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Production of cis -Na 2 N 2 O 2 and NaNO 3 by Ball Milling Na 2 O and N 2 O in Alkali Metal Halide Salts
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Computational and experimental (re)investigation of the structural and electrolyte properties of Li 4 P 2 S 6 , Na 4 P 2 S 6 , and Li 2 Na 2 P 2 S 6
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Effect of space factors during the flight of the satellites 'vostok 3' and 'vostok 4' on the microspores of tradescantia paludosa <vlixaniye faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta na korablyakh-sputnikakh 'vostok-3' i 'vostok-4' na mikrospory tradescantia pal
Effect of space factors on mitosis in microorganisms during flight
Abundances of Na, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu in chondrules, Na, Mn, and Cu in meteorites, and In in meteoritic and terrestrial matter Quarterly progress report, 1 Dec. 1965 - 28 Feb. 1966
Element abundance in chondrules and meteorites measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis, and indium behavior in chondrites
Investigation of cosmic radiation at heights of 200-350 km on the satellites cosmos 4 and cosmos 7 issledovaniye kosmicheskogo izlucheniya na vysotakh 200-350 km na sputnikakh kosmos-4 i kosmos-7
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Effect of space flight factors on the microspores of tradescantia paludosa in the vostok 5 and vostok 6 spacecraft <vliyaniye faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta na korablyakh- sputnikakh ''vostok-5'' i ''vostok-6'' na mikrospory tradescantia paludosa<
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Materials Data on Na(FeO2)2 by Materials Project
Na(FeO2)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.63 Å. In the second Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.38–2.61 Å. In the third Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.53 Å. In the fourth Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.56 Å. There are eight inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–1.97 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.10 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.06 Å. In the fourth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.05 Å. In the fifth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–1.97 Å. In the sixth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.01–2.06 Å. In the seventh Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.95 Å. In the eighth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.05 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the second O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the third O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the sixth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the seventh O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the eighth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with five ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, and edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids. In the ninth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the tenth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Na and three Fe atoms. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with five ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with three ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids.
Materials Data on Na(FeO2)2 by Materials Project
Na(FeO2)2 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.57 Å. In the second Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.57 Å. In the third Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.55 Å. In the fourth Na site, Na is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.56 Å. There are eight inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.10 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.09 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.07 Å. In the fourth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.99–2.08 Å. In the fifth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.01 Å. In the sixth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are five shorter (2.03 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the seventh Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–1.99 Å. In the eighth Fe site, Fe is bonded to six O atoms to form edge-sharing FeO6 octahedra. There are three shorter (2.03 Å) and three longer (2.04 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. There are sixteen inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the second O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the third O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the sixth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the seventh O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the eighth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the ninth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the tenth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the eleventh O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the twelfth O site, O is bonded to one Na and three Fe atoms to form distorted ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids that share corners with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with six ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one ONaFe3 trigonal pyramid. In the thirteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fourteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids. In the sixteenth O site, O is bonded to two Na and three Fe atoms to form ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with five ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, corners with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids, edges with four ONa2Fe3 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with four ONaFe3 trigonal pyramids.
Materials Data on Na by Materials Project
Na is alpha structured and crystallizes in the cubic I-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to sixteen Na atoms. There are twelve shorter (4.03 Å) and four longer (4.11 Å) Na–Na bond lengths. In the second Na site, Na is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to ten Na atoms. There are three shorter (3.67 Å) and six longer (3.97 Å) Na–Na bond lengths. In the third Na site, Na is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eleven Na atoms. There are a spread of Na–Na bond distances ranging from 3.38–3.83 Å. In the fourth Na site, Na is bonded to twelve Na atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing NaNa12 cuboctahedra. There are two shorter (3.79 Å) and four longer (3.94 Å) Na–Na bond lengths.
The sodium channel Na X : Possible player in excitation–contraction coupling
Abstract The sodium channel Na X (encoded by the SCN7A gene) was originally identified in the heart and skeletal muscle and is structurally similar to the other voltage‐gated sodium channels but does not appear to be voltage gated. Although Na X is expressed at high levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle, little information exists on the function of Na X in these tissues. Transcriptional profiling of ion channels in the heart in a subset of patients with Brugada syndrome revealed an inverse relationship between the expression of Na X and Na V 1.5 suggesting that, in cardiac myocytes, the expression of these channels may be linked. We propose that Na X plays a role in excitation–contraction coupling based on our experimental observations. Here we show that in cardiac myocytes, Na X is expressed in a striated pattern on the sarcolemma in regions corresponding to the sarcomeric M‐line. Knocking down Na X expression decreased Na V 1.5 mRNA and protein and reduced the inward sodium current ( I Na+ ) following cell depolarization. When the expression of Na V 1.5 was knocked down, ~85% of the I Na+ was reduced consistent with the observations that Na V 1.5 is the main voltage‐gated sodium channel in cardiac muscle and that Na X likely does not directly participate in mediating the I Na+ following depolarization. Silencing Na V 1.5 expression led to significant upregulation of Na X mRNA. Similar to Na V 1.5, Na X protein levels were rapidly downregulated when the intracellular [Ca 2+ ] was increased either by CaCl 2 or caffeine. These data suggest that a relationship exists between Na X and Na V 1.5 and that Na X may play a role in excitation–contraction coupling.
Synthesis of a planar, multicomponent catalytic surface of Na 2 CO 3 /MnO
Here, O 2 adsorption on MnO(100) precovered with sodium (Na) multilayers was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). Deposition of Na multilayers leads to a first monolayer of oxidic Na followed by metallic Na island growth. XPS results for the oxidation of the metallic Na islands indicate an incomplete oxidation of Na at 125 K. Oxidation at 350 K completely oxidizes the metallic islands producing a mixture of Na 2 O and Na 2 O 2 . Thermal evolution of the oxidation products was examined. After oxidation at 350 K and flashing to 750 K, Na 2 O and Na 2 O 2 are the primary oxides on MnO(100). After flashing to 850 K, a solid state reaction of Na 2 O 2 /Na 2 O and the MnO(100) substrate forms a NaMnO 2 -like surface compound which decomposes above 850 K. Oxygen exchange between CO 2 and Na oxides is observed. The strong interaction between CO 2 and Na oxide islands forms Na 2 CO 3 on MnO(100). Heating the Na 2 CO 3 covered MnO(100) surface to 600 K for 10 min drives oxidic Na in the first monolayer into the MnO subsurface, and produces a surface exposing islands of Na 2 CO 3 on MnO(100).
Materials Data on Na(BH)5 by Materials Project
Na2(BH)9BH crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of four boranediylradical molecules and two Na2(BH)9 ribbons oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. In each Na2(BH)9 ribbon, there are two inequivalent Na sites. In the first Na site, Na is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to six H atoms. There are a spread of Na–H bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.61 Å. In the second Na site, Na is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven H atoms. There are a spread of Na–H bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.70 Å. There are nine inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the second B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the third B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. In the fourth B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. In the fifth B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.19 Å. In the sixth B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. In the seventh B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. In the eighth B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.21 Å. In the ninth B site, B is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H atom. The B–H bond length is 1.20 Å. There are nine inequivalent H sites. In the first H site, H is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na and one B atom. In the second H site, H is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent Na and one B atom. In the third H site, H is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Na and one B atom. In the fourth H site, H is bonded in a linear geometry to one Na and one B atom. In the fifth H site, H is bonded in a linear geometry to one Na and one B atom. In the sixth H site, H is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Na and one B atom. In the seventh H site, H is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Na and one B atom. In the eighth H site, H is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na and one B atom. In the ninth H site, H is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Na and one B atom.
Thermodynamic modeling of calcium carbonate scale precipitation: aqueous Na + -Ca 2+ -Cl – -HCO 3 – -CO 3 2– -CO 2 system
To allow for accurate calculations of calcium carbonate scaling in highly saline produced waters, we present a comprehensive thermodynamic model based on the electrolyte nonrandom two-liquid (eNRTL) activity coefficient equation for the aqueous Na ⁺ -Ca ²⁺ -Cl – -HCO 3 – -CO 3 ²– -CO 2 system. The eNRTL binary interaction parameters for the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -CO 3 2– ) pair, the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -HCO 3 – ) pair, the (Na⁺-Cl–):(Na ⁺ -CO 3 2– ) pair, and the (Na ⁺ -Cl – ):(Na ⁺ -HCO 3 – ) pair are identified in this work via the regression of thermodynamic, calorimetric, and phase equilibria experimental data. The binary interaction parameters associated with the H 2 O:(Na ⁺ -Cl – ) pair, the CO 2 :(Na ⁺ -Cl – ) pair, the H 2 O:(Ca ²⁺ -Cl – ) pair, and the (Na ⁺ -Cl – ):(Ca ²⁺ -Cl – ) pair are retrieved from the literature. The remaining binary interaction parameters are retrieved from Aspen Plus or set to zero. In addition, the solubility product constants are identified for Na 2 CO 3 ·10H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 · 7H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·NaHCO 3 2H 2 O (s) , Na 2 CO 3 ·3NaHCO 3 (s) , and CaCO 3(s) via regression of solubility data. Here, the model is capable of accurately calculating all phase equilibria and calorimetric properties at temperatures up to 473.15 K and salt concentrations up to saturation.
Na Promotion of Pt/m-ZrO 2 Catalysts for the Steam Reforming of Formaldehyde
The decomposition selectivity of formaldehyde during steam reforming was explored using unpromoted and sodium promoted Pt/m-ZrO 2 catalysts, and the Na content was varied (0.5%Na, 1%Na, 1.8%Na, 2.5%Na, and 5%Na). In situ DRIFTS experiments during temperature programmed reaction in flowing H 2 O revealed that formaldehyde is adsorbed at reduced defect sites on zirconia, where it is converted to formate species through the addition of labile bridging OH species. Formate species achieve a maximum intensity in the range of 125–175 °C, where only slight changes in intensity are observed. Above this temperature, the formate decomposition reactivity strongly depends on the Na loading, with the optimum loadings being 1.8%Na and 2.5%Na. CO 2 temperature programmed desorption results, as well as a greater splitting observed between the formate ν asym (OCO) and ν sym (OCO) bands in infrared spectroscopy, indicate greater basicity is induced by the presence of Na. This strengthens the interaction between the formate -CO 2 functional group and the catalyst surface, weakening the formate C-H bond. A shift in the ν(CH) band of formate to lower wavenumbers was observed by addition of Na, especially at 1.8%Na and higher loadings. This results in enhanced decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of formate, as observed in in situ DRIFTS, temperature-programmed reaction/mass spectrometry experiments of the steam reforming of formaldehyde, and fixed bed reaction tests. For example, 2.5%Na addition of 2.5% increased the CO 2 selectivity from 83.5% to 99.5% and the catalysts achieved higher stable conversion at lower temperature than NiO catalysts reported in the open literature. At 5%Na loading, Pt sites were severely blocked, hindering H-transfer.
NMR studies on Na+ transport in Synechococcus PCC 6311
The freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 6311 is able to adapt to grow after sudden exposure to salt (NaCl) stress. We have investigated the mechanism of Na+ transport in these cells during adaptation to high salinity. Na+ influx under dark aerobic conditions occurred independently of delta pH or delta psi across the cytoplasmic membrane, ATPase activity, and respiratory electron transport. These findings are consistent with the existence of Na+/monovalent anion cotransport or simultaneous Na+/H+ +anion/OH- exchange. Na+ influx was dependent on Cl-, Br-, NO3-, or NO2-. No Na+ uptake occurred after addition of NaI, NaHCO3, or Na2SO4. Na+ extrusion was absolutely dependent on delta pH and on an ATPase activity and/or on respiratory electron transport. This indicates that Na+ extrusion via Na+/H+ exchange is driven by primary H+ pumps in the cytoplasmic membrane. Cells grown for 4 days in 0.5 m NaCl medium, "salt-grown cells," differ from control cells by a lower maximum velocity of Na+ influx and by lower steady-state ratios of [Na+]in/[Na+]out. These results indicate that cells grown in high-salt medium increase their capacity to extrude Na+. During salt adaptation Na+ extrusion driven by respiratory electron transport increased from about 15 to 50%.
Mask-side Hyper-NA EUV imaging on the SHARP microscope
Hyper-NA, the prospective successor to high-numerical aperture (NA) extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) could be inserted soon after 2030. Hyper-NA poses a number of challenges, including reduced depth of focus, amplified mask three-dimensional effects, and increased mask-side angular range. A Hyper-NA capable extreme ultraviolet (EUV) mask-imaging tool can address these challenges and accelerate research and development toward Hyper-NA. The Sharp High-Numerical Aperture Actinic Reticle Review Project (SHARP) EUV mask microscope is supporting mask-side high-NA imaging since 2015. Implementing mask-side Hyper-NA imaging in 2024 enables research and development toward the corresponding nodes of EUVL. Hyper-NA zoneplates at 0.75 4x/8x NA with a 6.7-deg chief ray angle and 0.85 4x/8x NA with a 7.4-deg chief ray angle are added to the SHARP microscope. Imaging at mask-side Hyper-NA is demonstrated. Imaging of 5-nm half-pitch (wafer scale) horizontal lines and spaces is demonstrated using dipole illumination. Imaging of 5-nm half-pitch (wafer scale) vertical lines and spaces is demonstrated using frequency-doubled imaging of 40-nm hp (mask scale) lines and spaces. Normalized image log slope (NILS) and modulation of Hyper-NA image data match closely to simulations for horizontal lines and spaces. A reduction in NILS of 0.3 or less is observed for vertical lines and spaces in the two-beam imaging regime. Through-focus image data are discussed, comparing different dipole sources and mask-side NAs. Mask-side Hyper-NA photomask imaging has been implemented and demonstrated on the SHARP microscope and is now available to users of the instrument.