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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(AgO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(AgO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Ag3+ sites. In the first Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with three AgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.26 Å. In the second Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent AgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.27 Å. In the third Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–65°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.26 Å. In the fourth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.29 Å. In the fifth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–63°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.21 Å. In the sixth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–65°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.20 Å. In the seventh Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent AgO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.15 Å. In the eighth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–64°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.18 Å. In the ninth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with three AgO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.20 Å. In the tenth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six AgO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–65°. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.16–2.20 Å. In the eleventh Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form AgO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent AgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.32 Å. In the twelfth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AgO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–64°. There are one shorter (2.13 Å) and three longer (2.21 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–62°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.07 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three AgO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.17 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–60°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.07 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four AgO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.23 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.18 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.20 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five AgO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.23 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six AgO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four AgO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.20 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ag3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OAg4 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra and corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid, edges with two equivalent OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with seven OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, corners with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZnAg3 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid, and edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with seven OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with four OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Ag3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with five OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with six OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ag3+ atoms to form distorted OAg4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 tetrahedra that share corners with five OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with two OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and edges with two OAg4 trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six OZn2Ag2 tetrahedra, corners with three OZnAg3 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent OZnAg3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OAg4 trigonal pyramid.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(CuO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(CuO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Cu3+ sites. In the first Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with three CuO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.09 Å. In the second Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CuO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.07 Å. In the third Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–60°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.94 Å. In the fourth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CuO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.03 Å. In the fifth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–63°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.97 Å. In the sixth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–60°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. In the seventh Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CuO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.04 Å. In the eighth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–60°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.94 Å. In the ninth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CuO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.09 Å. In the tenth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CuO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–61°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the eleventh Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CuO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.05 Å. In the twelfth Cu3+ site, Cu3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CuO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–63°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.99 Å. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–61°. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and three longer (1.98 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three CuO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.11 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CuO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–61°. There is three shorter (1.99 Å) and one longer (2.00 Å) Zn–O bond length. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CuO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.12 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.11 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.14 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CuO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.11 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CuO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.12 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Cu3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OZn2Cu2 trigonal pyramids. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal pyramidal geometry to two equivalent Cu3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Cu3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Cu3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(SbO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(SbO2)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (1.96 Å) and one longer (2.09 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent SbO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one SbO4 trigonal pyramid, and edges with three SbO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.25 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SbO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.50 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.13 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form ZnO5 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SbO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent SbO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 69°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.16 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.63 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent SbO4 trigonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one SbO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.20 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are one shorter (1.95 Å) and three longer (2.05 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are twelve inequivalent Sb3+ sites. In the first Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted SbO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one SbO5 square pyramid, a cornercorner with one ZnO5 trigonal bipyramid, a cornercorner with one ZnO4 trigonal pyramid, a cornercorner with one SbO4 trigonal pyramid, edges with two SbO5 square pyramids, and an edgeedge with one ZnO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.59 Å. In the second Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and one longer (2.01 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the third Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted SbO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent SbO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent ZnO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–60°. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.63 Å. In the fourth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.73 Å. In the fifth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. All Sb–O bond lengths are 1.99 Å. In the sixth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are one shorter (1.96 Å) and two longer (2.10 Å) Sb–O bond lengths. In the seventh Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted SbO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO5 square pyramid, corners with two equivalent SbO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent SbO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one ZnO5 square pyramid. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.74 Å. In the eighth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.23 Å. In the ninth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a distorted see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.32 Å. In the tenth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.81 Å. In the eleventh Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted SbO5 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent SbO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent SbO5 square pyramids, and edges with two ZnO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.54 Å. In the twelfth Sb3+ site, Sb3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SbO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four SbO5 square pyramids and corners with three ZnO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Sb–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.13 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Zn2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Sb3+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Sb3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Sb2 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Zn2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Zn2+ and three Sb3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Zn2+ and two equivalent Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Zn2+ and two Sb3+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Zn2+ and one Sb3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(NiO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(NiO2)2 is Sylvanite-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are sixteen inequivalent Ni3+ sites. In the first Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with three NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–2.21 Å. In the second Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.69–2.22 Å. In the third Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with three NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.73–2.35 Å. In the fourth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–68°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–2.11 Å. In the fifth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–2.22 Å. In the sixth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–70°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.12 Å. In the seventh Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–66°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.72–2.05 Å. In the eighth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–2.28 Å. In the ninth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent NiO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–2.29 Å. In the tenth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–69°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.77–2.10 Å. In the eleventh Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent NiO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–2.22 Å. In the twelfth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.72–2.36 Å. In the thirteenth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form NiO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with three NiO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.82–2.19 Å. In the fourteenth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six NiO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–68°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–2.11 Å. In the fifteenth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NiO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.70–2.20 Å. In the sixteenth Ni3+ site, Ni3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form NiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–71°. There are a spread of Ni–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.11 Å. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 47–69°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.82–2.15 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three NiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–2.35 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine NiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 46–71°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.14 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four NiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–2.31 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.28 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.35 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five NiO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–2.36 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six NiO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four NiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.35 Å. There are thirty-two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Ni3+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnNi3 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 tetrahedra. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 tetrahedra. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Ni2 tetrahedra. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ni3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Ni3+ atoms. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ni3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnNi3 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(MoO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(MoO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Mo3+ sites. In the first Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with three MoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.19 Å. In the second Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.19 Å. In the third Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–65°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.12 Å. In the fourth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three MoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.19 Å. In the fifth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine MoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–64°. There are three shorter (2.09 Å) and one longer (2.12 Å) Mo–O bond lengths. In the sixth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 41–67°. There are three shorter (2.10 Å) and one longer (2.11 Å) Mo–O bond lengths. In the seventh Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent MoO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.18 Å. In the eighth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–65°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.08–2.14 Å. In the ninth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three MoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.19 Å. In the tenth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six MoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–67°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.13 Å. In the eleventh Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent MoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.19 Å. In the twelfth Mo3+ site, Mo3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine MoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–64°. There are three shorter (2.09 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) Mo–O bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine MoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–60°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.09 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three MoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.21 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine MoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 48–61°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.10 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four MoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.18 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.21 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.20 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five MoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.21 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four MoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.23 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Mo3+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Mo3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Mo3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Mo3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(WO2)2 by Materials Project

Zn(WO2)2 is Ilmenite-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent W3+ sites. In the first W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent WO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one WO4 trigonal pyramid, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.23 Å. In the second W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent WO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.16 Å) and four longer (2.18 Å) W–O bond lengths. In the third W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six WO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–80°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.48 Å. In the fourth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one WO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.20 Å. In the fifth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–73°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.29 Å. In the sixth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.02 Å) and one longer (2.10 Å) W–O bond lengths. In the seventh W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent WO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.23 Å. In the eighth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six WO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 23–82°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.51 Å. In the ninth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted WO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with three WO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.35 Å. In the tenth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.02 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) W–O bond lengths. In the eleventh W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form WO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.20 Å. In the twelfth W3+ site, W3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form WO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–76°. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.32 Å. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–63°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.06 Å. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent WO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one WO4 trigonal pyramid, and edges with six WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.23 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–59°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.09 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one WO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.27 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.14 Å. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six WO4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.57 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with two equivalent WO4 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.28 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share edges with two ZnO6 octahedra and edges with four WO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.20 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four W3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OW4 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnW3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZnW3 trigonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one OW4 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, corners with six OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZn2W2 trigonal pyramid. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnW3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnW3 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, corners with six OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, and edges with three OZnW3 trigonal pyramids. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two OZnW3 tetrahedra, corners with six OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two OZnW3 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one OZn2W2 trigonal pyramid. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two OZnW3 tetrahedra, corners with six OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, and edges with two OZnW3 trigonal pyramids. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent W3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted OZn2W2 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent OZnW3 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnW3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four equivalent OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnW3 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one OZnW3 tetrahedra, corners with six OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, an edgeedge with one OZn2W2 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four W3+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three W3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form OZnW3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with three OZn2W2 tetrahedra, corners with five OZn2W2 trigonal pyramids, and an edgeedge with one OZnW3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent W3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Propane Dehydrogenation on Pt x Zn y Active Sites in Silicalite‐1

Abstract The improvement of Pt‐based catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has progressed by recent investigations that have identified Zn as a promising promoter for Pt subnanometer catalysts. It is desirable to gain insights into the structure, stability, and activity of such active sites and the factors that influence them, such as Zn : Pt ratio, Pt coordination and nuclearity. Here, we employ density functional theory and microkinetic simulations to investigate the stability of Pt x Zn y ( x =1–3, y=0–3) active sites grafted on silanols of Silicalite‐1 and the PDH activity of Pt. We find that the coordination of a Pt atom to a nest of grafted Zn(II) atoms increases the stability of the Pt 1 Zn y sites, whose activity is similar for y=0–2 and drops dramatically for y>2. We further demonstrate, via linear scaling relations and microkinetic simulations, that the turnover frequency obeys a volcano law as a function of propylene binding strength. The Pt 2 Zn 1 and Pt 3 Zn 1 sites are stable and exhibit activity similar to Pt 1 Zn 2 , but only Pt 1 Zn 2 manifests reaction kinetics consistent with experimental data, strongly suggesting the active site composition in the synthesized catalyst samples. The methodology presented here suggests a general strategy for deducing active site information such as composition through simple kinetic experiments.

Liu, Yilang↗
DOE OSTI2024

Propane Dehydrogenation on Pt x Zn y Active Sites in Silicalite‐1

Abstract The improvement of Pt‐based catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH) has progressed by recent investigations that have identified Zn as a promising promoter for Pt subnanometer catalysts. It is desirable to gain insights into the structure, stability, and activity of such active sites and the factors that influence them, such as Zn : Pt ratio, Pt coordination and nuclearity. Here, we employ density functional theory and microkinetic simulations to investigate the stability of Pt x Zn y ( x =1–3, y=0–3) active sites grafted on silanols of Silicalite‐1 and the PDH activity of Pt. We find that the coordination of a Pt atom to a nest of grafted Zn(II) atoms increases the stability of the Pt 1 Zn y sites, whose activity is similar for y=0–2 and drops dramatically for y>2. We further demonstrate, via linear scaling relations and microkinetic simulations, that the turnover frequency obeys a volcano law as a function of propylene binding strength. The Pt 2 Zn 1 and Pt 3 Zn 1 sites are stable and exhibit activity similar to Pt 1 Zn 2 , but only Pt 1 Zn 2 manifests reaction kinetics consistent with experimental data, strongly suggesting the active site composition in the synthesized catalyst samples. The methodology presented here suggests a general strategy for deducing active site information such as composition through simple kinetic experiments.

Liu, Yilang↗
DOE OSTI2026

Tetrahedral Zn 2+ doping LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 improves discharge capacity retention by altering surface Ni valence during cycling and preventing oxygen evolution

5 mol-% Zn 2+ was added to the co-precipitation synthesis of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (NMC622) to understand Zn's effect on the structural and electronic properties of NMC622. Zn is determined to successfully dope into the NMC crystal lattice as there is an increase in d-spacing along the [003], [104], and [110] directions and an increase in molar volume (100.75 cm 3 mol -1 for NMC622 and 101.00 cm 3 mol -1 for Zn-NMC). Through XPS, Zn is determined to dope on the tetrahedral 6c Wyckoff site in the NMC structure and TEM-EDS reveals that despite a slight ZnO impurity phase, 1.4 mol-% Zn successfully dopes into the crystal structure. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry shows a suppressed anodic wave associated with oxygen evolution and EIS demonstrates that Zn-doped NMC decreases charge transfer resistance and increases Li diffusion by an order of magnitude. After the formation cycles, NMC has a higher 1 C accessible capacity, 141 mAh/g, over Zn-NMC (132 mAh/g), but after long term cycling Zn-NMC has a higher accessible capacity (117 mAh/g compared to 96 mAh/g for NMC) and increases discharge capacity retention by 18% leading to longer cycle life.

Electrochemistry↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impurity-enhanced core valence luminescence via Zn-doping in cesium magnesium chlorides

Scintillators with faster timing capabilities are currently in high demand for use in radiation detection systems in the fields of nuclear and medical physics. The limited number of suitable materials that meet the performance criteria of next generation detection systems presents an opportunity for discovery of new fast scintillator materials. In this work, the effects of doping several ultrafast core-valence luminescent (CVL) scintillators with divalent Zn is explored. Three compounds are investigated – CsMgCl 3 , Cs 2 MgCl 4 , and Cs 3 MgCl 5 – and single crystals of each doped with 5 mol% Zn are grown via the Bridgman method. Additionally, mixing across the full range of concentrations (from 0 % to 100 % Zn) is explored in the Cs 2 Mg 1-x Zn x Cl 4 and Cs 3 Mg 1-x Zn x Cl 5 systems. For low concentrations of Zn, light yields of all three compounds are enhanced (by up to ~60 %) compared to the pure crystals, achieving what we believe to be the brightest known CVL, CsMgCl 3 :Zn 5 % (3400 ± 170 ph/MeV light yield). More importantly, Zn doping does not affect the ultrafast timing properties, with each composition maintaining a single-component decay time around 1–3 ns. A sub-100 ps coincidence time resolution (CTR) is also achieved with CsMgCl 3 :Zn 5 %. The results of this work reveal a new avenue towards obtaining brighter CVL materials, which could open up possibilities for more advanced ultrafast scintillators to be discovered moving forward.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Anode-Free Zn–MnO 2 Battery

Aqueous Zn-based batteries are attractive because of the low cost and high theoretical capacity of the Zn metal anode. However, the Zn-based batteries developed so far utilize an excess amount of Zn (i.e., thick Zn metal anode), which decreases the energy density of the whole battery. In this study, we demonstrate an anode-free design (i.e., zero-excess Zn), which is enabled by employing a nanocarbon nucleation layer. Electrochemical studies show that this design allows for uniform Zn electrodeposition with high efficiency and stability over a range of current densities and plating capacities. Using this anode-free configuration, we showcase a Zn–MnO 2 battery prototype, showing 68.2% capacity retention after 80 cycles. Our anode-free design opens a new direction for implementing aqueous Zn-based batteries in energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1998

Decorin is a Zn(2+) Metalloprotein

Decorin is ubiquitously distributed in the extracellular matrix of mammals and a member of the proteoglycan family characterized by a core protein dominated by Leucine Rich Repeat motifs. We here demonstrate that decorin extracted from bovine tissues under denaturing conditions or produced in recombinant "native" form by cultured mammalian cells, has a high affinity for Zn(2+). Binding of Zn(2+) to decorin is demonstrated by Zn(2+) chelating chromatography and equilibrium dialyses. The Zn(2+) binding sites are localized to the N-terminal domain of the core protein that contains 4 Cys residues in the spacing reminiscent of a Zn finger. A recombinant 41 amino acid long peptide representing the N-terminal domain of decorin has full Zn(2+) binding activity and binds two Zn(2+) ions with an average K(D) of 3 x 10(exp -7) M. Biglycan, a proteoglycan that is structurally closely related to decorin contains a similar high affinity Zn(2+) binding segment, whereas the structurally more distantly related proteoglycans, epiphycan and osteoglycin, did not bind Zn(2+) with high affinity.

Yang, Vivian W.-C.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Zn(CoO2)2 by Materials Project

ZnCo2O4 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent Co3+ sites. In the first Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the second Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. In the third Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.93 Å. In the fourth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.98 Å. In the fifth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.01 Å. In the sixth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–62°. There is two shorter (1.87 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Co–O bond length. In the seventh Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, and edges with four ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.96 Å. In the eighth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.93 Å. In the ninth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and edges with three ZnO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.98 Å. In the tenth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and corners with six ZnO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.94 Å. In the eleventh Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. In the twelfth Co3+ site, Co3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form CoO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There is three shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.03 Å) Co–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent Zn2+ sites. In the first Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–63°. There are three shorter (1.96 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the second Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with three CoO4 tetrahedra, corners with three ZnO4 tetrahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.07 Å. In the third Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form ZnO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three ZnO6 octahedra and corners with nine CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–63°. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.05 Å. In the fourth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with four CoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.12 Å. In the fifth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.05 Å) and two longer (2.10 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. In the sixth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.11 Å. In the seventh Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one ZnO4 tetrahedra, corners with five CoO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with five CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Zn–O bond distances ranging from 2.05–2.09 Å. In the eighth Zn2+ site, Zn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZnO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO4 tetrahedra, edges with two ZnO6 octahedra, and edges with four CoO6 octahedra. There are four shorter (2.06 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Zn–O bond lengths. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one OZn2Co2 tetrahedra and corners with three OCo4 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Co3+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OCo4 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OZn2Co2 trigonal pyramids. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with five OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids and edges with two equivalent OZn2Co2 trigonal pyramids. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OZnCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Co3+ and two Zn2+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OZn2Co2 tetrahedra. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Co3+ atoms to form distorted OCo4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OZn2Co2 tetrahedra and a cornercorner with one OZnCo3 trigonal pyramid. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to three Co3+ and one Zn2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantifying and Suppressing Proton Intercalation to Enable High-Voltage Zn-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are widely regarded as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications. Like most multivalent battery systems (based on Zn, Mg, Ca, etc.), further progress in ZIB development relies on the discovery and design of novel cathode hosts capable of reversible Zn 2+ (de)intercalation. This work employs VPO 4 F as a ZIB cathode and explores ensuing intercalation mechanisms along with interfacial dynamics during cycling to quantify the water dynamics in concentrated electrolytes and/or hybrid aqueous-non aqueous (HANEs) electrolyte(s). Like most oxide-based cathode materials, proton (H + ) intercalation dominates electrochemical activity during discharge of Zn x H y VPO 4 F in aqueous media due to the hydroxylated nature of the interface. Such H + electrochemistry diminishes low-rate and/or long-term electrochemical performance of ZIBs which inhibits implementation for practical applications. Thus, quantification of the water dynamics in various electrolytes is demonstrated for the first time. Detailed investigations of water mobility in various concentrated electrolytes and HANEs systems enable the design of an electrolyte that enhances aqueous anodic stability and suppresses water/proton activity during discharge. Tuning Zn 2+ /H + intercalation kinetics simultaneously allows for a high voltage (1.9 V) and long-lasting aqueous zinc-ion battery: Zn|Zn(OTf) 2 · n H 2 O-PC|Zn x H y VPO 4 F.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Highly reversible Zn anode with a practical areal capacity enabled by a sustainable electrolyte and superacid interfacial chemistry

Aqueous zinc-metal batteries are plagued by poor Zn reversibility owing to zinc dendrite and layered double hydroxide (LDH) formation. Here, we introduce a novel additive—N,N-dimethylformamidium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DOTf)—in a low-cost aqueous electrolyte that can very effectively address these issues. The initial water-assisted dissociation of DOTf into triflic superacid creates a robust nanostructured solid-electrolyte interface (SEI)—revealed by operando spectroscopy and cryomicroscopy—which excludes water and enables dense Zn deposition. We demonstrate excellent Zn plating/stripping in a Zn||Cu asymmetric cell for more than 3,500 cycles. Furthermore, near 100% CE is realized at a combined high current density of 4 mA cm -2 and an areal capacity of 4 mAh cm -2 over long-term cycling. Zn||Zn 0.25 V 2 O 5 ·nH 2 O full cells retain ~83% of their capacity after 1,000 cycles with mass-limited Zn anodes. By restricting the depth of discharge, the cathodes exhibit less proton intercalation and LDH formation with an extended lifetime of 2,000 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Discharge intermittency considerably changes ZnO spatial distribution in porous Zn anodes

Porous Zn anodes are ubiquitous in primary batteries and are under development for low-cost rechargeable batteries. Spatial distribution of ZnO discharge product is a critical factor in these, because it can passivate the active material. In rechargeable cells this is related to a major failure mechanism called shape change, in which ZnO is relocated to inactive locations. In this work we demonstrate rest steps during discharge of primary Zn anodes dramatically alter the placement of ZnO in the anode. In alkaline electrolyte, ZnO discharge product is typically modeled as precipitating close to Zn particles, forming a porous ZnO shell around the Zn core. Further, anodes discharged continuously at low-rate are compared to anodes similarly discharged intermittently, using in situ computed tomography from a synchrotron source. Zn–ZnO core-shell structures are produced during continuous discharge but are not found in cells discharged intermittently. Continuously discharged cells showed that ZnO was formed most strongly near the separator, in agreement with Zn anode battery models. In pulse-discharged cells, ZnO was more radially distributed and was in large formations not physically connected to Zn particles. Thus, discharge intermittency changes spatial distribution of ZnO in ways that are unpredicted by Zn anode models.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

New layered quaternary Zintl pnictide oxides Ba 2 Zn 2 Pn 2 O ( Pn = Sb, Bi): Discovery, crystal structures, band engineering, and transport properties

Three new heteroanionic oxypnictides, Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2 O, Ba 2 Zn 2 Bi 2 O, and the solid solution Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2−x Bi x O (x ≈ 1.1–1.6), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. They are isostructural with their Mn-bearing analog, adopting the Ba 2 Mn 2 Sb 2 O-type structure (space group P6 3 /mmc, No. 194), and feature a double-layered 2D $^{2}_{∞}$ [Zn 2 Pn 2 O] 2- substructure (Pn = Sb, Bi, Sb/Bi) composed of corner-sharing, distorted tetrahedral ZnPn 3 O units. Electronic structure calculations reveal a systematic progression from semiconducting Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 2 O to metallic Ba 2 Zn 2 Bi 2 O as Bi content increases. These trends are corroborated by transport property measurements, with Ba 2 Zn 2 Sb 0.9(1) Bi 1.1 O exhibiting relatively low electrical resistivity, high Hall mobilities of ∼160 cm 2 /V·s, and large Seebeck coefficients from 69 to 132 μV K −1 over the 300–600 K temperature range. Comparison with structurally related Zintl pnictides, such as SrIn 2 As 2 and PrZn 3 As 3 phases, situates Ba 2 Zn 2 Pn 2 O (Pn = Sb, Bi) within a broader family of heteroanionic oxypnictide Zintl compounds, highlighting their structural flexibility and amenability to band engineering. Finally, electronic structure and bonding considerations point to tunable semiconducting behavior and underscore the relevance of these materials for thermoelectric and topological applications.

Band engineering↗
DOE OSTI2022

Hydroxyl Conducting Hydrogels Enable Low-Maintenance Commercially Sized Rechargeable Zn–MnO2 Batteries for Use in Solar Microgrids

Zinc (Zn)–manganese dioxide (MnO2) rechargeable batteries have attracted research interest because of high specific theoretical capacity as well as being environmentally friendly, intrinsically safe and low-cost. Liquid electrolytes, such as potassium hydroxide, are historically used in these batteries; however, many failure mechanisms of the Zn–MnO2 battery chemistry result from the use of liquid electrolytes, including the formation of electrochemically inert phases such as hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) and the promotion of shape change of the Zn electrode. This manuscript reports on the fundamental and commercial results of gel electrolytes for use in rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. The manuscript also reports on novel properties of the gelled electrolyte such as limiting the overdischarge of Zn anodes, which is a problem in liquid electrolyte, and finally its use in solar microgrid applications, which is a first in academic literature. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic tests with the optimized gel electrolyte showed higher capacity retention compared to the tests with the liquid electrolyte, suggesting that gel electrolyte helps reduce Mn3+ dissolution and zincate ion migration from the Zn anode, improving reversibility. Cycling tests for commercially sized prismatic cells showed the gel electrolyte had exceptional cycle life, showing 100% capacity retention for >700 cycles at 9.5 Ah and for >300 cycles at 19 Ah, while the 19 Ah prismatic cell with a liquid electrolyte showed discharge capacity degradation at 100th cycle. We also performed overdischarge protection tests, in which a commercialized prismatic cell with the gel electrolyte was discharged to 0 V and achieved stable discharge capacities, while the liquid electrolyte cell showed discharge capacity fade in the first few cycles. Finally, the gel electrolyte batteries were tested under IEC solar off-grid protocol. It was noted that the gelled Zn–MnO2 batteries outperformed the Pb–acid batteries. Additionally, a designed system nameplated at 2 kWh with a 12 V system with 72 prismatic cells was tested with the same protocol, and it has entered its third year of cycling. This suggests that Zn–MnO2 rechargeable batteries with the gel electrolyte will be an ideal candidate for solar microgrid systems and grid storage in general.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗