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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1961

Development of Ceramic Fibers for Reinforcement in Composite Materials

Refinements of the vertical arc fiberizing apparatus resulted in its ability to fiberize very different refractory glasses having wide ranges of properties. Although the apparatus, was originally designed as a laboratory research tool for the evaluation of many compositions daily, up to one quarter pound of fibers of a single composition could be produced in an 8-hour day. Fibers up to six and a half feet long were produced with the apparatus. Studies were conducted of two methods of fiberizing refractory glasses requiring rapid freezing from the melt. The first method consisted of fiberizing droplets of molten glass passing through an annular nozzle. The second method consisted of reconstructing the annular nozzle in. the shape of a horseshoe to achieve a shorter delay in blasting a molten droplet from the tip of a rod. Both methods were judged feasible for producing fibers of glasses requiring rapid freezing. The first method would be more amenable to volume fiber production. Studies of induction heating for fiber formation did not lead to its designation as a very efficient heating method. Problems. remain to be solved, in the design of a suitable susceptor for a higher heating rate, in protecting the susceptor from oxidation with an inert gas, in contamination of the melt from a refractory crucible, and in the protective radiation shielding of the induction concentrator coil. It is not considered practical to continue studies of this heating method. In the course of this program 151 refractory glass compositions were evaluated for fiber, forming characteristics. Of the various types of materials studied, the following showed promise in producing acceptable refractory fibers: sIlica- spinel (magnesium aluminate), silica- spinel-zirconia, silica-zirconia, silica-zinc spinel, aluminum phosphate glasses, and fluoride glasses. Compositions which did not produce acceptable fibers were high zirconia materials, barium spinels, and calcium aluminates. Improvements in the. testing apparatus for single fiber tensile strength increased the precision. of tests conducted on nine fibers. The highest mean tensile strength, a value of 295,000 pounds per square inch, was obtained with R-141 fibers. Treatment of R-74 fibers with anhydrous Linde A-1100 silane finish improved its mean fiber tensile strength by 25 percent. The lapse of time after fiber formation had no measurable effect on tensile strength. A static heating test conducted with various high melting fibers indicated that Fiberfrax and R-108 underwent no significant changes in bulk volume or resiliency on exposure to 2750 degrees Fahrenheit (1510 degrees Centigrade) in an oxidizing atmosphere. For fiber-resin composition fabrication, ten fiber materials were selected on the bases of high fiber yield, fusion temperature, and type of composition. Fiberfrax, a commercial ceramic fiber, was included for comparison. A new, more effective method of removing pellets from blown fibers was developed. The de-pelletized fibers were treated with a silane finish and felted into ten-inch diameter felts prior to resin impregnation. Composites containing 30 percent by weight of CTL 91-LD phenolic resin were molded under high pressure from the impregnated felts and post-cured to achieve optimum properties. Flexural strength, flexural modules of elasticity, and punch shear strength tests were conducted on the composite specimens. The highest average flexural strength obtained was 19,958 pounds per square inch with the R-74-fiber-resin composite. This compares very favorably with the military specification of 13,000 pounds per square inch flexural strength for randomly oriented fiber reinforced composites. The highest punch shear strength (11,509 pounds per square inch) was obtained with the R-89 fiber-resin composite. The effects of anhydrous fiber finishes on composite strength were not clearly indicated. Plasma arc tests at a heat flux of 550 British Thermal Units per square foot per second on eight composite materials indicated ablation rates generally equivalent to Fiberglas-Micarta No. 259-2. The composite reinforced with R-99 fibers had an average ablation rate of 0.008 inch per second and appears quite promising on the basis of these tests. Preliminary studies for processing fibers into yarn and fabric were conducted with R-99 fibers. The use of certain organic gums aided in 2 fabricating by hand several relatively strong yarns and a crude fabric swatch. This indicated the practicality of developing techniques for processing these fibers into yarn and fabric without significant damage to the fibers.

Gates, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Rapid adhesive bonding concepts

Adhesive bonding in the aerospace industry typically utilizes autoclaves or presses which have considerable thermal mass. As a consequence, the rates of heatup and cooldown of the bonded parts are limited and the total time and cost of the bonding process is often relatively high. Many of the adhesives themselves do not inherently require long processing times. Bonding could be performed rapidly if the heat was concentrated in the bond lines or at least in the adherends. Rapid adhesive bonding concepts were developed to utilize induction heating techniques to provide heat directly to the bond line and/or adherends without heating the entire structure, supports, and fixtures of a bonding assembly. Bonding times for specimens are cut by a factor of 10 to 100 compared to standard press bonding. The development of rapid adhesive bonding for lap shear specimens (per ASTM D1003 and D3163), for aerospace panel bonding, and for field repair needs of metallic and advanced fiber reinforced polymeric matrix composite structures are reviewed.

Stein, B. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Rapid adhesive bonding and field repair of aerospace materials

Adhesive bonding in the aerospace industry typically utilizes autoclaves or presses which have considerable thermal mass. As a consequence, the rates of heatup and cooldown of the bonded parts are limited and the total time and cost of the bonding process are often relatively high. Many of the adhesives themselves do not inherently require long processing times. Bonding could be performed rapidly if the heat was concentrated in the bond lines or at least in the adherends. Rapid Adhesive Bonding concepts are developed to utilize induction heating techniques to provide heat directly to the bond line and/or adherends without heating the entire structure, supports, and fixtures of a bonding assembly. Bonding times for specimens can be cut by a factor of 10 to 100 compared to standard press or autoclave bonding. The development of Rapid Adhesive Bonding for lap shear specimens (per ASTM D1002 and D3163), for aerospace panel or component bonding, and for field repair needs of metallic and advanced fiber reinforced polymeric-matrix composite structures is reviewed. Equipment and procedures are described for bonding and repairing thin sheets, simple geometries, and honeycomb core panels.

Stein, B. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

A Rapid Attachment of Strain Gages

Hand-held toroidal gun concentrates heat in localized area. New method for bonding film gages eliminates time-consuming oven curing Hand-held "gun," operates on induction heating to concentrate heat in localized area. Ferritic plate added for low-reluctance or no-reluctance surfaces.

Schott, T. D.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Non-destructive Evaluation of Bonds Between Fiberglass Composite and Metal

To assess the integrity and reliability of an adhesive joint in an automotive composite component, several non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methodologies are correlated to lap shear bond strengths. A glass-fabric-reinforced composite structure was bonded to a metallic structure with a two-part epoxy adhesive. Samples were subsequently cut and tested in shear, and flaws were found in some areas. This study aims to develop a reliable and portable NDE system for service-level adhesive inspection in the automotive industry. The results of the experimental investigation using several NDE methods are presented and discussed. Fiberglass-to-metal bonding is the ideal configuration for NDE via thermography using excitation with induction heating, due to the conductive metal and non-conductive glass-fiber-reinforced composites. Excitation can be either by a research-grade induction heater of highly defined frequency and intensity, or by a service-level heater, such as would be used for sealing windshields in a body shop. The thermographs thus produced can be captured via a high-resolution infrared camera, with principal component analysis and 2D spatial Laplacian processing. Alternatively, the thermographs can be captured by low resolution thermochromic microencapsulated liquid crystal film imaging, which needs no post-processing and can be very inexpensive. These samples were also examined with phased-array ultrasound. The NDE methods are compared to the lap shear values and to each other for approximate cost, accuracy, and time and level of expertise needed.

Zhao, Selina↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

An Overview of Nuclear Thermal Rocket Element Environmental Simulator (NTREES) Capabilities, Upgrades, and Overlaps in Advanced Material Testing Areas

The Nuclear Thermal Rocket Element Environmental Simulator (NTREES) was designed to perform non-nuclear testing of nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) fuel elements and materials. NTREES can simulate the thermal hydraulic environment within the reactor of an NTR and has been leveraged to provide data on the thermochemical, thermomechanical and thermohydraulic performance of components and materials. Active upgrades to the NTREES facility include installing a DC power supply for DC powered joule heating, a supply gas chiller for a cryogenically cool gas supply, gas pre-heaters with sample holders for testing samples too small to be inductively heated by bathing them in hot gas, and a high temperature digital image correlation (DIC) capability for measuring high temperature strains real time. In addition to NTR testing, given the commonality of high enthalpy flow environments between the reactor of an NTP engine and the aerothermal heating of high-speed flight, the unique capabilities of NTREES to provide high temperature gas flows at high pressure without combustion or electrode spallation byproducts may lend itself to additional usage of the facility beyond the original intent.

Michael P Schoenfeld↗
NASA NTRS2002

Major Effects of Nonmetallic Inclusions on the Fatigue Life of Disk Superalloy Demonstrated

The fatigue properties of modern powder metallurgy disk alloys can vary because of the different steps of materials and component processing and machining. Among these variables, the effects of nonmetallic inclusions introduced during the powder atomization and handling processes have been shown to significantly degrade low-cycle fatigue life. The levels of inclusion contamination have, therefore, been reduced to less than 1 part per million in state-of-the-art nickel disk powder-processing facilities. Yet the large quantities of compressor and turbine disks weighing from 100 to over 1000 lb have enough total volume and surface area for these rare inclusions to still be present and limit fatigue life. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on fatigue life of these inclusions, as part of the Crack Resistant Disk Materials task within the Ultra Safe Propulsion Project. Inclusions were carefully introduced at elevated levels in a nickel-base disk superalloy, U720, produced using powder metallurgy processing. Multiple strain-controlled fatigue tests were then performed on extracted test specimens at 650 C. Analyses were performed to compare the low-cycle fatigue lives and failure initiation sites as functions of inclusion content and fatigue conditions. Powder of the nickel-base superalloy U720 was atomized in argon at Special Metals Corporation, Inc., using production-scale high-cleanliness powder-processing facilities and handling practices. The powder was then passed through a 270-mesh screen. One portion of this powder was set aside for subsequent consolidation without introduced inclusions. Two other portions of this powder were seeded with alumina inclusions. Small, polycrystalline soft (Type 2) inclusions of about 50 mm diameter were carefully prepared and blended into one powder lot, and larger hard (Type 1) inclusions of about 150 mm mean diameter were introduced into the other seeded portion of powder. All three portions of powder were then sealed in separate containers, hot isostatically pressurized, extruded, forged into subscale disks, and heat treated. Low-cycle-fatigue specimens were then extracted, machined, and tested. Fatigue tests were performed at 650 C in closed-loop servohydraulic testing machines using induction heating and axial extensometers. All tests were continued to failure, and fractographic evaluations were performed on all specimens to determine the crack initiation sites. A large majority of the failures in specimens with introduced inclusions occurred at cracks initiating from inclusions at the specimen surface, as shown for each type of inclusion in the following bar chart. The inclusions significantly reduced fatigue life from unseeded material levels, as shown in the bar chart. These effects were found to depend on the strain range, strain ratio, and inclusion size. Tests at lower strain ranges and higher strain ratios resulted in larger effects of inclusions on life. Inclusion effects on life were thereby maximized in tests at the lowest strain range of 0.6 percent and the most positive strain ratio of 0.5. Under these conditions, small Type 2 inclusions reduced life substantially-- about 20 times, whereas large Type 1 inclusions dramatically reduced life 100 times. These results clearly demonstrate that it is essential to include the effects of inclusions for realistic predictions of disk fatigue life. Important issues, including temperature dependence, crack initiation versus propagation, surface treatments, realistic disk features and machining, and realistic disk spin testing will be addressed to accurately model inclusion effects on disk fatigue life. Fatigue life varied from well over 105 cycles for no inclusions to a little over 103 cycles for 100-micrometer inclusions. A single crack initiating at a surface-connected seeded inclusion caused failure in each case.

Gabb, Timothy P.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Turbine Thermal Barrier Coatings

Ceramic thermal barrier coatings extend the operating temperature range of actively cooled gas turbine components, therefore increasing thermal efficiency. Performance and lifetime of existing ceram ic coatings are limited by spallation during heating and cooling cycles. Spallation of the ceramic is a function of its microstructure, which is determined by the deposition method. This research is investigating metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of yttria stabilized zirconia to improve performance and reduce costs relative to electron beam physical vapor deposition. Coatings are deposited in an induction-heated, low-pressure reactor at 10 microns per hour. The coating's composition, structure, and response to the turbine environment will be characterized.

Haven, Victor E.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Methodology for Life Testing of Refractory Metal/Sodium Heat Pipes

The focus of this work was to establish an approach to generate carefully controlled data that can conclusively establish heat pipe operating life with material-fluid combinations capable of extended operation. To accomplish this goal acceleration is required to compress 10 years of operational life into 3 years of laboratory testing through a combination of increased temperature and mass fluence. Specific test series have been identi3ed, based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications, to investigate long term corrosion rates. The refractory metal selected for demonstration purposes is a Molybdenum-44.5%Rhenium alloy formed by powder metallurgy. The heat pipe makes use of an annular crescent wick design formed by hot isostatic pressing of Molybdenum-Rhenium wire mesh. The heat pipes are filled using vacuum distillation and purity sampling is considered. Testing of these units is round-the-clock with 6-month destructive and non-destructive inspection intervals to identify the onset and level of corrosion. Non-contact techniques are employed for providing power to the evaporator (radio frequency induction heating at I to 5 kW per unit) and calorimetry at the condenser (static gas gap coupled water cooled calorimeter). The planned operating temperature range would extend from 1123 to 1323 K. Accomplishments prior to project cancellation included successful demonstration of the heat pipe wick fabrication technique, establishment of all engineering designs, baselined operational test requirements and procurement/assembly of supporting test hardware systems.

Martin, James J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Caldron For High-Temperature Alloys

Induction-heated caldron melts high-temperature alloys. Prevents sort of contamination of melts occurring during arc melting in ceramic crucibles. Liquefies 200 grams of solid metal components of alloy like niobium aluminum and makes alloy homogeneous in less than 3 minutes. Plugged sleeve constitutes main body of caldron. Coolant flows through sleeve to prevent it from melting. Mandrel-wound induction coils adjusted to tune source of power. Also serves as mold for casting alloys into such shapes as bars.

Geringer, Henry J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Numerical Investigation of Susceptor-Catalyst Design for Ethylene Generation in Radio Frequency Based Reactors

Ethylene is the most widely produced petrochemical component in the world. Whether reactors are heated directly or indirectly via steam, manufacturers use economies of scale to overcome inherent thermodynamic inefficiencies when burning fossil fuels. While allowing large-scale operations to use alternative sources of energy and raw materials, new methods of supplying energy to chemical reactor systems can reduce the energy waste produced by conventional processes. One viable method for effectively supplying energy to reactor systems is electromagnetic (EM) induction heating. Using the properties of radio frequency (RF) waves, heterogeneous catalysts can be precisely targeted for heating inside reactors. Site-selective heating can greatly lower the energy requirements of the process by supplying heat to reaction sites while reducing needless heat transfer elsewhere. In this study, a microscale model was used to help create guidelines for susceptors and catalysts to improve ethylene production. The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is investigated by utilizing several catalysts and potential catalyst/susceptor combinations, with heat provided by an EM susceptor. Having the susceptors and catalyst function separately results in higher gradients in both heat and mass transfer, which drives transport through the catalyst region, while still providing adequate heating for endothermic reactions. However, using a susceptive core with a catalyst covering produces the maximum ethylene concentration.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1985

Thermal Shock-Resistant Composite Crucible

Heating rates of 350 degrees F per minute have not caused cracking. Surrounding inner crucible is annulus of loosely packed alumina powder, which serves as compressible insulating material. Second annulus consisting of section of fused-quartz tubing surrounds and retains alumina powder. Quartz tube held in place by refractory cement helps to contain alumina powder. Small holes in upper ring of cement allow alumina powder to outgas during operation in vacuum. Originally intended for use in Chill Block Melt Spinning (CBMS) apparatus, crucible adaptable to other operations involving rapid self-induction heating of metallic charges.

Geringer, H. J.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Window Cooling Studies and Disk Vibration Testing on a Subset of Mo-100 Disks

Production of metastable Technetium-99 (Tc-99m), a radioactive tracer that emits gamma rays, is vital to the medical imaging community. Tc-99m is extracted from the decay of Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) which has a half-life of about 2-3 days. The work presented in this report is part of the NNSA’s mission to produce Mo-99 commercially, within the US, without the use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in support of nonproliferation and global security. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is working with NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes (NMR) on their efforts to produce Mo-99 through the irradiation of Mo-100 targets using an electron beam. The NMR target comprises a stack of approximately 60-70 Mo-100 disks with diameter 24 mm and thickness 0.74 mm held in stainless steel laminations, each separated using 0.25 mm thick stainless-steel spacers. The symmetric target stack is housed in an Inconel vessel with two Inconel windows on either side. Two electron accelerators are used to produce 40 MeV, 3.16 µA electron beams each that penetrate the Inconel windows and irradiate the Mo-100 disks. Approximately 90% of the total 250 kW beam power is deposited in the NMR target during the irradiation process, with a smaller percentage adding up to 2.2 kW of heat deposited on the Inconel window. During irradiation, pressurized helium gas flows through thin gaps between the disks cooling the beam window, target disks, disk laminations and spacers. Both NMR and LANL have found during cold testing of the target system (no heat deposition) that the Mo 100 disks undergo significant mass loss and disk breakage due to vibrations induced by the flowing helium gas. The mass loss is not only undesirable due to monetary loss from reduced final quantities of Mo-99, but also due to the hazards associated with radioactive material trapped in the cooling lines and particle filters. The effect of flow rate and target geometry on the flow induced vibrations need to be quantified, and recommendations provided to minimize this mass loss. LANL has previously also tested NMR’s Inconel beam window by heating the window, while flowing pressurized helium, using the average heat deposited on the window. However, the NMR beam is pulsed with a duty cycle of 12.5%, which introduces oscillation in temperature around the nominal 600 °C steady state value with each pulse. Available fatigue curves for Inconel are few, established for room temperature, and they are based on mechanical strain cycles not thermally induced strain as in the NMR target. The effect of pulsed beam heating on the Inconel window therefore needs to be quantified. This report details the experiments conducted to assess the factors that lead to mass loss in the NMR target disks as well as to understand the effect of a pulsed beam on NMR’s Inconel window. This work describes LANL’s experimental characterization of the flow induced vibrations and disk mass loss in a reduced scale set-up containing 5 to 10 Mo-100 disks. We use high speed imaging, displacement measurements and microphone measurements combined with signal processing to estimate the vibration frequency of each disk. The effect of disk thickness, target fit and duration of testing on the mass loss is described. We find that in the current configuration of NMR targets, the vibrations and mass loss on the first disk are minimized, while those in the adjacent disks are highest. The microphone and high-speed image data show that increased flow rates and increased duration of testing increases vibration frequency and mass loss. The mass loss is due to both disk rotation and back and forth motion. There are visible wear marks on the disks with the highest mass loss. We also note that the current NMR window gap reduces flow induced vibrations compared to the previous smaller gaps. Improved target holders significantly reduce disk mass loss to almost negligible quantities. This work finds that the larger window to first disk gap and improved target holder geometry should allow NMR to successfully conduct irradiations with minimal mass loss. The window tests were conducted to understand the effect of a pulsed beam on both the window longevity and to estimate the window temperature and displacement during pulsing. The experiments presented here were performed at significantly low power, due to the limitations of the induction heating system. The window temperature rose to approximately 73 °C with a significantly reduced power of 45 W without beam pulsing. With a 5 Hz pulse rate, 12.5% duty cycle, the window temperature remained constant at 26 °C. These experiments will be repeated with improved coil geometry and reported in upcoming journal papers.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ruthenium/Carbon Nanocomposites for Efficient Hydrogen Electrocatalysis: Impacts of Halide Residues

Ruthenium has emerged as a promising substitute for platinum toward the hydrogen evolution/oxidation reaction (HER/HOR). Herein, ruthenium/carbon composites are prepared by magnetic induction heating (300 A, 10 s) of RuCl3, RuBr3 or RuI3 loaded on hollow N-doped carbon cages (HNC). The HNC-RuCl3-300A sample consists of Ru nanoparticles (dia. 1.96 nm) and abundant Cl residues. HNC-RuBr3-300A possesses a larger nanoparticle size (≈19.36 nm) and lower content of Br residues. HNC-RuI3-300A contains only bulk-like Ru agglomerates with a minimal amount of I residues, due to reduced Ru-halide bonding interactions. Among these, HNC-RuCl3-300A exhibits the best HER activity in alkaline media, with a low overpotential of only -26 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2, even outperforming Pt/C, and can be used as the cathode catalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (along with commercial RuO2 as the anode catalyst), producing 0.5 A cm- 2 at 1.88 V for up to 100 h, a performance markedly better than that with Pt/C. HNC-RuCl3-300A also exhibits the best HOR activity, with a half-wave potential (+18 mV) even lower than that of Pt/C (+35 mV). These activities are ascribed to the combined contributions of small Ru nanoparticles and Ru-to-halide charge transfer that weaken H adsorption.

Yu, Bingzhe↗
DOE OSTI2026

Splat Quenching as a High Throughput Rapid Solidification Testing Method for Developing Additive Manufacturing Alloys

Splat quenching as a high throughput rapid solidification screening tool is evaluated. Samples were made using known alloys (SS316, IN625, Ti-5553) to evaluate and establish the microstructures for a variety of alloy systems as well as the predicted cooling rates. The samples are inductively heated and levitated prior to being struck between two platens that produce a high contact pressure and a thin sample resulting in cooling rates on the order of 10 6 to 10 7 K/s. Process parameters were evaluated with analytical models in addition to numerical simulations to provide an effect of process variables such as substrate material, melt superheat, and platen velocity on the resulting solidification. The splat thickness was found to be controlled by platen velocity, melt superheat, as well as the feedstock volume. The sample thickness is the key controlling factor for varying the average cooling rate experienced by the splat quenched sample. The splat quenching techniques can reach regions of rapid solidification space that meet and exceed laser and electron beam techniques across the sample. In conclusion, the results of the study provide a useful foundation in understanding the splat quenching technique and its potential as a low effort tool to explore rapid solidification effects on alloys.

Alloy Design↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing Bendability and Hardness of Age-Hardenable Aluminum Sheets through Local Thermo-Mechanical Processing

This paper introduces a novel thermo-mechanical process to modify the local mechanical properties of 6xxx aluminum (Al-Mg-Si-Cu) alloy sheets. In this process, two pairs of rollers travel along the length of a sheet while locally bending and unbending it so that the final shape and thickness of the sheet remains unchanged. Room temperature bending/unbending (B/U) produces a deformation gradient through thickness and local hardening in both T4 and T6 sheets (with 41% and 18% greater Vickers hardness, respectively). High temperature bending/unbending performed at ~ 500°C via induction heating, produces significant improvements in local formability as measured by bend testing. Formability levels equivalent to the as-received T4 temper are achieved within the processed zones of T6 sheets with bend angles of ~ 150°, without disturbing the T6 temper in the remainder of the sheet. Finite element simulations and characterization explained the mechanical property improvements and the heterogenous microstructure with weakened Cube texture. Due to its similarity with the roller hemming process, and its compact dimensions, the apparatus developed for B/U has the potential for seamless integration with roller hemming robots to selectively process high strength aluminum sheet materials within mass-production settings.

Efe, Mert [BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrochemical Production of Calcium Hydroxide from Calcium Carbonate

Calcium hydroxide is electrochemically synthesized to address SRNL core competency of Creating Manufacturing & Energy Solutions. This process is energy efficient compared to high temperature calcium carbonate decomposition to produce calcium oxide for the cement industry. Ultrasonic dehydration coupled with induction heating can further reduce the energy need for cement production.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS1961

HOT SPIN-AND-BURST TEST METHODS FOR AIRCRAFT TURBINE WHEELS

Methods are described for suspension-system vibration damping, automatically controlled induction heating through radiation pyrometers, rotating-disk temperature measurement, and unattended operation with a safety-interlock system.

BURST↗