range of current densities and plating capacities. Using this anode-free configuration, we showcase a Zn–MnO 2 battery prototype, showing 68.2% capacity retention after 80 cycles. Our anode-free design opens a new direction for implementing aqueous Zn-based batteries in energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(CoO2)2 by Materials Project

ZnCo2O4 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Co3+ sites. In the first Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the second Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. In the third Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.93 Å. In the fourth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.98 Å. In the fifth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.01 Å. In the sixth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–62°. There is two shorter (1.87 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Co–O bond length. In the seventh Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.96 Å. In the eighth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.93 Å. In the ninth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.98 Å. In the tenth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.94 Å. In the eleventh Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. In the twelfth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.03 Å) Co–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There are three shorter (1.96 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.07 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–63°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.05 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.12 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.05 Å) and two longer (2.10 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.11 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.09 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one OZn2Co2 tetrahedra and corners with three OCo4 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Co3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OCo4 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Co2 trigonal pyramids. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids and edges with two equivalent OZn2Co2 trigonal pyramids. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Co2 tetrahedra. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Co3+ atoms to form distorted OCo4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZn2Co2 tetrahedra and a cornercorner with one OZnCo3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantifying and Suppressing Proton Intercalation to Enable High-Voltage Zn-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are widely regarded as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications. Like most multivalent battery systems (based on Zn, Mg, Ca, etc.), further progress in ZIB development relies on the discovery and design of novel cathode hosts capable of reversible Zn 2+ (de)intercalation. This work employs VPO 4 F as a ZIB cathode and explores ensuing intercalation mechanisms along with interfacial dynamics during cycling to quantify the water dynamics in concentrated electrolytes and/or hybrid aqueous-non aqueous (HANEs) electrolyte(s). Like most oxide-based cathode materials, proton (H + ) intercalation dominates electrochemical activity during discharge of Zn x H y VPO 4 F in aqueous media due to the hydroxylated nature of the interface. Such H + electrochemistry diminishes low-rate and/or long-term electrochemical performance of ZIBs which inhibits implementation for practical applications. Thus, quantification of the water dynamics in various electrolytes is demonstrated for the first time. Detailed investigations of water mobility in various concentrated electrolytes and HANEs systems enable the design of an electrolyte that enhances aqueous anodic stability and suppresses water/proton activity during discharge. Tuning Zn 2+ /H + intercalation kinetics simultaneously allows for a high voltage (1.9 V) and long-lasting aqueous zinc-ion battery: Zn|Zn(OTf) 2 · n H 2 O-PC|Zn x H y VPO 4 F.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Highly reversible Zn anode with a practical areal capacity enabled by a sustainable electrolyte and superacid interfacial chemistry

Aqueous zinc-metal batteries are plagued by poor Zn reversibility owing to zinc dendrite and layered double hydroxide (LDH) formation. Here, we introduce a novel additive—N,N-dimethylformamidium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DOTf)—in a low-cost aqueous electrolyte that can very effectively address these issues. The initial water-assisted dissociation of DOTf into triflic superacid creates a robust nanostructured solid-electrolyte interface (SEI)—revealed by operando spectroscopy and cryomicroscopy—which excludes water and enables dense Zn deposition. We demonstrate excellent Zn plating/stripping in a Zn||Cu asymmetric cell for more than 3,500 cycles. Furthermore, near 100% CE is realized at a combined high current density of 4 mA cm -2 and an areal capacity of 4 mAh cm -2 over long-term cycling. Zn||Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O full cells retain ~83% of their capacity after 1,000 cycles with mass-limited Zn anodes. By restricting the depth of discharge, the cathodes exhibit less proton intercalation and LDH formation with an extended lifetime of 2,000 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Discharge intermittency considerably changes ZnO spatial distribution in porous Zn anodes

Porous Zn anodes are ubiquitous in primary batteries and are under development for low-cost rechargeable batteries. Spatial distribution of ZnO discharge product is a critical factor in these, because it can passivate the active material. In rechargeable cells this is related to a major failure mechanism called shape change, in which ZnO is relocated to inactive locations. In this work we demonstrate rest steps during discharge of primary Zn anodes dramatically alter the placement of ZnO in the anode. In alkaline electrolyte, ZnO discharge product is typically modeled as precipitating close to Zn particles, forming a porous ZnO shell around the Zn core. Further, anodes discharged continuously at low-rate are compared to anodes similarly discharged intermittently, using in situ computed tomography from a synchrotron source. Zn–ZnO core-shell structures are produced during continuous discharge but are not found in cells discharged intermittently. Continuously discharged cells showed that ZnO was formed most strongly near the separator, in agreement with Zn anode battery models. In pulse-discharged cells, ZnO was more radially distributed and was in large formations not physically connected to Zn particles. Thus, discharge intermittency changes spatial distribution of ZnO in ways that are unpredicted by Zn anode models.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

New layered quaternary Zintl pnictide oxides Ba 2 Zn 2 Pn 2 O ( Pn = Sb, Bi): Discovery, crystal structures, band engineering, and transport properties

Three new heteroanionic oxypnictides, Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2 O, Ba 2 Zn 2 Bi 2 O, and the solid solution Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2−x Bi x O (x ≈ 1.1–1.6), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. They are isostructural with their Mn-bearing analog, adopting the Ba 2 Mn 2 Sb 2 O-type structure (space group P6 3 /mmc, No. 194), and feature a double-layered 2D $^{2}_{∞}$ [Zn 2 Pn 2 O] 2- substructure (Pn = Sb, Bi, Sb/Bi) composed of corner-sharing, distorted tetrahedral ZnPn 3 O units. Electronic structure calculations reveal a systematic progression from semiconducting Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2 O to metallic Ba 2 Zn 2 Bi 2 O as Bi content increases. These trends are corroborated by transport property measurements, with Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 0.9(1) Bi 1.1 O exhibiting relatively low electrical resistivity, high Hall mobilities of ∼160 cm 2 /V·s, and large Seebeck coefficients from 69 to 132 μV K −1 over the 300–600 K temperature range. Comparison with structurally related Zintl pnictides, such as SrIn 2 As 2 and PrZn 3 As 3 phases, situates Ba 2 Zn 2 Pn 2 O (Pn = Sb, Bi) within a broader family of heteroanionic oxypnictide Zintl compounds, highlighting their structural flexibility and amenability to band engineering. Finally, electronic structure and bonding considerations point to tunable semiconducting behavior and underscore the relevance of these materials for thermoelectric and topological applications.

Band engineering↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydroxyl Conducting Hydrogels Enable Low-Maintenance Commercially Sized Rechargeable Zn–MnO2 Batteries for Use in Solar Microgrids

Zinc (Zn)–manganese dioxide (MnO2) rechargeable batteries have attracted research interest because of high specific theoretical capacity as well as being environmentally friendly, intrinsically safe and low-cost. Liquid electrolytes, such as potassium hydroxide, are historically used in these batteries; however, many failure mechanisms of the Zn–MnO2 battery chemistry result from the use of liquid electrolytes, including the formation of electrochemically inert phases such as hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) and the promotion of shape change of the Zn electrode. This manuscript reports on the fundamental and commercial results of gel electrolytes for use in rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. The manuscript also reports on novel properties of the gelled electrolyte such as limiting the overdischarge of Zn anodes, which is a problem in liquid electrolyte, and finally its use in solar microgrid applications, which is a first in academic literature. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic tests with the optimized gel electrolyte showed higher capacity retention compared to the tests with the liquid electrolyte, suggesting that gel electrolyte helps reduce Mn3+ dissolution and zincate ion migration from the Zn anode, improving reversibility. Cycling tests for commercially sized prismatic cells showed the gel electrolyte had exceptional cycle life, showing 100% capacity retention for >700 cycles at 9.5 Ah and for >300 cycles at 19 Ah, while the 19 Ah prismatic cell with a liquid electrolyte showed discharge capacity degradation at 100th cycle. We also performed overdischarge protection tests, in which a commercialized prismatic cell with the gel electrolyte was discharged to 0 V and achieved stable discharge capacities, while the liquid electrolyte cell showed discharge capacity fade in the first few cycles. Finally, the gel electrolyte batteries were tested under IEC solar off-grid protocol. It was noted that the gelled Zn–MnO2 batteries outperformed the Pb–acid batteries. Additionally, a designed system nameplated at 2 kWh with a 12 V system with 72 prismatic cells was tested with the same protocol, and it has entered its third year of cycling. This suggests that Zn–MnO2 rechargeable batteries with the gel electrolyte will be an ideal candidate for solar microgrid systems and grid storage in general.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(AgO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(AgO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Ag3+ sites. In the first Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.25 Å. In the second Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–64°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.27 Å. In the third Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent AgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.29 Å. In the fourth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.28 Å. In the fifth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent AgO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and four longer (2.14 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. In the sixth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–63°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.22 Å. In the seventh Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent AgO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.15 Å. In the eighth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.19 Å. In the ninth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–63°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.19 Å. In the tenth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.19 Å. In the eleventh Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–63°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.18–2.21 Å. In the twelfth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–63°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.22 Å. There are six inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–61°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.09 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.19 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four AgO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.21 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.19 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.18 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five AgO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.23 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 trigonal pyramid. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with three OAg4 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with seven OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with seven OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with three OAg4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with seven OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with three OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with five OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OAg4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ag3+ atoms to form distorted OAg4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with four OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with three OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with four OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(CuO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(CuO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are nine inequivalent Cu3+ sites. In the first Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CuO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.03 Å. In the second Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–60°. There is two shorter (1.92 Å) and two longer (1.93 Å) Cu–O bond length. In the third Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CuO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.04 Å. In the fourth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CuO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.03 Å. In the fifth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–59°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.92 Å. In the sixth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CuO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.08 Å. In the seventh Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–60°. There is two shorter (1.91 Å) and two longer (1.94 Å) Cu–O bond length. In the eighth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–61°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.96 Å. In the ninth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–63°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.97 Å. There are six inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–61°. There is two shorter (1.98 Å) and two longer (1.99 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.13 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CuO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.11 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.11 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.10 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CuO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.11 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Cu3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(SbO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(SbO2)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.06 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.16 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.71 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.02 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.16 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Sb3+ sites. In the first Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.72 Å. In the second Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.01 Å. In the third Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.00 Å. In the fourth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.72 Å. In the fifth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.70 Å. In the sixth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.13 Å. In the seventh Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and one longer (2.02 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the eighth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.71 Å. In the ninth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.41 Å. In the tenth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.07 Å. In the eleventh Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and two longer (2.00 Å) Sb–O bond length. In the twelfth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.01 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Sb3+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(NiO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(NiO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are nine inequivalent Ni3+ sites. In the first Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.02 Å. In the second Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–62°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–1.97 Å. In the third Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.03 Å. In the fourth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent NiO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.02 Å. In the fifth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–59°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.90 Å. In the sixth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.06 Å. In the seventh Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–61°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.91 Å. In the eighth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–63°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–1.98 Å. In the ninth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–63°. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (1.97 Å) Ni–O bond length. There are six inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–62°. There is two shorter (1.97 Å) and two longer (1.98 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.12 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four NiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.10 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.12 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent NiO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.03 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five NiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.08 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 trigonal pyramids. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Ni3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(WO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(WO2)2 is beta indium sulfide-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent W3+ sites. In the first W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.23 Å. In the second W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six WO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–65°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.29 Å. In the third W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.21 Å. In the fourth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.19 Å. In the fifth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent WO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.22 Å. In the sixth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) W–O bond lengths. In the seventh W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent WO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.24 Å. In the eighth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.22 Å. In the ninth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six WO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–69°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.48 Å. In the tenth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.24 Å. In the eleventh W3+ site, W3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All W–O bond lengths are 2.02 Å. In the twelfth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–72°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.38 Å. There are six inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–65°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.16 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.29 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four WO4 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.29 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share edges with two ZnO6 octahedra and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.22 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.27 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.36 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnW3 trigonal pyramids. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four W3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OW4 tetrahedra. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(PO5)2 by Materials Project

Zn(PO3)2(O2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four hydrogen peroxide molecules and one Zn(PO3)2 sheet oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. In the Zn(PO3)2 sheet, Zn is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O atoms. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and two longer (2.03 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. P is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.47–1.51 Å. There are three inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn and one P atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zn and one P atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(BO3)3 by Materials Project

Zn(BO3)3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two Zn(BO3)3 ribbons oriented in the (0, 1, 0) direction. Zn is bonded to four O atoms to form distorted ZnO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four equivalent BO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.06 Å. There are two inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded to four O atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one BO4 tetrahedra and corners with two equivalent ZnO4 trigonal pyramids. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.40–1.54 Å. In the second B site, B is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There is two shorter (1.33 Å) and one longer (1.55 Å) B–O bond length. There are six inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two B atoms. In the second O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one B atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn and one B atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Zn atom. In the fifth O site, O is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Zn and two equivalent B atoms. In the sixth O site, O is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one B atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(NO4)2 by Materials Project

Zn(NO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Zn(NO4)2 sheet oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. Zn is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.33 Å. N is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O atoms. There are a spread of N–O bond distances ranging from 1.23–1.30 Å. There are four inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn and one N atom. In the second O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N atom. In the third O site, O is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn and one N atom. In the fourth O site, O is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Zn atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Acetone to isobutene conversion on Zn x Ti y O z : Effects of TiO 2 facet

In this study, liquid-phase chemical grafting method was used to graft Zn onto TiO 2 with preferentially exposed (1 0 1) or (0 0 1) facet. The obtained Zn x Ti y O z materials were characterized using various techniques (e.g., XRD, Raman, DRIFTS etc.) and evaluated for the acetone-to-isobutene reaction. It was found that over TiO 2 (0 0 1), both terminal and bridging hydroxyls were readily titrated by Zn deposition, whereas a substantial amount of bridging hydroxyls on TiO 2 (1 0 1) remained. Although dominant Zn-O-terminated surface was obtained on two Zn x Ti y O z samples, bridging hydroxyls with high H-D exchange reactivity were observed on Zn x Ti y O z (1 0 1) compared with Zn x Ti y O z (0 0 1). The bridging hydroxyls showing rapid proton transfer efficiently stabilizes a transition state of diacetone alcohol intramolecular rearrangement for isobutene production as opposed to the diacetone alcohol dehydration.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of Recrystallized Grains During Static Recrystallization of Hot-Compressed Mg–Zn–Ca Alloys Using In Situ Far-Field High-Energy Diffraction Microscopy

In this study, we explored the effect of Zn content on the static recrystallization of three 80 pct hot-compressed alloys, Mg–0.5Zn–0.1Ca wt pct (ZX050), Mg–1Zn–0.1Ca wt pct (ZX10), and Mg–3.2Zn–0.1Ca wt pct (ZX30), using far-field high-energy microscopy (ff-HEDM). Individual recrystallized grains were tracked and their 3D centroid, relative volume, and grain-averaged crystallographic orientation were measured during annealing. These measurements were used to compare the recrystallization kinetics and texture evolution of recrystallized grains in ZX alloys as a function of the Zn content. Fully recrystallized microstructures were observed for the ZX30 and the ZX10 alloys after annealing at 230 °C and 330 °C, respectively. In contrast, only a partially recrystallized microstructure for the ZX050 alloy was observed after > 1 hour of annealing at 430 °C. The resistance to recrystallization with decreasing Zn content was also confirmed by detecting faster growth rates of recrystallized grains in the ZX10 and ZX30 alloys, and slower growth rates in the ZX050 alloy. The significant recrystallization texture weakening of the ZX10 and ZX30 alloys and the development of a basal texture in the ZX05 alloy were described based on the orientation dependency of nucleation and growth of recrystallized grains. The analysis demonstrated that texture weakening was associated with increasing Zn content in Mg–Zn–Ca alloys.

Roumina, Reza [Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (U↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deconvoluting the Magnetic Structure of the Commensurately Modulated Quinary Zintl Phase Eu 11– x Sr x Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12

The structure, magnetic properties, and 151 Eu and 119 Sn Mössbauer spectra of the solid-solution Eu 11– x Sr x Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12 are presented. A new commensurately modulated structure is described for Eu 11 Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12 ( R 3 m space group, average structure) that closely resembles the original structural description in the monoclinic C 2/ c space group with layers of Eu, puckered hexagonal Zn 2 As 3 sheets, and Zn 2 As 6 ethane-like isolated pillars. The solid-solution Eu 11– x Sr x Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12 (0 < x < 10) is found to crystallize in the commensurately modulated R 3 space group, related to the parent phase but lacking the mirror symmetry. Eu 11 Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12 orders with a saturation plateau at 1 T for 7 of the 11 Eu 2+ cations ferromagnetically coupled (5 K) and shows colossal magnetoresistance at 15 K. The magnetic properties of Eu 11 Zn 4 Sn 2 As 12 are investigated at higher fields, and the ferromagnetic saturation of all 11 Eu 2+ cations occurs at ~8 T. The temperature-dependent magnetic properties of the solid solution were investigated, and a nontrivial structure–magnetization correlation is revealed. The temperature-dependent 151 Eu and 119 Sn Mössbauer spectra confirm that the europium atoms in the structure are all Eu 2+ and that the tin is consistent with an oxidation state of less than four in the intermetallic region. The spectral areas of both Eu(II) and Sn increase at the magnetic transition, indicating a magnetoelastic effect upon magnetic ordering.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗