A normal form-based power system out-of-step protection
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Ugwuanyi, Nnaemeka Sunday (ORCID:0000000285788962)↗
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THERMAL MODELING OF HANFORD CESIUM AND STRONTIUM CANISTERS DURING SIMULATED LOADING
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to simulate planned testing of heater assemblies within a canister and overpack for the Hanford Lead Canister (HLC) project. The HLC is a canister storage system that will contain heaters to simulate the decay heat of nuclear material and provide the canister storage system with environmental conditions equivalent to the operating conditions on a dry storage pad. The HLC will be equipped with long-term data collection and monitoring systems to provide an early warning of corrosion, pitting, cracking, or other signs of canister degradation that might threaten the integrity of the containment boundary over the potentially long term of dry storage. An important part of the HLC development is to make pretest numerical predictions for the behavior of the heated canister during the simulated radiolytic decay heat testing, which simulates the dry storage system during loading operations. The simulated radiolytic decay heat test is planned for mid-2024 in a configuration that includes the heater assembly, overpack, and canister, but with the lids removed to allow loading cesium and strontium capsules into the canister. One of the goals of the test is to evaluate the thermal behavior of the canister and overpack assembly in the ambient air of the test facility, which will provide data critical to validating the thermal models and understanding how the HLC will perform as a system once deployed. To best approximate real-world conditions, the CFD model includes the full air volume of the mock-up truck bay the heated canister test will be performed in, enabling detailed investigation of how the heated canister affects airflow around it. Rigorous pre-deployment testing of the complete HLC cask and canister system is intended to be completed before the HLC is deployed in the 2028 timeframe. This study presents the pre-test temperature predictions of the simulated radiolytic decay heat test. A description of the heater assembly, canister, and overpack system is presented. The model was developed with the commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+. An uncertainty analysis was run with the CFD model to determine the uncertainty in the temperature predictions and provide a range over which the predicted temperatures are expected to vary. The uncertainty analysis was preformed by coupling STAR-CCM+ with the software Dakota, which provides advanced parametric analyses, including quantification of margins and uncertainty with computational models. This work is expected to provide insight into SNF canister behavior.
Carpenter-Graffy, Dina E.↗
THERMAL MODELING OF HANFORD LEAD CANISTER’S HEATER BENCH TESTS
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to simulate planned testing of heater assemblies for the Hanford Lead Canister (HLC) project. The HLC is a canister storage system that will contain heaters to simulate the decay heat of nuclear material and provide the canister storage system with environmental conditions equivalent to the operating conditions on a dry storage pad. The HLC will be equipped with long-term data collection and monitoring systems to provide an early warning of corrosion, pitting, cracking, or other signs of canister degradation that might threaten the integrity of the containment boundary over the potentially long term of dry storage. An important part of the HLC development is to confirm the function and ability of the electric heater assemblies that were specially designed to provide heating similar to the decay heat of nuclear material contained within the canister storage system. Heater bench testing is planned for early 2022 in a test configuration that does not include the canister. The goal of the bench testing is to verify that the heaters can replicate the decay heat of a canister with nuclear material and to validate the thermal models, which are critical to understanding the HLC’s thermal environment, including the local air flow within the canister storage system. Testing of the heater assemblies inside the canister system are planned in the future to validate canister level thermal models, and rigorous pre-deployment testing of the complete HLC cask and canister system is intended to be completed before the HLC is deployed in the 2025-2026 timeframe. This study presents the pre-test temperature predictions of the bench testing. A description of the heater assemblies and planned bench testing is presented. The model was developed with the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. An uncertainty analysis was run with the CFD model to determine the uncertainty in the temperature predictions and provide a range over which the predicted temperatures are expected to vary. The uncertainty analysis was performed by coupling STAR-CCM+ with the software Dakota, which provides advanced parametric analyses, including quantification of margins and uncertainty with computational models. This work is expected to provide insight into SNF canister behavior.
Suffield, Sarah R.↗
Integrated behavior-based infrastructure command validation
A cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system is provided herein for validating asset commands issued within an infrastructure network. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can be integrated into an infrastructure network to monitor and validate infrastructure asset commands in real-time or while the infrastructure network is active. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can receive or intercept commands issued by asset controllers. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can validate the commands based on a command validation model. The command validation model can represent normal operating behavior of the infrastructure network. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can provide valid commands to the intended infrastructure asset, or can reject invalid commands. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can store validation results for use in updating the command validation model. The cybersecurity infrastructure command validation system can flag or otherwise warn the infrastructure network or administrators of invalid commands.
Akyol, Bora A.↗
Development of advanced vacuum technologies for extending plasma pulse duration on EAST
Advanced vacuum technologies, including pumping, fueling and wall conditioning, have been successfully developed or upgraded to efficiently control the fuel and impurity particles to extend the plasma pulse duration in the experimental advanced superconducting tokamak (EAST). To improve the particle exhaust rate cryopumps with a 60% increase in pumping speed and ∼2 times increase in saturation capacity have been developed, and molecular pumps with a ∼30% increase in pumping speed have been upgraded. In order to monitor the molecular pump status while avoiding bearing faults and overload accidents, a fault detection system has been built which can offer an early warning to avoid more losses within the fusion device. A series of fueling technologies have been developed including gas injection system, supersonic molecular beam injector, pellet injector (PI), massive gas injector and shattered pellet injector, installed at the midplane and divertor positions at different ports to improve fueling uniformity and efficiency. Meanwhile, routine wall conditioning such as electric and hot N 2 baking, ion cyclotron wall conditioning and glow discharge cleaning have been successfully developed to remove the impurity particles from the inner component and materials. The low Z material wall coating and real-time powder injection during plasma discharge are also designed and applied to further improve particle control capability. Finally, by using these advanced vacuum related technologies, good vacuum (<2 × 10 −6 Pa) and wall conditions are realized, and the fuel and impurity particles can be effectively and stably controlled, which promotes the achievement of the record plasma of ∼1056 s pulse duration with the line-averaged electron density of 1.8 × 10 19 m −3 on EAST. They provide a very important reference for vacuum system design and operation for future fusion devices.
EAST↗
Anomaly forecasting and early warning generation
The example embodiments are directed to a system and method for forecasting anomalies in feature detection. In one example, the method includes storing feature behavior information of at least one monitoring node of an asset, including a normalcy boundary identifying normal feature behavior and abnormal feature behavior for the at least one monitoring node in feature space, receiving input signals from the at least one monitoring node of the asset and transforming the input signals into feature values in the feature space, wherein the feature values are located within the normalcy boundary, forecasting that a future feature value corresponding to a future input signal from the at least one monitoring node is going to be positioned outside the normalcy boundary based on the feature values within the normalcy boundary, and outputting information concerning the forecasted future feature value being outside the normalcy boundary for display.
Abbaszadeh, Masoud↗
The Hanford Lead Canister Collaboration
The Hanford Site, Management of the Cesium and Strontium Capsules (MCSC) Project is preparing to place cesium and strontium material into dry storage using stainless steel canisters that are housed inside vertical concrete casks. Part of the site’s aging management program is to use a spare canister system as a leading indicator canister to provide advance warning for signs of chloride induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) or any other kind of canister degradation that might take place over the system’s 300-year design life. The Hanford Lead Canister (HLC) will use electric heaters to simulate the decay heat of cesium and strontium to ensure the HLC simulates the environment and conditions the capsule-loaded systems will experience. In addition to being part of the site’s aging management program, the HLC is being made available for research and development that advances the industry regarding canister mitigation and repair (M&R). The HLC system closely resembles current spent nuclear fuel (SNF) dry storage systems, making the HLC useful for demonstrating technologies or performing research that is relevant to SNF canisters . Several organizations are collaborating to prepare the HLC, along with technical strategy, to perform the needed research and development activities, to include the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Central Plateau Cleanup Company (CPCCo), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). In one example of this collaborative research, EPRI is planning to use the HLC to demonstrate in-situ M&R technologies under controlled conditions before the HLC is deployed at Hanford. There is a period of several years when the HLC will be available for canister M&R activity before it is deployed. This paper describes the development of the HLC, its role in the Hanford site’s MCSC Project aging management program, and some of the research activities that are planned for the HLC.
Klymyshyn, Nicholas A.↗
Field surveying data of low-cost networked flood sensors in southeast Texas
Floods are common natural disasters worldwide and pose substantial risks to life, property, food production, and natural resources. Effective measures for flood mitigation and warning are essential. Southeast Texas is still at significant risk of flooding, and Lamar University is assisting the region with asset management of a flood sensor network for flooding events. This network provides real-time water stage information. Lamar University developed a survey program to measure elevation and coordinates at each sensor site location to make this data more useful for flood monitoring and mapping. This paper overviews the measurement of the elevation and coordinates of 74 networked flood sensors and various flood stage thresholds at critical points that flood decision-makers can use for reference at each site. In the first phase of this program, these sensors were deployed throughout a 7-county region spanning nearly 6,000 square miles in Southeast Texas. The latitude and longitude of the sensors and their elevations were determined using survey-grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology. Various Continually Operating Reference Stations (CORS) were utilized for post-processing to achieve sub-inch resolution. The flood stage thresholds, water level sensors elevation, and the elevations and positions of other critical surrounding points are viewable to the public through two online repositories and a web-based sensor management dashboard. The data is used to aid with decisions related to road closures or modeling efforts by mitigation decision-makers, emergency managers, and the public, including the Texas Department of Transportation, Houston Transtar, the National Weather Service, and the Sabine River Authority of Texas (SRA).
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Wind Turbine Gearbox Failure Detection Through Cumulative Sum of Multivariate Time Series Data
The wind energy industry is continuously improving their operational and maintenance practice for reducing the levelized costs of energy. Anticipating failures in wind turbines enables early warnings and timely intervention, so that the costly corrective maintenance can be prevented to the largest extent possible. It also avoids production loss owing to prolonged unavailability. One critical element allowing early warning is the ability to accumulate small-magnitude symptoms resulting from the gradual degradation of wind turbine systems. Inspired by the cumulative sum control chart method, this study reports the development of a wind turbine failure detection method with such early warning capability. Specifically, the following key questions are addressed: what fault signals to accumulate, how long to accumulate, what offset to use, and how to set the alarm-triggering control limit. We apply the proposed approach to 2 years’ worth of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition data recorded from five wind turbines. We focus our analysis on gearbox failure detection, in which the proposed approach demonstrates its ability to anticipate failure events with a good lead time.
17 WIND ENERGY↗
Real Time Applications Using Linear State Estimation Technology (RTA/LSE)
Electric Power Group, LLC (EPG) was awarded DOE OE0000849 to design, develop, and demonstrate three real-time applications for monitoring power system stability. The applications use phasor measurements and processing by a linear state estimator (LSE) to improve system visibility and accuracy. These applications leverage the large and expanding phasor measurement systems being deployed by utilities throughout the world, and specifically in the United States. Phasor measurements provide a much more detailed view of the power systems than traditional SCADA systems, so can provide better visibility of events and an early warning of developing problems. These three applications are real-time contingency analysis (RTCA), area angle monitoring (AAM), and a voltage stability index (VSI). The project was fully completed as proposed. All three applications were successfully implemented and demonstrated. There were challenges the caused project delays, however. While the RTCA is based on well-known concepts and readily available tools, its deployment using phasor measurements meant it needed to be adapted to sometimes sparse measurements and limited coverage areas. EPG met these challenges with extensive modeling and testing. The AAM is based on unproven research, so EPG had to deal with a lot of unknowns and develop additional methods for practical implementation. These activities took more time than anticipated, so required extra time for development. In addition, there was difficulty getting adequate measurement locations for successful deployment and utility installation delays. Consequently, the project required a time extension to complete. These three real-time applications, RTCA, AAM, and VSI, use only phasor measurement input. Since they do not require the EMS or other measurement systems, they can serve as a backup and security check for the EMS. Phasor measurements are validated and extended by an LSE. The LSE will always produce an output even when some inputs are impaired, so the RT applications will operate even when the EMS state estimator does not converge and the applications it supports cannot function. Consequently, these RT applications can provide valuable additional reliability for control center operation.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
RF signature detection for waveguide deformation
A radio frequency (RF) based waveguide health monitoring system is disclosed. The system employs an RF transmitter for launching a probe RF waveform into a waveguide. Reflections, etc., from the interior of the waveguide of the probe RF waveform create a signature RF waveform, with a health RF receiver receiving this resultant signature RF waveform. A health processing system analyzes the signature RF waveform, and when it detects a change indicative of a deformation of the waveguide, generates a warning signal. This change may be due to bends, flexes, vibrations (or changes in vibrations), or separations of the waveguide. The system may have low frequency, high frequency, or high frequency imaging modes. The system may employ a high-power probe RF waveform, thereby enabling a wireless charging system with power RF receivers located along the length of the waveguide providing additional functionality.
Curtis, Shane Keawe↗
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Detection and Deterrent System in Reducing Golden Eagle Fatalities at Operational Wind Facilities
The Renewable Energy Wildlife Institute (REWI) was appointed as the prime awardee of DOE award number DE-EE0007883 to lead a team of scientists, wind developers, and technology manufacturers toward the overarching goal of evaluating the effectiveness of the current DTBird system in minimizing the risk of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and other large soaring raptors from approaching the rotor-swept zone (RSZ) of operating wind turbines. As part of this goal, the team set out to 1) quantify the expected reduction in collision risk for golden eagles from operation of the detection and deterrence modules in a manner that supports the approach used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to assess and credit facility operators for their efforts to minimize predicted collision fatalities and 2) provide information to help improve the technology to maximize its effectiveness. DTBird is an automated detection and audio deterrent system created by the Spanish company Liquen, designed to discourage birds from entering the RSZ of spinning wind turbines. The system uses cameras to automatically detect airborne targets of interest, records each such event in an online database, and triggers a warning signal (loud sound) if the tracked object has moved close to the turbine. If the object moves even closer to the RSZ, a more aggressive dissuasion signal is broadcast. To meet our objectives, the team conducted a two-year experiment at the Goodnoe Hills wind facility in Washington state, in which 14 turbines were outfitted with DTBird units. Daily, each DTBird-equipped turbine was randomly assigned to a control or treatment group. Treatment turbines operated with DTBird running as intended—broadcasting warning or deterrent signals when DTBird detected a target within range. On control turbines, no sound signals were broadcast if a moving target triggered the DTBird system. The team also flew unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) designed to coarsely mimic the general size, weight, and coloration of golden eagles in programmed flight transects across DTBird detection ranges to quantify DTBird’s ability to detect intended targets and to evaluate factors that influence the probability of detection and DTBird’s response distances. Additionally, the team evaluated the behavioral responses of in situ eagles exposed to spinning turbines alone (visual and sound influences) versus spinning turbines plus broadcasted DTBird audio deterrents, to estimate the effectiveness of deterrence by the DTBird system. The data and results from these investigations were combined with those from a pilot study conducted at the Manzana Wind Power Project in California to better evaluate DTBird’s effectiveness across different landscapes.
17 WIND ENERGY↗
ADPSM Learning Team Review 2015-001. NPI-7 Drum/POC Dropped – Leads to Improved Lifting
As part of the ADPSM Safety Improvement Plan, the WSST has established a subcommittee for a Learning Team. The purpose of a Learning Team is to transfer and communicate the information into operational feedback and improvement. We want to pay attention to the small things that go wrong because they are often early warning signals and may provide insight into the health of the whole system.
96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
Prototype tests of the electromagnetic particle injector-2 for fast time response disruption mitigation in tokamaks
Predicting and controlling disruptions is an important and urgent issue for ITER. Some disruptions with a short warning time may be unavoidable. For these cases, a fast time response disruption mitigation method is essential. Experimental tests on a prototype system of a novel, rapid time-response disruption mitigation system being developed for tokamak-based reactors and as a backup option for ITER, referred to as the electromagnetic particle injector (EPI), have been able to verify the primary advantages of the concept. These are its ability to meet short warning time scales of <10 ms while attaining the projected high velocities for deep radiative payload penetration in reactor-scale plasmas. The EPI relies on an electromagnetic propulsion system. A metallic sabot is accelerated electromagnetically to the required velocities (>1 km s -1 ) within 2 ms, at which point it releases a radiative payload consisting of a shell pellet or well-defined microspheres. Initial experimental tests from the prototype system show attainment of over 600 m s -1 in about 1 ms. Finally, essential aspects of payload separation from the sabot and sabot capture have also been demonstrated at 200 m s -1 , and the method can be extended to over 2 km s -1 .
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Design of the Electromagnetic Particle Injector (EPI) for Tokamak Deployment
Both predicting and controlling disruptions are critical and urgent issues for ITER as some disruptions with a short warning time may be unavoidable. For these cases, a rapid response disruption mitigation system (DMS) referred to as the electromagnetic particle injector (EPI) is being developed. The primary advantages of the EPI are its fast response time and high velocity, which have been demonstrated in offline experiments (Raman et al., 2021). The EPI is capable of accelerating a metallic sabot electromagnetically using a rail gun to the required velocities ( > 2 km/s) within 2 ms. Two high-field racetrack magnets able to generate fields over 2 T are positioned above and below the rails to permit high velocity at low rail currents, a requirement to minimize electrode erosion. At the end of the acceleration phase, a sabot capture mechanism retains the spent sabot inside the vacuum chamber that houses the EPI. At this point, it releases well-defined microspheres, or a shell pellet, of a radiative payload into the disrupting plasma. A remotely operated sabot loading system positioned behind the injector contains several pre-equipped sabots that can be loaded by an operator from the tokamak control room. The injector is interfaced to the tokamak through a guide tube attached to the front of the EPI vacuum chamber. Finally, the advantages of the EPI system over other DMSs under consideration are described in conjunction with the details of an EPI system designed for near-term test on an existing large tokamak.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Earth and Ocean, Mitigating Environmental Hazards, and Supporting the Blue Economy
The Joint Task Force, Science Monitoring And Reliable Telecommunications (JTF SMART) Subsea Cables, is working to integrate environmental sensors for ocean bottom temperature, pressure, and seismic acceleration into submarine telecommunications cables. The purpose of SMART Cables is to support climate and ocean observation, sea level monitoring, observations of Earth structure, and tsunami and earthquake early warning and disaster risk reduction, including hazard quantification. Recent advances include regional SMART pilot systems that are the first steps to trans-ocean and global implementation. Examples of pilots include: InSEA wet demonstration project off Sicily at the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory Western Ionian Facility; New Caledonia and Vanuatu; French Polynesia Natitua South system connecting Tahiti to Tubaui to the south; Indonesia starting with short pilot systems working toward systems for the Sumatra-Java megathrust zone; and the CAM-2 ring system connecting Lisbon, Azores, and Madeira. This paper describes observing system simulations for these and other regions. Funding reflects a blend of government, development bank, philanthropic foundation, and commercial contributions. In addition to notable scientific and societal benefits, the telecommunications enterprise’s mission of global connectivity will benefit directly, as environmental awareness improves both the integrity of individual cable systems as well as the resilience of the overall global communications network. SMART cables support the outcomes of a predicted, safe, and transparent ocean as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development and the Blue Economy. As a continuation of the OceanObs’19 conference and community white paper (Howe et al., 2019, 10.3389/fmars.2019.00424), an overview of the SMART programme and a description of the status of ongoing projects are given.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Machine Protection Studies of Fast Instability-Driven Beam Losses in the EIC Electron Storage Ring
Fast transverse beam instabilities represent one of the most challenging protection scenarios for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) electron storage ring (ESR). Coherent betatron oscillations driven by collective effects can grow rapidly and lead to substantial beam losses within only a few tens of turns, posing a threat to collimators, superconducting (SC) magnets, cryogenic systems, and detector components. A dedicated simulation framework based on distributed transverse excitations was developed to evaluate instability-driven beam losses in the ESR. A conservative instability rise time on the order of 10 turns was used to define a bounding protection scenario. Simulations show that the original two-collimator configuration is insufficient to localize losses under all operating conditions, whereas an optimized four-collimator configuration reduces loss leakage into protected regions by more than two orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, the most severe instability scenarios produce catastrophic beam impacts, with nearly half of the stored beam being intercepted by the collimators within a single turn, exceeding the preliminary estimated survivability limits of the baseline collimator design. The results demonstrate that collimation alone is insufficient to guarantee safe ESR operation and must be complemented by a fast machine-protection system. Dedicated turn-by-turn beam-position monitors and fast beam-loss monitors provide sufficient advance warning to detect instability growth and initiate a beam abort before equipment-damaging loss levels are reached. These findings establish quantitative requirements for the ESR machine-protection architecture and support the implementation of a multilayer protection strategy for both accelerator and detector systems.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Influences on Discharge Partitioning on a Large River Delta: Case Study of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya Diversion, 1926-1950
The modern Mississippi River (M.R.) Delta is plumbed by the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers, setting water and sediment dispersal pathways for Earth’s fifth-largest river system. The Atchafalaya River’s (A.R.) partial annexation of discharge from the M.R., particularly between 1926 and 1950, prompted warnings of a rapid river avulsion and the construction of the Old River Control Structure to regulate flow. Natural and anthropogenic causes of this discharge annexation are difficult to disentangle. Here, we develop and validate a hydrodynamic model of flow partitioning through the historic channel network. We then isolate how several key changes to the system affected discharge partitioning and stage at the A.R.-M.R. diversion. Simulations show that erosion of the upper A.R. can account for 73% of the water discharge increase. Dredging in the lower A.R. between 1932 and 1950 can account for 35% of the water discharge increase, and was also an important control on shear stress distribution. The lower M.R. was slightly erosional during this period, and therefore hindered the A.R. discharge increase. Significant lacustrine delta deposition in A.R. had little effect on partitioning. These findings highlight the importance of A.R. enlargement processes on avulsion dynamics at this site. Given the essential nature of this river junction to the society, transportation, and commerce of the United States, improved attribution of discharge increases may lead to future management strategies that are broadly impactful.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗