Results for “Tanks” — Page 5

DOE OSTI2015

Results of HG Speciation Testing on Tank 43 and 2H Evaporator Overhead Tank (OHT-2) Materials

The Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was tasked with preparing and shipping samples for Hg speciation by Eurofins Frontier Global Sciences, Inc. in Seattle, WA on behalf of the Savannah River Remediation (SRR) Mercury Task Team. The eighth shipment of samples was designated to include two Tank 43 (2H Evaporator System Feed Tank) samples: a surface sample (HTF-43-15-52) and a variable depth sample taken at 161” (HTF-43-15-54). The third sample submitted was from the 2H Evaporator Overhead Tank (OHT) #2. All samples were received by SRNL on May 11, 2015. The OHT-2 was not placed in the SRNL Shielded Cells but was instead placed in a refrigerator in 773-A, B-wing upon receipt and kept at 4°C. The Tank 43 samples were left in their stainless steel dip bottles until they were opened and an aliquot of each diluted 1:10 with Eurofins deionized water on June 3, 2015. Following initial dilution in the Shielded Cells, the diluted Tank 43 samples were immediately moved to refrigeration and kept in the dark until prepared for shipment to Eurofins.

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DOE OSTI2021

Analysis of Tank 38H (HTF-38-21-24, -25) and Tank 43H (HTF-43-21-26, -27) Samples for Support of the Enrichment Control and Corrosion Control Programs

Feed limits have been established for the 2H-Evaporator system to ensure nuclear criticality is not possible and corrosion is minimized. These limits are protected by the Enrichment Control Program (ECP) and the Corrosion Control Program (CCP) that require periodic sampling and analysis to confirm that the waste supernate composition stays within the limits. Savannah River Remediation (SRR) obtained samples from two different heights within each of the two waste tanks supporting the 2H-Evaporator operations on March 26, 2021. The Tank 38H (evaporator drop tank) and Tank 43H (evaporator feed tank) samples were received by the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) Shielded Cells on March 26, 2021. Analysis of these samples provides information necessary for determining compliance with the ECP and CCP. The sample characterization was requested via a Technical Task Request (TTR) and conducted based on a Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP).

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NASA NTRS1990

Experimental verification of a tank to tank He II transfer model with trade study results

A computer program has been developed to study the thermodynamics of tank to tank superfluid helium transfer. The model includes a supply and a receiver tank connected by a transfer line. The convey of He II from one tank to the other is controlled by a fountain effect pump (FEP). Phase separators are present in both the supply and receiver tank to regulate the bath temperature. Description of this model has been published elsewhere. In the present paper, data from a transfer experiment are used to verify the accuracy of this model. The experiment consisted of an FEP made of a 2-micron sintered stainless steel porous plug. Superfluid has been transferred from a liquid helium bath into a glass beaker. Bath temperatures, flowrate and heater power records are available. These results are compared to the predictions of the computer program and good agreement is found between the two. This model is very useful for the study and design of superfluid transfer systems, e.g., the Superfluid Helium Tanker (SFHT) and the Particle Astrophysics Magnet Facility (ASTROMAG).

Yuan, S. W. K.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Experimental and analytical study of cryogenic propellant boiloff to develop and verify alternate pressurization concepts for Space Shuttle external tank using a scaled down tank

Self pressurization by propellant boiloff is experimentally studied as an alternate pressurization concept for the Space Shuttle external tank (ET). The experimental setup used in the study is an open flow system which is composed of a variable area test tank and a recovery tank. The vacuum jacketed test tank is geometrically similar to the external LOx tank for the Space Shuttle. It is equipped with instrumentation to measure the temperature and pressure histories within the liquid and vapor, and viewports to accommodate visual observations and Laser-Doppler Anemometry measurements of fluid velocities. A set of experiments were conducted using liquid Nitrogen to determine the temperature stratification in the liquid and vapor, and pressure histories of the vapor during sudden and continuous depressurization for various different boundary and initial conditions. The study also includes the development and calibration of a computer model to simulate the experiments. This model is a one-dimensional, multi-node type which assumes the liquid and the vapor to be under non-equilibrium conditions during the depressurization. It has been tested for a limited number of cases. The preliminary results indicate that the accuracy of the simulations is determined by the accuracy of the heat transfer coefficients for the vapor and the liquid at the interface which are taken to be the calibration parameters in the present model.

Akyuzlu, K. M.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Milestone 4: Test plan for Reusable Hydrogen Composite Tank System (RHCTS). Task 3: Composite tank materials

This document is the detailed test plan for the series of tests enumerated in the preceding section. The purpose of this plan is to present the test objectives, test parameters and procedures, expected performance and data analysis plans, criteria for success, test schedules, and related safety provisions and to describe the test articles, test instrumentation, and test facility requirements. Initial testing will be performed to screen four composite materials for suitability for SSTO LH2 tank loads and environmental conditions. The laminates for this testing will be fabricated by fiber placement, which is the manufacturing approach identified as baseline for the tank wall. Even though hand layup will be involved in fabricating many of the internal structural members of the tank, no hand-layup laminates will be evaluated in the screening or subsequent characterization testing. This decision is based on the understanding that mechanical properties measured for hand-layup material should be at least equivalent to properties measured for fiber-placed material, so that the latter should provide no less than a conservative approximation of the former. A single material will be downselected from these screening tests. This material will be subsequently characterized for impact-damage tolerance and durability under conditions of mechanical and thermal cycling, and to establish a preliminary design database to support ongoing analysis. Next, testing will be performed on critical structural elements fabricated from the selected material. Finally, the 8-foot diameter tank article, containing the critical structural features of the full-scale tank, will be fabricated by fiber placement and tested to verify its structural integrity and LH2 containment.

Greenberg, H. S.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Large Spun Formed Friction-Stir Welded Tank Domes for Liquid Propellant Tanks Made from AA2195: A Technology Demonstration for the Next Generation of Heavy Lift Launchers

Improving structural efficiency while reducing manufacturing costs are key objectives when making future heavy-lift launchers more performing and cost efficient. The main enabling technologies are the application of advanced high performance materials as well as cost effective manufacture processes. This paper presents the status and main results of a joint industrial research & development effort to demonstrate TRL 6 of a novel manufacturing process for large liquid propellant tanks for launcher applications. Using high strength aluminium-lithium alloy combined with the spin forming manufacturing technique, this development aims at thinner wall thickness and weight savings up to 25% as well as a significant reduction in manufacturing effort. In this program, the concave spin forming process is used to manufacture tank domes from a single flat plate. Applied to aluminium alloy, this process allows reaching the highest possible material strength status T8, eliminating numerous welding steps which are typically necessary to assemble tank domes from 3D-curved panels. To minimize raw material costs for large diameter tank domes for launchers, the dome blank has been composed from standard plates welded together prior to spin forming by friction stir welding. After welding, the dome blank is contoured in order to meet the required wall thickness distribution. For achieving a material state of T8, also in the welding seams, the applied spin forming process allows the required cold stretching of the 3D-curved dome, with a subsequent ageing in a furnace. This combined manufacturing process has been demonstrated up to TRL 6 for tank domes with a 5.4 m diameter. In this paper, the manufacturing process as well as test results are presented. Plans are shown how this process could be applied to future heavy-lift launch vehicles developments, also for larger dome diameters.

Stachulla, M.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Study of Epoxy Sealant Layer for Use in Tank Bottom Refurbishment for the DOE EM Tank Waste R&D Program

This study addresses the DOE National Laboratory Program on Hanford Tank Waste Cleanup Research and Development, focusing on tank waste retrieval, transport, and closure. Millions of gallons of high-level waste are stored in the double shell tanks (DSTs) at Hanford site. The waste is stored in the primary tank, while the secondary shell acts as a buffer between the primary tank and environment. The DSTs’ bottoms could be corroded due to the corrosive waste properties and contents. Therefore, they are being emptied, and refurbishment is needed before waste storage continues. SRNL addresses the refurbishment of still operational DSTs bottoms with a two-layer refurbishment approach. We propose that the bottom layer consists of a high-density cementitious material to shield the epoxy top layer from radioactive residuals, while the top layer serves as an epoxy sealant. This work focuses on the experimental evaluation on the formulation and testing of the epoxy layer.

Blue, Kareen [Savannah River National Laboratory (↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing of TVS Augmented Injectors for Tank-to-Tank Transfer of Cryogens

NASA is developing reusable cryogenic systems to enable manned missions to the Moon and Mars. These cryogenic systems will require replenishing cryogens on-orbit via a tanker or propellant depot with minimal loss to boil-off. Three additively manufactured injectors augmented with a Thermodynamic Venting System have been developed for use in tank-to-tank cryogenic fluid transfer. A Vented Chill/No-Vent Fill approach to tank-to-tank transfer has been the industry standard and is explored in this work with emphasis on injector spray patterns and compared to the Charge-Hold-Vent chill method.

Cryogenic Transfer↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Testing of TVS Augmented Injectors for Tank-to-Tank Transfer of Cryogens

NASA is developing reusable cryogenic systems to enable manned missions to the Moon and Mars. These cryogenic systems will require replenishing cryogens on-orbit via a tanker or propellant depot with minimal loss to boil-off. Three additively manufactured injectors augmented with a Thermodynamic Venting System have been developed for use in tank-to-tank cryogenic fluid transfer. A Vented Chill/No-Vent Fill approach to tank-to-tank transfer has been the industry standard and is explored in this work with emphasis on injector spray patterns and compared to the Charge-Hold-Vent chill method.

Cryogenic Transfer↗

DOE OSTI2024

High-Fidelity Numerical Wave Tank Verification & Validation Study: Wave Generation Through Paddle Motion: Preprint

This paper presents a numerical benchmark study of wave propagation due to a paddle motion using different high-fidelity numerical models, which are capable of replicating the nearly actual physical wave tank testing. A full time series of the measured wave generation paddle motion which was used to generate wave propagation in the physical wave tank will be utilized in each of the models contributed by IEA OES Task 10's participants, which includes both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and smooth hydrodynamic particle (SPH). The high-fidelity simulations of the physical wave testcase will allow for the evaluation of the initial transient effects from wave ramp-up and its evolution in the wave tank over time for two representative regular waves with varying levels of nonlinearity. A couple of interesting metrics like the predicted wave surface elevation at select wave probes, wave period, and phase-shift in time will be assessed to evaluate the relative accuracy of numerical models versus experimental data within specified time intervals. These models will serve as a guide for modelers in the wave energy community and provide a base case to allow further and more detailed numerical modeling of the fixed Kramer Sphere Cases under wave excitation force wave tank testing.

HYDRO ENERGY,TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of Tank 9H Salt Dissolution Batch 2A in Support of Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A Batch 2 Preparations

Savannah River Remediation (SRR) is currently preparing the second batch of material to be processed through the Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A system. The feed for TCCR 1A consists of dissolved saltcake from Tank 9H. The first batch of salt to make up Batch 2 (Batch 2A) has been dissolved in Tank 9H and will later be transferred to Tank 10H. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) received samples from the batch of dissolved salt for characterization.

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DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of Tank 9H Salt Dissolution Batch 2B in Support of Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A Batch 2 Preparations

Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) is currently preparing the second batch of material to be processed through the Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A system. The feed for TCCR 1A consists of dissolved saltcake from Tank 9H. The second batch of salt to make up processing Batch 2 (Batch 2B) has recently been dissolved in Tank 9H and transferred to Tank 10H where it was composited with the first part of the batch (Batch 2A) in preparation for processing through the TCCR 1A unit. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) received samples from the recent batch (2B) of dissolved salt for characterization. Two samples from Batch 2B were received for characterization, a surface sample and a variable depth sample (VDS). Neither sample contained significant solids, although the VDS appeared slightly cloudy as compared to the surface sample. The sodium concentrations of both the surface and VDS filtrate samples were approximately 5.8 M, and the 137 Cs activity was 9.8E+07 dpm/mL in the surface sample and 9.5E+07 dpm/mL in the VDS. The total Cs concentrations were 2.5 mg/L and 2.4 mg/L in the surface sample and VDS, respectively, using the gamma activity and the Cs isotopic ratios determined by ICP-MS. The alpha activity was below the detection limit in both samples. Nitrate was the dominant anion present, and the samples were primarily concentrated sodium nitrate solutions with hydroxide, nitrite, and carbonate present at 0.1 – 0.2 M. In general, the Batch 2B samples were more dilute than the previously characterized Batch 2A samples.

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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Two-Dimensional Network Flow Modeling of No-Vent Tank Filling of A Cryogenic Tank With Thermo-Dynamic Vent System Assisted Injector

A finite volume-based network flow modeling tool, Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), was used to simulate the no-vent filling of a cryogenic tank with a thermodynamic vent system assisted injector. The tank was discretized into nodes in the radial and axial directions to calculate two-dimensional axisymmetric flow with heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. The nodes are connected by branches where momentum equations are solved to calculate the flowrates. The mass and energy conservation equations and the equation of state are solved to calculate pressure, temperature, and resident mass at the nodes. The energy conservation equations at the solid nodes were solved to calculate the temperature of the solid wall. The system of equations was solved by a combination of successive substitution and simultaneous Newton-Raphson method. The numerical model accounts for a) different regimes of pool boiling heat transfer, b) condensation of vapor around the spray droplets, c) condensation of vapor at the interface of the cooled injector and ullage, and d) condensation at the liquid-vapor interphase. The numerical predictions of tank pressure, filling rate, and wall temperatures were compared with the test data. The paper also presents the effect of nodal discretization by comparing the results of the 1D and 2D models and examines the effect of the droplet diameter on tank filling.

Nodal Model↗

NASA NTRS2023

Two-Dimensional Network Flow Modeling of No-Vent Tank Filling of A Cryogenic Tank With Thermo-Dynamic Vent System Assisted Injector

A finite volume-based network flow modeling tool, Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP), was used to simulate the no-vent filling of a cryogenic tank with a thermodynamic vent system assisted injector. The tank was discretized into nodes in the radial and axial directions to calculate two-dimensional axisymmetric flow with heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. The nodes are connected by branches where momentum equations are solved to calculate the flowrates. The mass and energy conservation equations and the equation of state are solved to calculate pressure, temperature, and resident mass at the nodes. The energy conservation equations at the solid nodes were solved to calculate the temperature of the solid wall. The system of equations was solved by a combination of successive substitution and simultaneous Newton-Raphson method. The numerical model accounts for a) different regimes of pool boiling heat transfer, b) condensation of vapor around the spray droplets, c) condensation of vapor at the interface of the cooled injector and ullage, and d) condensation at the liquid-vapor interphase. The numerical predictions of tank pressure, filling rate, and wall temperatures were compared with the test data. The paper also presents the effect of nodal discretization by comparing the results of the 1D and 2D models and examines the effect of the droplet diameter on tank filling.

Nodal Model↗

DOE OSTI2020

Tank Side Cesium Removal for Hanford Tank Waste - Actual Waste Demonstrations - 20467

The US DOE and its contractors are evaluating several options for treating Hanford tank supernate streams to provide feed for the Low-Activity Waste Facility at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant. At this time, the intent is to deploy a Tank-Side Cesium Removal system. The key unit operations for this process are filtration and cesium removal by ion exchange. To assess the anticipated performance of the system, tests with actual waste were performed with samples from Hanford tanks AW-102 and AP-107 to provide basis data regarding the performance of the system in treating these materials. The decanted supernate waste samples from tanks AW-102 and AP-107 were received directly by the Radiochemical Processing Laboratory at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. These samples were then filtered to provide data on dead-end filtration with a Mott{sup TM} filter media grade 5. Subsequently, the samples were run through 10-milliliter ion exchange columns containing crystalline silicotitanate to assess the dynamic ion exchange performance of these feeds. Test results demonstrated that the planned TSCR operations should meet process performance expectations. (authors)

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DOE OSTI2022

Characterization of Tank 9h Salt Dissolution Batch 2C In Support of Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A Batch 2 Preparations

Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) is currently preparing the second batch of material to be processed through the Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) 1A system. The feed for TCCR 1A consists of dissolved saltcake from Tank 9H. The third batch of salt to make up processing Batch 2 (Batch 2C) has recently been dissolved in Tank 9H and transferred to Tank 10H where it was composited with the first part of the batch (Batches 2A and 2B) in preparation for processing through the TCCR 1A unit. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) received samples from the recent batch (2C) of dissolved salt for characterization.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Aboveground Storage Tank Closure Report: Tank TA-55-0560

This project Aboveground Storage Tank Closure Report details tank-removal activities conducted in Technical Area-55 (TA-55) of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL or the Laboratory), specifically removal of Aboveground Storage Tank (AST) TA-55-0560, NMED PSTB Facility ID #54763; a 12,000-gallon-capacity aboveground diesel-fuel storage tank.

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NASA NTRS2012

Photogrammetry Measurements During a Tanking Test on the Space Shuttle External Tank, ET-137

On November 5, 2010, a significant foam liberation threat was observed as the Space Shuttle STS-133 launch effort was scrubbed because of a hydrogen leak at the ground umbilical carrier plate. Further investigation revealed the presence of multiple cracks at the tops of stringers in the intertank region of the Space Shuttle External Tank. As part of an instrumented tanking test conducted on December 17, 2010, a three dimensional digital image correlation photogrammetry system was used to measure radial deflections and overall deformations of a section of the intertank region. This paper will describe the experimental challenges that were overcome in order to implement the photogrammetry measurements for the tanking test in support of STS-133. The technique consisted of configuring and installing two pairs of custom stereo camera bars containing calibrated cameras on the 215-ft level of the fixed service structure of Launch Pad 39-A. The cameras were remotely operated from the Launch Control Center 3.5 miles away during the 8 hour duration test, which began before sunrise and lasted through sunset. The complete deformation time history was successfully computed from the acquired images and would prove to play a crucial role in the computer modeling validation efforts supporting the successful completion of the root cause analysis of the cracked stringer problem by the Space Shuttle Program. The resulting data generated included full field fringe plots, data extraction time history analysis, section line spatial analyses and differential stringer peak ]valley motion. Some of the sample results are included with discussion. The resulting data showed that new stringer crack formation did not occur for the panel examined, and that large amounts of displacement in the external tank occurred because of the loads derived from its filling. The measurements acquired were also used to validate computer modeling efforts completed by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC).

Littell, Justin D.↗