Results for “SOP” — Page 5

NASA NTRS1992

CSU FIRE 2 cirrus field experiment: Description of field deployment phase

The Colorado State University (CSU) surface observing systems are described. These systems were deployed at the Parsons, Kansas site during the FIRE 2 Cirrus Special Observing Period (SOP) from 13 Nov. - 7 Dec. 1991. The geographical coordinates of the site containing most of the CSU instrumentation are 37 deg. 18 min N. latitude and 96 deg. 30 min. W. longitude; site elevation was 269 meters. In addition, one surface meteorological and broadband flux observing site was maintained at the Tri City Airport which is approximately 18 miles due west of Parsons (37 deg. 20 min. N. latitude, 95 deg. 30 min. 30 sec. W. longitude). A map of the locations of the CSU deployment sites is presented. At the main Parsons site, the instrumentation was located directly adjacent to and north of a lake. Under most cirrus observing conditions, when the wing had a significant southernly component, the lake was upwind of the observing site. The measurements and observations collected during the experiment are listed. These measurements may be grouped into five categories: surface meteorology; infrared spectral and broadband measurements; solar spectral and broadband measurements; upper air measurements; and cloud measurements. A summary of observations collected at the Parsons site during the SOP are presented. The wind profiler, laser ceilometer, surface meteorology and surface broadband radiation instrumentation were operated on a continuous basis. All other systems were operated on an 'on demand' basis when cloud conditions merited the collection of data.

Cox, S.↗

NASA NTRS2000

Senseless, a Zn finger transcription factor, is necessary and sufficient for sensory organ development in Drosophila

The senseless (sens) gene is required for proper development of most cell types of the embryonic and adult peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila. Sens is a nuclear protein with four Zn fingers that is expressed and required in the sensory organ precursors (SOP) for proper proneural gene expression. Ectopic expression of Sens in many ectodermal cells causes induction of PNS external sensory organ formation and is able to recreate an ectopic proneural field. Hence, sens is both necessary and sufficient for PNS development. Our data indicate that proneural genes activate sens expression. Sens is then in turn required to further activate and maintain proneural gene expression. This feedback mechanism is essential for selective enhancement and maintenance of proneural gene expression in the SOPs.

NASA Discipline Developmental Biology↗

NASA NTRS2008

Design and Testing of a Variable Pressure Regulator for the Constellation Space Suit

The next generation space suit requires additional capabilities for controlling and adjusting internal pressure than previous design suits. Next generation suit pressures will range from slight pressure, for astronaut prebreath comfort, to hyperbaric pressure levels for emergency medical treatment. Carleton was awarded a contract in 2008 to design and build a proof of concept bench top demonstrator regulator having five setpoints which are selectable using input electronic signaling. Although the basic regulator architecture is very similar to the existing SOP regulator used in the current EMU, the major difference is the electrical selectivity of multiple setpoints rather than the mechanical On/Off feature found on the SOP regulator. The concept regulator employs a linear actuator stepper motor combination to provide variable compression to a custom design main regulator spring. This concept allows for a continuously adjustable outlet pressures from 8.2 psid (maximum) down to "firm" zero thus effectively allowing it to serve as a shutoff valve. This paper details the regulator design and presents test results on regulation band width, command set point accuracy; slue rate and regulation stability, particularly when the set point is being slued. Projections for a flight configuration version are also offered for performance, architectural layout and weight.

Gill, Larry↗

NASA NTRS2014

Design and Development of Aerogel-Based Antennas for Aerospace Applications: A Final Report to the NARI Seedling

As highly porous solids possessing low density and low dielectric permittivity combined with good mechanical properties, polyimide (PI) aerogels offer great promise as an enabling technology for lightweight aircraft antenna systems. While they have been aggressively explored for thermal insulation, barely any effort has been made to leverage these materials for antennas or other applications that take advantage of their aforementioned attributes. In Phase I of the NARI Seedling Project, we fabricated PI aerogels with properties tailored to enable new antenna concepts with performance characteristics (wide bandwidth and high gain) and material properties (low density, environmental stability, and robustness) superior to the state of practice (SOP). We characterized electromagnetic properties, including permittivity, reflectivity, and propagation losses for the aerogels. Simple, prototype planar printed circuit patch antennas from down-selected aerogel formulations were fabricated by molding the aerogels to net shapes and by gold-metalizing the pattern onto the templates via electron beam evaporation in a clean room environment. These aerogel based antennas were benchmarked against current antenna SOP, and exhibited both broader bandwidth and comparable or higher gain performance at appreciably lower mass. Phase II focused on the success of the Phase I results pushing the PI aerogel based antenna technology further by exploring alternative antenna design (i.e., slot coupled antennas) and by examining other techniques for fabricating the antennas including ink jet printing with the goal of optimizing antenna performance and simplifying production. We also examined new aerogel formulations with better moisture and solvent resistance to survive processing conditions. In addition, we investigated more complex antenna designs including passive phased arrays such as 2x4 and 4x8 element arrays to assess the scalability of the aerogel antenna concept. Furthermore, we explored the possibility of developing these arrays in thin, flexible form to make conformable antennas.

insulation↗

NASA NTRS2016

The IOAG Recommendations on Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support

In 2014, the Inter-agency Operations Advisory Group (IOAG) chartered a multi-agency team effort to study how to best handle spacecraft emergency as part of cross support among network assets. The original intent is to put in place for the first time a process and guidelines to make emergency support as part of a permanent cross-support capability between space agencies. From the perspective of space communications service providers, a few key issues, common to all agencies, concerning the Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support (SECS) have been explored. They are: context of emergency support, provision of emergency support under a cross-support agreement, provision of emergency support with no cross-support agreement, legal and liability issues, response time, support priority, services provided, sustaining emergency support capabilities, and charge for the support. The positions of the various participating agencies with respect to these issues have been collected, analyzed, and finally harmonized to form the recommended IOAG positions. A central challenge most communications service providers are facing is that since the spacecraft emergency is an unplanned critical event, it typically requires fast response to the emergency call, hence lacking an international standard process for the operational interfaces seems to exacerbate the difficulty in providing SECS. For reducing the response time, i.e. from the time of accepting a request for SECS to the readiness for support, it is recommended that a “cross-support emergency system” be established by IOAG member agencies. Along with it, the IOAG core services, just-in-time ground communications line, cross support service management (CSSM), and standard operations procedures (SOP) for operational interfaces form the basic foundation of the “cross support emergency system”. Of the above, new to the cross support conducted thus far in the IOAG community is the concept of the SOP specifically for the interfaces between the service provider and service user during the SECS. Use cases, salient features, and definition of the key operational activities/tasks relevant to the interfaces are addressed by the effort. Underpinning such a system is the availability of the RF license granted by the local authority, at national and/or regional level, for a given ground station to communicate with and track the spacecraft in emergency mode at the uplink and downlink frequencies assigned to that spacecraft. That means it is critical for the IOAG member agencies to obtain a priori all-band licenses (for the entire X-band or S-band) for some, if not all, of their ground stations that are most capable of or likely to provide SECS. It is also recommended that certain prior arrangements be made with the relevant local licensing authorities for a process that will allow expedited authorization to transmit/receive signals to/from the declared spacecraft over the declared ground stations specifically and solely for the emergency case. Our analysis of the SECS has also uncovered a few fundamental programmatic issues. Recognizing any IOAG positions reached on these issues do not necessarily lead to any binding authority, it is recommended that they, along with those key attributes of the cross support emergency system, be explicitly stated as multi-agency guidelines to guide the implementation and provision of the SECS. The paper will present the results of the working group on Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support and, in particular, its findings, products and recommendations. It will also identify the next steps of this work that may include the production of some international standards as an extension of this work, or the process to make this emergency system usable by other spacecraft operators beyond the space agencies.

Tai, Wallace S.↗

NASA NTRS2016

The IOAG Recommendations on Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support

In 2014, the Inter-agency Operations Advisory Group (IOAG) chartered a multi-agency team effort to study how to best handle spacecraft emergency as part of cross support among network assets. The original intent is to put in place for the first time a process and guidelines to make emergency support as part of a permanent cross-support capability between space agencies. From the perspective of space communications service providers, a few key issues, common to all agencies, concerning the Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support (SECS) have been explored. They are: context of emergency support, provision of emergency support under a cross-support agreement, provision of emergency support with no cross-support agreement, legal and liability issues, response time, support priority, services provided, sustaining emergency support capabilities, and charge for the support. The positions of the various participating agencies with respect to these issues have been collected, analyzed, and finally harmonized to form the recommended IOAG positions. A central challenge most communications service providers are facing is that since the spacecraft emergency is an unplanned critical event, it typically requires fast response to the emergency call, hence lacking an international standard process for the operational interfaces seems to exacerbate the difficulty in providing SECS. For reducing the response time, i.e. from the time of accepting a request for SECS to the readiness for support, it is recommended that a “cross-support emergency system” be established by IOAG member agencies. Along with it, the IOAG core services, just-in-time ground communications line, cross support service management (CSSM), and standard operations procedures (SOP) for operational interfaces form the basic foundation of the “cross support emergency system”. Of the above, new to the cross support conducted thus far in the IOAG community is the concept of the SOP specifically for the interfaces between the service provider and service user during the SECS. Use cases, salient features, and definition of the key operational activities/tasks relevant to the interfaces are addressed by the effort. Underpinning such a system is the availability of the RF license granted by the local authority, at national and/or regional level, for a given ground station to communicate with and track the spacecraft in emergency mode at the uplink and downlink frequencies assigned to that spacecraft. That means it is critical for the IOAG member agencies to obtain a priori all-band licenses (for the entire X-band or S-band) for some, if not all, of their ground stations that are most capable of or likely to provide SECS. It is also recommended that certain prior arrangements be made with the relevant local licensing authorities for a process that will allow expedited authorization to transmit/receive signals to/from the declared spacecraft over the declared ground stations specifically and solely for the emergency case. Our analysis of the SECS has also uncovered a few fundamental programmatic issues. Recognizing any IOAG positions reached on these issues do not necessarily lead to any binding authority, it is recommended that they, along with those key attributes of the cross support emergency system, be explicitly stated as multi-agency guidelines to guide the implementation and provision of the SECS. The paper will present the results of the working group on Spacecraft Emergency Cross Support and, in particular, its findings, products and recommendations. It will also identify the next steps of this work that may include the production of some international standards as an extension of this work, or the process to make this emergency system usable by other spacecraft operators beyond the space agencies.

Tai, Wallace S.↗

NASA NTRS2023

Safety Case for Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (sUAS) Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Operations at NASA Langley Research Center

This Technical Memorandum (TM) is written to provide for dissemination of the methods and safety considerations for operations of small Uncrewed Aerial Systems (sUAS) Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight (BVLOS)at NASA Langley Research Center. It includes the Safety Case used to acquire a BVLOS Certificate of Authorization (COA) from the FAA and is being published to enable others to benefit from this work. The intended operations, subject to approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), will include a combination of Within Visual Line of Sight (WVLOS) and Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) flights, comprising of at most five sUAS operating concurrently, with no more than three operating BVLOS. Flights will occur in a subset of the Langley Air Force Base (LAFB) Class D airspace (KLFI) at a maximum altitude of 400 ft AGL. Most operations within this subset will take place in the City Environment Range Testing for Autonomous Integrated Navigation (CERTAIN) Range. The CERTAIN Range includes airspace inside the borders of NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC). Additional airspace over the northern section of CERTAIN will be requested as part of the Certificate of Authorization (COA). NASA LaRC BVLOS operations on the CERTAIN Range can be broken down into five critical components needed to meet the 14 CFR § 91.113 see and avoid requirement: 1) procedural deconfliction with LAFB for UAS operations at or below 400 ft and manned aircraft at or above 900’ AGL; 2) ground equipment for detection of intruder aircraft and to support communications between crewmembers ; 3) sUAS vehicles with advanced onboard automation capable of autonomously maintaining safe separation; 4) BVLOS standardized operating procedures (SOPs); 5) and personnel to execute the flight operations in accordance with the SOPs and respond to airborne contingencies. The introduction of new ground equipment includes the use of the Remote Operations for Autonomous Missions (ROAM) UAS Operations Center, development and use of an Integrated Airspace Display (IAD), use of the L-STAR and GA-9120 radars, and the incorporation of standardized Vertiports. The ROAM Operations Center will be the central point for all BVLOS sUAS operations. All command and control (C2), voice communications and airspace awareness displays will reside inside ROAM. The IAD will provide raw data from ADS-B, FLARM, radar tracks and telemetered GPS vehicle positions for interpretation by an Airspace Monitor. The radars will search the class D airspace around the CERTAIN Range and serve as a backup to procedural deconfliction procedures coordinated with LAFB. In the event of a procedural deconfliction breakdown, radar detections of non-participating aircraft will be available so that the 91.113 see and avoid requirement can still be safely met. Finally, the incorporation of Vertiports will have video and network connectivity that enables large numbers of sUAS launches and recoveries from a single location. This is a continuation of the remote command and control of unpiloted aircraft component focused on evaluating unpiloted aircraft flight crew roles and responsibilities, control interfaces and the associated data links needed to operate a fleet of aircraft within a UAM Ecosystem. This work supports the development of future aviation operational concepts based on an Urban Air Mobility Maturity Level (UML) 4 environment (Patterson, 2020). It is assumed that future airspace will include hundreds of simultaneous aircraft operations within the airspace, therefore scalable operations are essential for enabling this future airspace to become a reality. Follow on work includes envisioned flights that expand operations beyond the CERTAIN range and lead to an effective Maritime Surveillance capability.

Matthew W Coldsnow↗

DOE OSTI2023

A streamlined tandem tip-based workflow for sensitive nanoscale phosphoproteomics

Effective phosphoproteome of nanoscale sample analysis remains a daunting task, primarily due to significant sample loss associated with non-specific surface adsorption during enrichment of low stoichiometric phosphopeptide. We develop a tandem tip phosphoproteomics sample preparation method that is capable of sample cleanup and enrichment without additional sample transfer, and its integration with our recently developed SOP (Surfactant-assisted One-Pot sample preparation) and iBASIL (improved Boosting to Amplify Signal with Isobaric Labeling) approaches provides a streamlined workflow enabling sensitive, high-throughput nanoscale phosphoproteome measurements. This approach significantly reduces both sample loss and processing time, allowing the identification of >3000 (>9500) phosphopeptides from 1 (10) µg of cell lysate using the label-free method without a spectral library. It also enables precise quantification of ~600 phosphopeptides from 100 sorted cells (single-cell level input for the enriched phosphopeptides) and ~700 phosphopeptides from human spleen tissue voxels with a spatial resolution of 200 µm (equivalent to ~100 cells) in a high-throughput manner. The new workflow opens avenues for phosphoproteome profiling of mass-limited samples at the low nanogram level.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Standard Operating Protocol for Ion-Exchange Capacity of Anion Exchange Membranes

Ion-exchange capacity (IEC) is the measure of a material’s capability to displace ions formerly incorporated within its structure. IEC is a key feature of anion-exchange membranes (AEM), as it determines the AEM’s ability to conduct the ions required to sustain the electrochemical reactions where they are utilized. As an intrinsic property, measuring the IEC accurately is essential to study AEMs and understand their performance within devices. In this method article, a facile and accurate standard operating procedure (SOP) to measure the IEC of AEMs is proposed. When compared to conventional acid-base back-titration or Mohr titration, the proposed method combines the fast reaction between silver and halide ions and the accuracy of the potentiometric titration, providing a convenient and precise protocol for researchers in the field.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Tip-based Workflow for Sensitive IMAC-based Low Nanogram Level Phosphoproteomics

Analyzing the phosphoproteome at nanoscale poses a significant challenge, mainly due to the substantial sample loss from non-specific surface adsorption during the enrichment of low stoichiometric phosphopeptides. Here, we describe a tandem tip-based phosphoproteomics sample preparation method capable of sequential sample cleanup and enrichment without the need for additional sample transfer, thereby minimizing sample loss. Integration of this method to our recently developed SOP (Surfactant-assisted One-Pot sample preparation) and iBASIL (improved Boosting to Amplify Signal with Isobaric Labeling) approaches creates a streamlined workflow, enabling sensitive, high-throughput nanoscale phosphoproteomics measurements.

Phosphoproteome, Immobilized metal ion affinity ch↗

DOE OSTI2025

Ab initio prediction of rapid kinetics of Fe impurities in δ -Pu

Here, we study the formation energies of iron impurities in δ-Pu within spin–orbital-polarized density functional theory (SOP-DFT). The thermodynamic solubility limit of iron in δ-Pu is calculated, indicating low miscibility. We show that surprisingly, Fe impurities at equilibrium are almost equally likely to occupy octahedral interstitial sites or substitutional sites, with slight preference for the former. In contrast, we find the energy of the tetrahedral interstitial Fe to be nearly 1 eV higher than the octahedral one. We explore the energy landscape for Fe impurity hopping diffusion and conclude that Fe impurities in δ-Pu are divided into two populations: (i) Immobile substitutional Fe impurities and (ii) highly mobile interstitial Fe impurities. The latter, (ii), migrate between octahedral interstitial sites with an energy barrier of around 0.2 eV. The energy barrier for exchange between the two populations is calculated to exceed 0.7 eV. Finally, we discuss the role of magnetic order on the impurity energetics.

Atomic structure↗

DOE OSTI2021

Microhole drilling technology utilizing a golden section search algorithm

A fundamental issue in microhole drilling is that delivering high weight-on-bit (WOB), high torque rotational horsepower to a conventional drill bit does not scale down to the hole sizes necessary to realize the envisioned cost savings An optimization algorithm called a golden section search (GSS) was used to systematically identify the preferred WOB for a given set of conditions. This research focused on implementing and evaluating two low WOB drilling technologies for microhole drilling: - Laser-assisted mechanical drill, which was tested in the laboratory - Lightly modified commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) percussive hammer, which was tested in a limited field test. Data were collected for microhole GSS using WOB optimization via simulation as well as at the Blue Canyon Dome Site in Socorro, NM. Information on the attached files and folders are as follows: - the .tdms files are LabView data files, which can be opened within Excel using a .tdms add-in or using a Matlab .tdms converter - the .tdms_index files are part of the .tdms file structure - sampling rate, column headers, and length data within the .tdms files follow SOP when utilizing Excel and/or Matlab as described above

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

LTE-P-20 Water Content

A procedure to determine the percent of water content of membrane. The SOP was prepared by Chris Capuano.

Electrolyzer↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluating Precision of Measured Radionuclide Ambient Air Concentrations

According to AIRNET – Quality Assurance Project Plan for the Radiological Air Sampling Network, SOP-5140, Revision 2 (to become EPC-CP-PIP-5140): “The regulation 40 CFR Part 61.93 requires that the system be able to readily detect a dose of 1.0 mrem above background. Following statistical principles and assuming 95% confidence for such a measurement, we require that 95% of all measurements must fall within two standard deviations of the mean. This represents the minimum acceptable precision for decision making.” An independent assessment of the Rad-NESHAP program completed in early 2019 found that no documentation existed proving that the Airnet data meets the precision defined above. Therefore, to address this particular finding, Airnet concentration data was pulled from the Environmental Information Management (EIM), a cloud-based database maintained by Locus Technologies, for analysis.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2022

Task 12 PV Sustainability - Mineral Resource Use Footprints of Residential PV Systems

Resource use intensity is often mentioned as one of the main characteristics of PV systems and PV electricity. Recently, the International Energy Agency published a report on the role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions. The Product Environmental Footprint pilot study on PV electricity quantified (among other environmental impacts) its abiotic depletion potential. So far, a comprehensive assessment of resource use impacts highlighting the different facets of its impacts is however lacking. For the first time, the resource use impacts of PV electricity are quantified simultaneously with four impact category indicators recommended or suggested by the Life Cycle Initiative hosted at UN Environment. The indicators cover distinctly different aspects of resource use, namely resource depletion with the Abiotic Depletion Potential, ultimate reserves (ADP UR ), economic resource scarcity with the Abiotic Depletion Potential, economic reserves (ADP ER ), resource quality with the Surplus Ore Potential, Ultimate Recoverable Resources (SOP URR ) and re-source criticality with the ESSENZ method. The resource use impacts caused from the generation of 1 kWh electricity with a residential scale photovoltaic (PV) system installed in Central Europe using mono- and multi-crystalline silicon panels and CdTe panels, respectively are quantified. The product system includes manufacture, use and end of life treatment (take back and recycling) of the PV panels, cabling, inverter and supporting structure, the supply chains of the raw materials and energy used in PV panel and inverter manufacture as well as transport logistics.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Dose Measurement on Microfocus Computed Tomography Scanner

This Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) outlines the steps for measuring dose in x-ray computed tomography (CT) scans [1] on the MicroCT (MCT) system at the High Explosives Application Facility (HEAF) and other systems relevant to the Livermore Explosives Detection Program (LEDP). These systems include: the DHS LLNL MCT in HEAF, aka HEAFCAT, DHS LLNL MCT Testbed (TB) in B327, and the MCTs at TRMG, HEX2, HMEX, CBX, and IPMO, as described in Section 4.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

A Data-Driven Approach to Real-World Degradation of Backsheets

The objectives of this project are as follows: • The population behavior of fielded modules in various conditions of use • Predictions of materials in specific climatic zones • Understanding of a module’s local environment in the field on its degradation It aims to understand how and what backsheet materials of photovoltaic modules degrade in the real world field. • Field Survey Protocol This project is started from the protocol, because all the data, information, domain knowledge are from experience of the real world field surveys, which is based on the protocol. The Protocol is explored from the experience of the field survey observations. With the increasing of the field surveys, it is refined for three versions, which are Task 1.0 (Section 3.1), Task 6.0 (Section 3.6), Task 10.0 (Section 3.10) respectively. It includes a document and a training video, which is able to direct other teams to follow the same procedure with the sites surveyed during this project. The documents include the detailed information but is not limited to the terminology definition, instruments SOP, preparation items for the surveys, form for the data collections, the order of the information collection. The final version of the protocol can be found at Appendix A, see Section 5. Additional, It can also be found at Open Science Framework (OSF), see Section 3.18 for detail. • Written Waiver Request Before staring the field surveys, the request of the waiver for international surveys is completed, because the limitation of climate zone in the United States, see Appendix B in Section 6 for the request documents. Unfortunately, only 1 international site from Taiwan, China can be finished, due to the COVID-19. • Field Survey According to the protocol we built in Section 3.1, 3.6 and 3.10, 41 sites have been surveyed across seven different climate zones (Cfa, Csa, Csb, BSk, Dfa, Dfb, Am). A variety of materials, including Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF), Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), Acrylic PVDF, Fluoroethylene Vinyl Ether (FEVE), and Glass, were identified. These sites are located in various states including California, South Carolina, New Mexico, Maryland, Ohio, Tennessee, Florida, Massachusetts, Illinois, Minnesota, Oregon, Colorado, and Taiwan, Republic of China. The ages of the sites ranged from 2 - 38 years in service and the field size varied from 1 MW - 25 MW. All requirements for the modeling have been satisfied. Some observations like ’Edge Effect’ for the rows and Junction box heating will also be a useful knowledge to build the model. Section 3.7 provides detailed information on the sites visited during this reporting period.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1983

Experiments using atmospheric forcing from a FGGE analysis to drive an upper ocean model

Results are presented of a series of numerical experiments in which an upper ocean model is driven by surface heat fluxes and stress fields derived from the FGGE SOP-1 GLAS analysis/forecast system (Halem, et al., 1982). The model results show that most changes in the mixed layer height and horizontal velocity occurs in the first days. On the other hand, changes in the temperature field take a longer time to develop. In the most realistic case (real initial conditions, instantaneous forcing fields from the atmospheric analysis), the resulting changes in temperature were larger than observed and the correlation between observed and predicted changes was poor. The deficiency in the forecast of SST changes may be due to several factors: lack of sufficient ocean resolution, improper initialization, lack of feedback between the ocean and the atmosphere and the absence of transports by the strong boundary currents, and perhaps unrealistic surface fluxes of heat and momentum. Unless these problems are alleviated it is not reasonable to perform coupled atmospheric ocean forecasts.

Camerlengo, A.↗