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At least 91 records · Page 5

Modeling the infrared cascade spectra of small PAHs: the 11.2 μm band

The profile of the 11.2 μm feature of the infrared (IR) cascade emission spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules is investigated using a vibrational anharmonic method. Several factors are found to affect the profile including: the energy of the initially absorbed ultraviolet (UV) photon, the density of vibrational states, the anharmonic nature of the vibrational modes, the relative intensities of the vibrational modes, the rotational temperature of the molecule, and blending with nearby features. Each of these factors is explored independently and influence either the red or blue wing of the 11.2 μm feature. The majority impact solely the red wing, with the only factor altering the blue wing being the rotational temperature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Correlation of 1.65 and 2.15 micron airglow emissions

The intense infrared airglow is due primarily to vibration-rotation bands of the OH molecule. This airglow has been observed with a 24-in. scanning photometer at two wavelengths. Narrow-band interference filters are used to limit observations to the (9,7) band at 2.15 microns and the (4,2) and (5,3) bands at 1.65 microns. If OH emission results from creation of the excited OH molecule in the v = 9 vibrational state and subsequent cascading through lower vibrational levels, the 1.65 and 2.15 micron radiation will be well correlated in space and time. However, if several mechanisms are involved in producing OH in a variety of initial excitation levels, there is no reason to expect good correlation. Sky maps obtained simultaneously at 1.65 and 2.15 microns show strongly correlated intensity fluctuations. Quantitative analysis of these maps and other investigations of smaller areas of the sky yield correlation coefficients typically in excess of 0.8.

Kieffaber, L. M.↗

Rotational and vibrational transitions for Li + H2 collisions

Close coupling calculations for integral and differential cross sections have been carried out for Li + H2 collisions with an ab initio Hartree-Fock potential energy surface. Rotational, vibrational, and vib-rotational excitation cross sections are reported at 0.4336 eV, 0.7 eV, and 0.8673 eV in the center of mass system. For pure rotational excitations, which dominate the inelastic scattering, coupling with vibrational states is not very important. For vibrational transitions, the influence of large multiquantum rotational transitions is far less than that found for Li(+) + H2 collisions.

Choi, B. H.↗

Vibration testing and analysis using holography

Time average holography is useful in recording steady state vibrational mode patterns. Phase relationships under steady state conditions are measured with real time holography and special phase shifting techniques. Data from Michelson interferometer verify vibration amplitudes from holographic data.

Source record↗

Quantum Dynamics Scattering Study of AB+CDE Reactions: A Seven Dimensional Treatment for the H2+C2H Reaction

A time-dependent wave-packet approach is presented for the quantum dynamics study of the AB+CDE reaction system for zero total angular momentum. A seven-degree-of-freedom calculation is employed to study the chemical reaction of H2+C2H yields H + C2H2 by treating C2H as a linear molecule. Initial state selected reaction probabilities are presented for various initial ro-vibrational states. This study shows that vibrational excitation of H2 enhances the reaction probability, whereas the excitation of C2H has only a small effect on the reactivity. An integral cross section is also reported for the initial ground states of H2 and C2H. The theoretical and experimental results agree with each other very well when the calculated seven dimensional results are adjusted to account for the lower transition state barrier heights found in recent ab initio calculations.

Wang, Dunyou↗

Double resonance spectroscopy of multiple-photon excited molecules

Multiple infrared photon absorption is a quite general process which molecules can undergo when placed in a high flux of infrared energy, such as the focussed beam of a CO2 laser. In order to understand how this process works, one must be able to follow the evolution of the molecules through their internal states, populated by photon absorption. Double-resonance spectroscopy is the method of a choice for getting at this information. A system pumped by CO2 laser radiation can be examined with a tunable laser probe beam, such as that from a lead-salt diode laser. From such an experiment, one can directly observe Rabi modulation of the absorption lines, determine elementary state-to-state relaxation pathways, and locate higher excited vibrational states. Systems currently under investigation include SF6 and vinyl chloride. In suitable cases, the probe beam can be a tunable visible or UV source, such as a dye laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy can then be used to monitor the transient absorptions produced by multiple-photon excitation. Among the systems which can be examined are biacetyl and glyoxal.

Steinfeld, J. I.↗

Vibrational nonequilibrium effects on diatomic dissociation rates

The collision-induced dissociation rate of diatomic molecules from a ladder of rotational and anharmonic vibrational states is developed, and the correction for vibrational nonequilibrium is considered. The result is similar to an analytic correction derived by Hammerling et al. (1959) for harmonic oscillators. An empirical correction algorithm suggested by Park (1987, 1990) gives similar results when vibrational temperature is comparable to kinetic temperature but underestimates the dissociation rate when vibrational temperature is small compared with the kinetic temperature. This algorithm uses an effective temperature in the experimentally determined Arrhenius expression for the rate coefficient, which is a weighted average of the vibrational and kinetic temperature, whereas theory indicates that kinetic temperature should appear only in the exponential term of the Arrhenius expression. Nevertheless, an effective temperature can always be found that will numerically duplicate the proper rate coefficient at any given condition, but a constant weighting factor cannot be expected to provide this. However, the algorithm can he adjusted to give reasonable results over a range of conditions if the geometric weighting factor is taken to be a simple linear function of the ratio of vibrational to kinetic temperature in the gas.

Hansen, C. F.↗

Electronic structure of NdO via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of NdO –

Electronically excited NdO is a possible product of the chemistry associated with the release of Nd into the ionosphere, and emission from these states may contribute to the observations following such experiments. To better characterize the energetics and spectroscopy of NdO, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled NdO – anions (cryo-SEVI) supplemented by wave function-based quantum-chemical calculations. Using cryo-SEVI, we measure the electron affinity of NdO to be 1.0091(7) eV and resolve numerous transitions to low-lying electronic and vibrational states of NdO that are assigned with the aid of the electronic structure calculations. Additionally, temperature-dependent data suggest contributions from the (2)4.5 state of NdO – residing 2350 cm –1 above the ground anion state. Finally, photodetachment to higher-lying excited states of NdO is also reported, which may help to clarify observations from prior release experiments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

A non-hierarchical correlation discrete variable representation

The correlation discrete variable representation (CDVR) facilitates (multi-layer) multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) calculations with general potentials. It employs a layered grid representation to efficiently evaluate all potential matrix elements appearing in the MCTDH equations of motion. The original CDVR approach and its multi-layer extension show a hierarchical structure: the size of the grids employed at the different layers increases when moving from an upper layer to a lower one. In this work, a non-hierarchical CDVR approach, which uses identically structured quadratures at all layers of the MCTDH wavefunction representation, is introduced. Here, the non-hierarchical CDVR approach crucially reduces the number of grid points required, compared to the hierarchical CDVR, shows superior scaling properties, and yields identical results for all three representations showing the same topology. Numerical tests studying the photodissociation of NOCl and the vibrational states of CH 3 demonstrate the accuracy of the non-hierarchical CDVR approach.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Nanoscale laser flash measurements of diffuson transport in amorphous Ge and Si

The thermal properties of amorphous materials have attracted significant attention due to their technological importance in electronic devices. In addition, the disorder-induced breakdown of the phonon gas model makes vibrational transport in amorphous materials a topic of fundamental interest. In the past few decades, theoretical concepts, such as propagons, diffusons, and locons, have emerged to describe different types of vibrational modes in disordered solids. However, experiments can struggle to accurately determine which types of vibrational states carry the majority of the heat. In this study, we use nanoscale laser flash measurements (front/back time-domain thermoreflectance) to investigate thermal transport mechanisms in amorphous Ge and amorphous Si thin-films. We observe a nearly linear relationship between the amorphous film’s thermal resistance and the film’s thickness. The slope of the film’s thermal resistance vs thickness corresponds to a thickness-independent thermal conductivity of 0.4 and 0.6 W/(m K) for a-Ge and a-Si, respectively. This result reveals that the majority of heat currents in amorphous Si and Ge thin films prepared via RF sputtering at room temperature are carried by diffusons and/or propagons with mean free paths less than a few nanometers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Spontaneous emission lifetimes in the ground electronic states of HD/+/ and H2/+/a

Because of their simplicity, H2(+) and its isotopic species are of particular interest to molecular theorists and experimentalists. If these ions are formed in excited vibrational states under conditions of highly improbable electron-ion recombination or other reactions, spontaneous emission will occur. The present note calculates the (vibrational quantum number, J prime = 0) state lifetimes under spontaneous emission for all 22 excited vibrations of HD(+) and all 19 excited vibrations of H2(+) in their ground electron states. The lifetimes presented in Tables I and III justify the assumption that spontaneous radiative processes are unimportant under certain realizable conditions. When spontaneous radiation plays a role, however, minimum lifetime at intermediate vibrational quantum number could lead to unusual vibrational distribution functions.

Peek, J. M.↗

The role of rotation-vibration coupling in symmetric and asymmetric isotopomers of ozone

A theoretical framework and a computer code (SpectrumSDT) are developed for accurate calculations of coupled rotational–vibrational states in triatomic molecules using hyper-spherical coordinates and taking into account the Coriolis coupling effect. Concise final formulas are derived for the construction of the Hamiltonian matrix using an efficient combination of the variational basis representation and discrete variable representation methods with locally optimized basis sets and grids. First, the new code is tested by comparing its results with those of the APH3D program of Kendrick et al. [Kendrick, Pack, Walker, and Hayes, J. Chem. Phys. 110, 6673 (1999)]. Then, accurate calculations of the rovibrational spectra are carried out for doubly substituted symmetric ( 18 O 16 O 18 O) and asymmetric ( 18 O 18 O 16 O) ozone isotopomers for the total angular momentum up to J = 5. Together with similar data recently reported for the singly substituted symmetric ( 16 O 18 O 16 O) and asymmetric ( 16 O 16 O 18 O) ozone isotopomers, these calculations quantify the role of the Coriolis coupling effect in the large mass-independent isotopic enrichment of ozone, observed in both laboratory experiments and the atmosphere of the Earth. It is found that the Coriolis effect in ozone is relatively small, as evidenced by deviations of its rotational constants from the symmetric-top-rotor behavior, magnitudes of parity splittings (Λ-doubling), and ratios of rovibrational partition functions for asymmetric vs symmetric ozone molecules. It is concluded that all of these characteristics are influenced by the isotopic masses as much as they are influenced by the overall symmetry of the molecule. It is therefore unlikely that the Coriolis coupling effect could be responsible for symmetry-driven mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes in ozone.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave spectrum of highly excited states of water

To facilitate studies of water in the interstellar medium and late-type stars, the frequencies of 30 new millimeter- and submillimeter-wave transitions of H2O-16 have been measured, which lie between 100 GHz and 600 GHz. This represents almost a doubling of the number of water lines that have been observed in the laboratory in this spectral region at high resolution. All of the newly observed lines are highly excited, lying between 2400 and 4200/cm above the ground level. Some of these have large excitation energies because of their high rotational states and others because they lie in excited vibrational states. These lines are potentially of substantial astrophysical significance because they are related to the study of interstellar masers and because their high excitation eliminates the atmospheric self-absorption associated with the more well-known water lines.

Pearson, J. C.↗

Insulator Surface Charge as a Function of Pressure: Theory and Simulation

A two-phase equilibrium model was developed to explain the discontinuous surface charge decay versus atmospheric pressure of insulators that had been charged triboelectrically. The two-phase model is an electrostatic form of the Langmuir Isotherm for ions adsorbed on a surface in equilibrium with ions in the gas phase. In this paper, the model was extended to account for vibrational states of the adsorbed surface ions via the vibrational partition function. An analysis is performed that rules out Paschen discharge as the cause of the discharge observed. Also, a numerical simulation is performed using NWChem to calculate the adsorption energies of ions on insulator surfaces for comparison to curve fit adsorption energies developed from the model and experimental data.

Hogue, Michael D.↗

Observation of Night OH in the Mesosphere

Satellite measurements from the Aura MLS instrument show a layer of OH near 82 km in the night. This layer confirms earlier measurements by ground-based LIDAR. The MLS and LIDAR observations measure OH in the lowest vibrational state and are distinct, but related chemically, from vibrationally-excited emission from the OH Meinel bands in the near infrared. The Caltech 1-D model has been extended to include vibrational dependence of OH reactions and shows good agreement with MLS OH data and with observations of the Meinel bands. The model shows a chemical lifetime of HO(x) that increases from less than a day at 80 km to over a month at 87 km. Above this altitude transport processes become an important part of HOx chemistry. The model predicts that ground state OH represents 99% of the total OH up to 84 km.

hydroxyl↗

Wavelength-resolved emission spectroscopy of the alkoxy and alkylthio radicals in a supersonic jet

Wavelength-resolved emission spectra of methoxy (CH3O) and methylthio (CH3S) radicals have been obtained in a supersonic jet environment with a resolution of 0.3 nm by dispersing the total laser-induced fluorescence with a 0.6 m monochromator. A detailed analysis of the single vibronic level dispersed fluorescence spectra yields the following vibrational frequencies for CH3O in the X(2)E state; nu(sub 1 double prime) = 2953/cm, nu(sub 2 double prime) = 1375/cm, nu(sub 3 double prime) = 1062/cm, nu(sub 4 double prime) = 2869/cm, nu(sub 5 double prime) = 1528/cm and nu(sub 6 double prime) = 688/cm. A similar analysis of the wavelength-resolved emission spectra of CH3S provides the following ground state vibrational frequencies: nu(sub 2 double prime) = 1329/cm, nu(sub 3 double prime) = 739/cm and nu(sub 6 double prime) = 601/cm. An experimental uncertainty of 20/cm is estimated for the assigned frequencies.

Misra, Prabhakar↗

A Time-Dependent Quantum Dynamics Study of the H2 + CH3 yields H + CH4 Reaction

We present a time-dependent wave-packet propagation calculation for the H2 + CH3 yields H + CH4 reaction in six degrees of freedom and for zero total angular momentum. Initial state selected reaction probability for different initial rotational-vibrational states are presented in this study. The cumulative reaction probability (CRP) is obtained by summing over initial-state-selected reaction probability. The energy-shift approximation to account for the contribution of degrees of freedom missing in the 6D calculation is employed to obtain an approximate full-dimensional CRP. Thermal rate constant is compared with different experiment results.

Wang, Dunyou↗

Quantum Dynamics Study of the Isotopic Effect on Capture Reactions: HD, D2 + CH3

Time-dependent wave-packet-propagation calculations are reported for the isotopic reactions, HD + CH3 and D2 + CH3, in six degrees of freedom and for zero total angular momentum. Initial state selected reaction probabilities for different initial rotational-vibrational states are presented in this study. This study shows that excitations of the HD(D2) enhances the reactivities; whereas the excitations of the CH3 umbrella mode have the opposite effects. This is consistent with the reaction of H2 + CH3. The comparison of these three isotopic reactions also shows the isotopic effects in the initial-state-selected reaction probabilities. The cumulative reaction probabilities (CRP) are obtained by summing over initial-state-selected reaction probabilities. The energy-shift approximation to account for the contribution of degrees of freedom missing in the six dimensionality calculation is employed to obtain approximate full-dimensional CRPs. The rate constant comparison shows H2 + CH3 reaction has the biggest reactivity, then HD + CH3, and D2 + CH3 has the smallest.

Wang, Dunyou↗