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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Infrared absorption features for tetrahedral ammonia ice crystals

An effort has been made to ascertain how particle shape and composition affect the strength and shape of resonant absorption features at 9.4 and 26 microns. A shifting of the peak of the resonance relative to that for spherical particles is noted in the computational results obtained for the extinction cross-sections of 0.5- and 1-micron, volume-equivalent radius tetrahedral NH3 ice crystals that either possessed or lacked foreign cores. It it judged unlikely that small, (less than 5-micron) NH3 particles could be the principal component of the haze in the 300-500 mbar region of Jupiter.

West, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS2003

High-Frequency Testing of Composite Fan Vanes With Erosion-Resistant Coating Conducted

The mechanical integrity of hard, erosion-resistant coatings were tested using the Structural Dynamics Laboratory at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Under the guidance of Structural Mechanics and Dynamics Branch personnel, fixturing and test procedures were developed at Glenn to simulate engine vibratory conditions on coated polymer-matrix- composite bypass vanes using a slip table in the Structural Dynamics Laboratory. Results from the high-frequency mechanical bench testing, along with concurrent erosion testing of coupons and vanes, provided sufficient confidence to engine-endurance test similarly coated vane segments. The knowledge gained from this program will be applied to the development of oxidation- and erosion-resistant coatings for polymer matrix composite blades and vanes in future advanced turbine engines. Fan bypass vanes from the AE3007 (Rolls Royce America, Indianapolis, IN) gas turbine engine were coated by Engelhard (Windsor, CT) with compliant bond coatings and hard ceramic coatings. The coatings were developed collaboratively by Glenn and Allison Advanced Development Corporation (AADC)/Rolls Royce America through research sponsored by the High-Temperature Engine Materials Technology Project (HITEMP) and the Higher Operating Temperature Propulsion Components (HOTPC) project. High-cycle fatigue was performed through high-frequency vibratory testing on a shaker table. Vane resonant frequency modes were surveyed from 50 to 3000 Hz at input loads from 1g to 55g on both uncoated production vanes and vanes with the erosion-resistant coating. Vanes were instrumented with both lightweight accelerometers and strain gauges to establish resonance, mode shape, and strain amplitudes. Two high-frequency dwell conditions were chosen to excite two strain levels: one approaching the vane's maximum allowable design strain and another near the expected maximum strain during engine operation. Six specimens were tested per dwell condition. Pretest and posttest inspections were performed optically at up to 60 magnification and using a fluorescent-dye penetrant. Accumulation of 10 million cycles at a strain amplitude of two to three times that expected in the engine (approximately 670 Hz and 20g) led to the development of multiple cracks in the coating that were only detectable using fluorescent-dye penetrant inspection. Cracks were prevalent on the trailing edge and on the convex side of the midsection. No cracking or spalling was evident using standard optical inspection at up to 60 magnification. Further inspection may reveal whether these fine cracks penetrated the coating or were strictly on the surface. The dwell condition that simulated actual engine conditions produced no obvious surface flaws even after up to 80 million cycles had been accumulated at strain amplitudes produced at approximately 1500 Hz and 45g.

Bowman, Cheryl L.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Ensuring Safe Exploration: Ares Launch Vehicle Integrated Vehicle Ground Vibration Testing

Ground vibration testing has been an integral tool for developing new launch vehicles throughout the space age. Several launch vehicles have been lost due to problems that would have been detected by early vibration testing, including Ariane 5, Delta III, and Falcon 1. NASA will leverage experience and testing hardware developed during the Saturn and Shuttle programs to perform ground vibration testing (GVT) on the Ares I crew launch vehicle and Ares V cargo launch vehicle stacks. NASA performed dynamic vehicle testing (DVT) for Saturn and mated vehicle ground vibration testing (MVGVT) for Shuttle at the Dynamic Test Stand (Test Stand 4550) at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, and is now modifying that facility to support Ares I integrated vehicle ground vibration testing (IVGVT) beginning in 2012. The Ares IVGVT schedule shows most of its work being completed between 2010 and 2014. Integrated 2nd Stage Ares IVGVT will begin in 2012 and IVGVT of the entire Ares launch stack will begin in 2013. The IVGVT data is needed for the human-rated Orion launch vehicle's Design Certification Review (DCR) in early 2015. During the Apollo program, GVT detected several serious design concerns, which NASA was able to address before Saturn V flew, eliminating costly failures and potential losses of mission or crew. During the late 1970s, Test Stand 4550 was modified to support the four-body structure of the Space Shuttle. Vibration testing confirmed that the vehicle's mode shapes and frequencies were better than analytical models suggested, however, the testing also identified challenges with the rate gyro assemblies, which could have created flight instability and possibly resulted in loss of the vehicle. Today, NASA has begun modifying Test Stand 4550 to accommodate Ares I, including removing platforms needed for Shuttle testing and upgrading the dynamic test facilities to characterize the mode shapes and resonant frequencies of the vehicle. The IVGVT team expects to collect important information about the new launch vehicles, greatly increasing astronaut safety as NASA prepares to explore the Moon and beyond.

Tuma, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Interaction of a turbulent-jet noise source with transverse modes in a rectangular duct

A turbulent jet was used to excite transverse acoustic modes in a rectangular duct. The pressure spectrum showed asymmetric singularities (pressure spikes) at the resonant frequencies of the duct modes. This validates previously published theoretical results. These pressure spikes occurred over a range of jet velocities, orientations, and inlet turbulence levels. At the frequency of the spike, the measured transverse pressure shape matched the resonant mode shape.

Succi, G. P.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Bimaterial Thermal Compensators for WGM Resonators

Bimaterial thermal compensators have been proposed as inexpensive means of preventing (to first order) or reducing temperature-related changes in the resonance frequencies of whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators. A bimaterial compensator would apply, to a WGM resonator, a pressure that would slightly change the shape of the resonator and thereby change its resonance frequencies. Through suitable choice of the compensator dimensions and materials, it should be possible to make the temperature dependence of the pressure-induced frequency shift equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the temperature dependence of the frequency shift of the uncompensated resonator so that, to first order, a change in temperature would cause zero net change in frequency.

Savchenkov, Anatoliy↗
NASA NTRS1996

Effect of Spacecraft Rotation on Fluid Convection Under Microgravity

The influence of the rotational effects on two-dimensional fluid convection in a rectangular enclosure with rigid walls during the orbital flight is considered. It is shown that the Coriolis force influence both on steady and oscillatory convection becomes significant at Ekman numbers which are quite attainable in the space orbital conditions. In the case of harmonic oscillations of the gravity force appearance of the resonance phenomena is demonstrated. Dependence of the height and shape of the resonance peak on aspect ratio of a rectangular domain and orientation of vectors of the gravity force and the angular rotation velocity is studied. Special attention is given to non-linear effects caused by convective terms of Navier-Stokes equations. The convection produced by variations of the angular rotation velocity of a spacecraft is also discussed. It is shown that in some cases the latter convection can be comparable with another kinds of convection.

Yuferev, Valentin S.↗
NASA NTRS2006

White-Light Whispering-Gallery-Mode Optical Resonators

Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) optical resonators can be designed to exhibit continuous spectra over wide wavelength bands (in effect, white-light spectra), with ultrahigh values of the resonance quality factor (Q) that are nearly independent of frequency. White-light WGM resonators have potential as superior alternatives to (1) larger, conventional optical resonators in ring-down spectroscopy, and (2) optical-resonator/electro-optical-modulator structures used in coupling of microwave and optical signals in atomic clocks. In these and other potential applications, the use of white-light WGM resonators makes it possible to relax the requirement of high-frequency stability of lasers, thereby enabling the use of cheaper lasers. In designing a white-light WGM resonator, one exploits the fact that the density of the mode spectrum increases predictably with the thickness of the resonator disk. By making the resonator disk sufficiently thick, one can make the frequency differences between adjacent modes significantly less than the spectral width of a single mode, so that the spectral peaks of adjacent modes overlap, making the resonator spectrum essentially continuous. Moreover, inasmuch as the Q values of the various modes are determined primarily by surface Rayleigh scattering that does not depend on mode numbers, all the modes have nearly equal Q. By use of a proper coupling technique, one can ensure excitation of a majority of the modes. For an experimental demonstration of a white-light WGM resonator, a resonator disk 0.5-mm thick and 5 mm in diameter was made from CaF2. The shape of the resonator and the fiberoptic coupling arrangement were as shown in Figure 1. The resonator was excited with laser light having a wavelength of 1,320 nm and a spectral width of 4 kHz. The coupling efficiency exceeded 80 percent at any frequency to which the laser could be set in its tuning range, which was >100-GHz wide. The resonator response was characterized by means of ring-down tests in which the excitation was interrupted by a shutter having a rise and a fall time of 5 ns. The ring-down time of photodiodes and associated circuitry used to measure the interrupted excitation and the resonator output was <1 ns. Figure 2 shows the shapes of representative input and output light pulses. The average ring-down time was found to be 120 ns, corresponding to Q=2x10(exp 8). The variations of Q with the laser carrier frequency were found to be <5 percent. Hence, the resonator was shown to have the desired white light properties.

Matsko, Andrey↗
NASA NTRS2004

Nonlinear Acoustics Used To Reduce Leakage Flow

Leakage and wear are two fundamental problems in all traditional turbine seals that contribute to an engine's inefficiency. The solutions to seal leakage and wear conflict in the conventional design space. Reducing the clearance between the seal and rotating shaft reduces leakage but increases wear because of increased contact incidents. Increasing the clearance to reduce the contact between parts reduces wear but increases parasitic leakage. The goal of this effort is to develop a seal that restricts leakage flow using acoustic pressure while operating in a noncontacting manner, thereby increasing life. In 1996, Dr. Timothy Lucas announced his discovery of a method to produce shock-free high-amplitude pressure waves. For the first time, the formation of large acoustic pressures was possible using dissonant resonators. A pre-prototype acoustic seal developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center exploits this fundamental acoustic discovery: a specially shaped cavity oscillated at the contained fluid's resonant frequency produces high-amplitude acoustic pressure waves of a magnitude approaching those required of today's seals. While the original researchers are continuing their development of acoustic pumps, refrigeration compressors, and electronic thermal management systems using this technology, the goal of researchers at Glenn is to apply these acoustic principles to a revolutionary sealing device. When the acoustic resonator shape is optimized for the sealing device, the flow from a high-pressure cavity to a low-pressure cavity will be restricted by a series of high-amplitude standing pressure waves of higher pressure than the pressure to be sealed. Since the sealing resonator cavity will not touch the adjacent sealing structures, seal wear will be eliminated, improving system life. Under a cooperative agreement between Glenn and the Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI), an acoustic-based pre-prototype seal was demonstrated for the first time. A pressurized cavity was attached to one end of the resonator while the other end remained open to ambient pressure. Measurements were taken at several values of applied pressure with the assembly stationary, oscillated at an off-resonance frequency, and then oscillated on-resonance. The three cases show that the flow through the conical resonator can be reduced by oscillating the resonator at the resonance frequency of the air contained within the cavity. The results are currently being compared with results obtained from a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. The objective is to improve the design through numerical simulation before fabricating a next-generation prototype sealing device. Future work is aimed at implementing acoustic seal design improvements to further reduce the leakage flow rate through the device and at reducing the device's overall size.

Daniels, Christopher C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Effects of size, shape, and frequency on the antiferromagnetic resonance linewidth of MnF

The research concerning the properties and application of solid state materials at submillimeter frequencies is summarized. Work reported includes: far infrared Fourier spectroscopy; studies of the antiferromagnetic resonance line in MnF2 at millimeter wavelengths; numerical solution of the equations of motion of a general two-sublattice antiferromagnet; study of antiferromagnetic resonance line in NiO powder; and resonance investigations of several indium thisospinels at millimeter wavelengths.

Obrien, K. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Surface-crack shape change in bending fatigue using an inexpensive resonant fatiguing apparatus

An inexpensive device for producing surface cracks of controlled size and shape is described along with results of its use which show how the shape of the surface crack changes as it grows in bending fatigue from a variety of crack starter shapes. The growth pattern for any crack is uniquely defined by the crack starter configuration and appears to be independent of alloy. Shape changes are substantial and all growth curves tend toward a common growth curve. Circular cracks tend to become elliptical with an associated increase in stress intensity factor. This increase accelerates the crack growth rate and proximity to the critical flaw size. Through-cracks produced by the extension of a surface crack in a bending stress field will have length ten times the section thickness. The results demonstrate the necessity of taking into account changing crack shape in the calculation of structural life when bending is a significant component of the stress field.

Pierce, W. S.↗
NASA NTRS2015

The Ly(alpha) Line Profiles of Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies: Fast Winds and Lyman Continuum Leakage

We present new Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph far-ultraviolet (far-UV) spectroscopy and Keck Echellete optical spectroscopy of 11 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), a rare population of local galaxies experiencing massive gas inflows, extreme starbursts, and prominent outflows. We detect Ly(alpha) emission from eight ULIRGs and the companion to IRAS09583+4714. In contrast to the P Cygni profiles often seen in galaxy spectra, the Ly(alpha) profiles exhibit prominent, blueshifted emission out to Doppler shifts exceeding −1000 km/s in three H II-dominated and two AGN-dominated ULIRGs. To better understand the role of resonance scattering in shaping the Ly(alpha) line profiles, we directly compare them to non-resonant emission lines in optical spectra. We find that the line wings are already present in the intrinsic nebular spectra, and scattering merely enhances the wings relative to the line core. The Ly(alpha) attenuation (as measured in the COS aperture) ranges from that of the far-UV continuum to over 100 times more. A simple radiative transfer model suggests the Ly(alpha) photons escape through cavities which have low column densities of neutral hydrogen and become optically thin to the Lyman continuum in the most advanced mergers. We show that the properties of the highly blueshifted line wings on the Ly(alpha) and optical emission-line profiles are consistent with emission from clumps of gas condensing out of a fast, hot wind. The luminosity of the Ly(alpha) emission increases nonlinearly with the ULIRG bolometric luminosity and represents about 0.1-1% of the radiative cooling from the hot winds in the H II-dominated ULIRGs.

Infrared↗
NASA NTRS1984

Large-Scale Advanced Prop-Fan (LAP) blade design

This report covers the design analysis of a very thin, highly swept, propeller blade to be used in the Large-Scale Advanced Prop-Fan (LAP) test program. The report includes: design requirements and goals, a description of the blade configuration which meets requirements, a description of the analytical methods utilized/developed to demonstrate compliance with the requirements, and the results of these analyses. The methods described include: finite element modeling, predicted aerodynamic loads and their application to the blade, steady state and vibratory response analyses, blade resonant frequencies and mode shapes, bird impact analysis, and predictions of stalled and unstalled flutter phenomena. Summarized results include deflections, retention loads, stress/strength comparisons, foreign object damage resistance, resonant frequencies and critical speed margins, resonant vibratory mode shapes, calculated boundaries of stalled and unstalled flutter, and aerodynamic and acoustic performance calculations.

Violette, John A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Spectral line-shape in collinear laser spectroscopy after atomic charge exchange

Collinear laser spectroscopy experiments on fast, neutral beams have been extensively used for studies on short-lived radioactive nuclei, taking advantage of its high sensitivity. The resulting resonance line-shape is known to show significant distortion, due to the energy exchange during the charge-exchange neutralization process, which can cause large systematic uncertainty in the determined centroid. A model for the line shape was constructed and simulated to be compared to measured Al, Si, and Ni hyperfine spectra. It is shown that the distortion is caused mainly by the transfer of electron into many different energy levels in the projectile atom and subsequent decays, rather than secondary inelastic collisions, which were often assumed in the line shape analysis before. Furthermore, the model can also be applied to other projectile–alkali pairs, providing a reliable line-shape with less fitting parameters than conventional phenomenological models.

Atom↗
NASA NTRS2017

Characterization of the Modal Characteristics of Structures Operating in Dense Liquid Oxygen Turbopumps

A number of valuable conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, knockdown factors for a specific fluid are not constant but instead are dependent on the mode shape, although the largest this variability gets is about 10% for LOX, the densest fluid. The factors decrease the most for lower frequency shapes and less for higher ones. It follows, therefore, that mode number mismatch between air and fluid operation becomes not only possible, but common, as a knockdown factor for a particular mode shape may be higher than for another mode shape. Since this is a function of added mass, the mismatch is more prevalent for higher density fluids, but it initiates even for very low density ones. Another important conclusion reached is that it appears that the basic mode shapes of a structure do not change if it is fully symmetric, which includes its geometry and boundary conditions. There is some indication of small changes in the relative magnitudes within the mode shape. This conclusion is evident in the results from the cantilever rectangular plate and the inducer, which are not symmetric, and the fixed-fixed plate and the annular disk, which are. For non-symmetric structures, though, the mode shapes almost universally change for dense fluids, as shown by the very low MAC calculations. For the inducer in particular, the changes follow a trend of reduced parabolic and sine wavelengths with increasing density. It is critical to recognize the change in mode shape for several reasons. First, model updating with modal test becomes problematic if the shapes change. Second, design to avoid resonance is highly critical on the mode shape for modes other than the primary ones, as resonance is only a factor when the excitation shape matches the mode shape. Finally, application of the modal superposition method of forced response analysis is dependent on the use of accurate mode shapes. A more-refined assessment of the "knockdown" factor values and ranges than any previously reported in the literature for a realistic engineering structure is also presented in this paper. This data is of tremendous benefit for preliminary analysis and design, where a quick estimate is necessary. These results are important not just for rocket engine turbomachinery, but for water pumps and turbines, propellers, and any other structure operating in a heavy fluid with dynamic excitation. The clear avenue for future work for this endeavor is to expand the analytical techniques discussed in the literature to develop analytical expressions and justification for the mode shape changes and associated frequency knockdowns. These expressions must be able to accurately predict the functional relationship to the shapes, which will enable accurate tracing of the mode number from vacuum analysis (or testing in air) to analysis and operation in the intended fluid environment.

Chiu, Joseph↗
NASA NTRS2004

Nonlinear Oscillations and Flow of Gas Within Closed and Open Conical Resonators

A dissonant acoustic resonator with a conical shaped cavity was tested in four configurations: (A) baseline resonator with closed ends and no blockage; (B) closed resonator with internal blockage; (C) ventilated resonator with no blockage; and (D) ventilated resonator with an applied pressure differential. These tests were conducted to investigate the effects of blockage and ventilation holes on dynamic pressurization. Additionally, the investigation was to determine the ability of acoustic pressurization to impede flow through the resonator. In each of the configurations studied, the entire resonator was oscillated at the gas resonant frequency while dynamic pressure, static pressure, and temperature of the fluid were measured. In the final configuration, flow through the resonator was recorded for three oscillation conditions. Ambient condition air was used as the working fluid. The baseline results showed a marked reduction in the amplitude of the dynamic pressure waveforms over previously published studies due to the use of air instead of refrigerant as the working fluid. A change in the resonant frequency was recorded when blockages of differing geometries were used in the closed resonator, while acoustic pressure amplitudes were reduced from baseline measurements. A sharp reduction in the amplitude of the acoustic pressure waves was expected and recorded when ventilation ports were added. With elevated pressure applied to one end of the resonator, flow was reduced by oscillating the cavity at the fluid fundamental resonant frequency compared to cases without oscillation and oscillation off-resonance.

Daniels, Christopher↗