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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Extreme-ultraviolet observations of coronal holes. I - Locations, sizes and evolution of coronal holes, June 1973-January 1974

The disk boundaries of coronal holes have been systematically determined from XUV observations taken during the manned Skylab missions (June 1973-January 1974). The resulting atlas was used to find the sizes, global distributions, differential rotation rates, growth/decay rates and lifetimes of holes during this period. The polar cap holes together covered 15% of the sun's total surface area, a number which remained surprisingly constant throughout Skylab despite the fact that each pole was independently evolving in time. Lower latitude holes contributed another 2 to 5%.

Bohlin, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1958

Discharge Coefficients for Combustor-liner Air-entry Holes II : Flush Rectangular Holes, Step Louvers, and Scoops

Experimental discharge coefficients for various types of combustor-liner air-entry holes are presented as a function of a dimensionless flow parameter. In general, scoops and step louvers have higher discharge coefficients and wider flow ranges than flush holes. The effects of size or shape of a given type of hole are small. The proximity of multiple flush holes or the wall inclination of a convergent duct has a negligible effect on discharge coefficient.

FLOW, COMPRESSIBLE↗
NASA NTRS2002

Inclination Angles of Black Hole X-Ray Binaries Manifest Strong Gravity around Black Holes

System inclination angles have been determined for about 15 X-ray binaries, in which stellar mass black holes are considered to exist. These inclination angles range between 25 degrees and 80 degrees, but peaked between 60-70 degrees. This peak is not explained in the frame work of Newtonian gravity. However, this peak is reproduced naturally if we model the observed X-ray radiations as being produced in the accretion disks very close to the black hole horizons, where the extremely strong general and special relativistic effects, caused by the extremely strong gravity near the black hole horizons, modify the local radiation significantly as the X-rays propagate to the remote observer. Therefore the peak of the inclination angle distribution provides evidence or strong gravity around stellar mass black holes.

Zhang, S. N.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hole-induced electronic and optical transitions in L a 1 - x S r x Fe O 3 epitaxial thin films

We have investigated the electronic and optical properties of epitaxial La 1-x Sr x FeO 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 prepared by molecular-beam epitaxy. Core-level and valence-band x-ray photoemission features monotonically shift to lower binding energy with increasing x, indicating downward movement of the Fermi level toward the valence-band maximum. Combining valence-band photoemission and O K -edge x-ray absorption data, we map the evolution of the occupied and unoccupied bands and observe a narrowing of the gap, along with a transfer of state density from just below to just above the Fermi level as a result of hole doping. In-plane transport measurements confirm that the material becomes a p -type semiconductor at lower doping levels and exhibits a conversion from semiconducting to metallic behavior at x = 1. As a result, low-energy optical transitions revealed by spectroscopic ellipsometry are explained based on insight from theoretical densities of states and first-principles calculations of optical absorption spectra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2011

ESTIMATE OF THE TOTAL MECHANICAL FEEDBACK ENERGY FROM GALAXY CLUSTER-CENTERED BLACK HOLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR BLACK HOLE EVOLUTION, CLUSTER GAS FRACTION, AND ENTROPY

The total feedback energy injected into hot gas in galaxy clusters by central black holes can be estimated by comparing the potential energy of observed cluster gas profiles with the potential energy of non-radiating, feedback-free hot gas atmospheres resulting from gravitational collapse in clusters of the same total mass. Feedback energy from cluster-centered black holes expands the cluster gas, lowering the gas-to-dark-matter mass ratio below the cosmic value. Feedback energy is unnecessarily delivered by radio-emitting jets to distant gas far beyond the cooling radius where the cooling time equals the cluster lifetime. For clusters of mass (4-11) x 10{sup 14} M{sub sun}, estimates of the total feedback energy, (1-3) x 10{sup 63} erg, far exceed feedback energies estimated from observations of X-ray cavities and shocks in the cluster gas, energies gained from supernovae, and energies lost from cluster gas by radiation. The time-averaged mean feedback luminosity is comparable to those of powerful quasars, implying that some significant fraction of this energy may arise from the spin of the black hole. The universal entropy profile in feedback-free gaseous atmospheres in Navarro-Frenk-White cluster halos can be recovered by multiplying the observed gas entropy profile of any relaxed cluster by a factor involving the gas fraction profile. While the feedback energy and associated mass outflow in the clusters we consider far exceed that necessary to stop cooling inflow, the time-averaged mass outflow at the cooling radius almost exactly balances the mass that cools within this radius, an essential condition to shut down cluster cooling flows.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

OBSERVABLE CONSEQUENCES OF MERGER-DRIVEN GAPS AND HOLES IN BLACK HOLE ACCRETION DISKS

We calculate the observable signature of a black hole (BH) accretion disk with a gap or a hole created by a secondary BH embedded in the disk. We find that for an interesting range of parameters of BH masses ({approx}10{sup 6}-10{sup 9} M{sub Sun }), orbital separation ({approx}1 AU to {approx}0.1 pc), and gap width (10-190 disk scale heights), the missing thermal emission from a gap manifests itself in an observable decrement in the spectral energy distribution (SED). We present observational diagnostics in terms of power-law forms that can be fit to line-free regions in active galactic nucleus (AGN) spectra or in fluxes from sequences of broad filters. Most interestingly, the change in slope in the broken power law is almost entirely dependent on the width of the gap in the accretion disk, which in turn is uniquely determined by the mass ratio of the BHs, such that it scales roughly as q {sup 5/12}. Thus, one can use spectral observations of the continuum of bright AGNs to infer not only the presence of a closely separated BH binary, but also the mass ratio. When the BH merger opens an entire hole (or cavity) in the inner disk, the broadband SED of the AGNs or quasar may serve as a diagnostic. Such sources should be especially luminous in optical bands but intrinsically faint in X-rays (i.e., not merely obscured). We briefly note that viable candidates may have already been identified, though extant detailed modeling of those with high-quality data have not yet revealed an inner cavity.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

SONGLINES FROM DIRECT COLLAPSE SEED BLACK HOLES: EFFECTS OF X-RAYS ON BLACK HOLE GROWTH AND STELLAR POPULATIONS

In the last decade, the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) has been intricately linked to galaxy formation and evolution and is a key ingredient in the assembly of galaxies. To investigate the origin of SMBHs, we perform cosmological simulations that target the direct collapse black hole seed formation scenario in the presence of two different strong Lyman-Werner (LW) background fields. These simulations include the X-ray irradiation from a central massive black hole (MBH), H{sub 2} self-shielding, and stellar feedback from metal-free and metal-enriched stars. We find in both simulations that local X-ray feedback induces metal-free star formation ∼0.5 Myr after the MBH forms. The MBH accretion rate reaches a maximum of 10{sup –3} M {sub ☉} yr{sup –1} in both simulations. However, the duty cycle differs and is derived to be 6% and 50% for the high and low LW cases, respectively. The MBH in the high LW case grows only ∼6% in 100 Myr compared to 16% in the low LW case. We find that the maximum accretion rate is determined by the local gas thermodynamics, whereas the duty cycle is determined by the large-scale gas dynamics and gas reservoir. We conclude that radiative feedback from the central MBH plays an important role in star formation in the nuclear regions and stifling initial MBH growth relative to the typical Eddington rate argument, and that initial MBH growth might be affected by the local LW radiation field.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

STUDIES OF THERMALLY UNSTABLE ACCRETION DISKS AROUND BLACK HOLES WITH ADAPTIVE PSEUDOSPECTRAL DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD. II. LIMIT-CYCLE BEHAVIOR IN ACCRETION DISKS AROUND KERR BLACK HOLES

For the first time ever, we derive equations governing the time evolution of fully relativistic slim accretion disks in the Kerr metric and numerically construct their detailed non-stationary models. We discuss applications of these general results to a possible limit-cycle behavior of thermally unstable disks. Our equations and numerical method are applicable in a wide class of possible viscosity prescriptions, but in this paper we use a diffusive form of the 'standard alpha prescription' that assumes that the viscous torque is proportional to the total pressure. In this particular case, we find that the parameters that dominate the limit-cycle properties are the mass-supply rate and the value of the alpha-viscosity parameter. Although the duration of the cycle (or the outburst) does not exhibit any clear dependence on the black hole spin, the maximal outburst luminosity (in the Eddington units) is positively correlated with the spin value. We suggest a simple method for a rough estimate of the black hole spin based on the maximal luminosity and the ratio of outburst to cycle durations. We also discuss a temperature-luminosity relation for the Kerr black hole accretion disk limit cycle. Based on these results, we discuss the limit-cycle behavior observed in microquasar GRS 1915+105. We also extend this study to several non-standard viscosity prescriptions, including a 'delayed heating' prescription recently addressed by the MHD simulations of accretion disks.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Single and double hole quantum dots in strained Ge/SiGe quantum wells

Even as today's most prominent spin-based qubit technologies are maturing in terms of capability and sophistication, there is growing interest in exploring alternate material platforms that may provide advantages, such as enhanced qubit control, longer coherence times, and improved extensibility. Recent advances in heterostructure material growth have opened new possibilities for employing hole spins in semiconductors for qubit applications. Undoped, strained Ge/SiGe quantum wells are promising candidate hosts for hole spin-based qubits due to their low disorder, large intrinsic spin–orbit coupling strength, and absence of valley states. We use a simple one-layer gated device structure to demonstrate both a single quantum dot as well as coupling between two adjacent quantum dots. The hole effective mass in these undoped structures, m* ~ 0.08 m 0 , is significantly lower than for electrons in Si/SiGe, pointing to the possibility of enhanced tunnel couplings in quantum dots and favorable qubit–qubit interactions in an industry-compatible semiconductor platform.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

STU black holes and SgrA{sup *}

The equations of null geodesics in the STU family of rotating black hole solutions of supergravity theory, which may be considered as deformations of the vacuum Kerr metric, are completely integrable. We propose that they be used as a foil to test, for example, with what precision the gravitational field external to the black hole at the centre of our galaxy is given by the Kerr metric. By contrast with some metrics proposed in the literature, the STU metrics satisfy by construction the dominant and strong energy conditions. Our considerations may be extended to include the effects of a cosmological term. We show that these metrics permit a straightforward calculation of the properties of black hole shadows.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

( NuSTAR NuSTAR) observations of the black hole GS 1354-645: evidence of rapid black hole spin

We present the results of a NuSTAR study of the dynamically confirmed stellar-mass black hole GS 1354−645. The source was observed during its 2015 “hard” state outburst; we concentrate on spectra from two relatively bright phases. In the higher-flux observation, the broadband NuSTAR spectra reveal a clear, strong disk reflection spectrum, blurred by a degree that requires a black hole spin of a=cJ/GM{sup 2}⩾0.98 (1σ statistical limits only). The fits also require a high inclination: θ≃75(2){sup ∘}. Strong “dips” are sometimes observed in the X-ray light curves of sources viewed at such an angle; these are absent, perhaps indicating that dips correspond to flared disk structures that only manifest at higher accretion rates. In the lower flux observation, there is evidence of radial truncation of the thin accretion disk. We discuss these results in the context of spin in stellar-mass black holes, and inner accretion flow geometries at moderate accretion rates.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

The source of holes in p-type In x Ga 1-x N films

The origin of holes in Mg-doped In x Ga 1-x N films is investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Unlike in Mg-doped GaN, the number of Mg-related acceptors in films with x between 0.021 and 0.112 decreases as the hole density increases. The EPR results indicate that the previously suggested models involving isolated acceptors or band formation cannot adequately explain hole production in InGaN. Rather, additional features such as In-induced passivating centers must be introduced.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

High-accuracy waveforms for black hole-neutron star systems with spinning black holes

The availability of accurate numerical waveforms is an important requirement for the creation and calibration of reliable waveform models for gravitational wave astrophysics. For black hole-neutron star binaries, very few accurate waveforms are however publicly available. Most recent models are calibrated to a large number of older simulations with good parameter space coverage for low-spin non-precessing binaries but limited accuracy, and a much smaller number of longer, more recent simulations limited to non-spinning black holes. In this paper, we present long, accurate numerical waveforms for three new systems that include rapidly spinning black holes, and one precessing configuration. Here, we study in detail the accuracy of the simulations, and in particular perform for the first time in the context of BHNS binaries a detailed comparison of waveform extrapolation methods to the results of Cauchy Characteristic Extraction. The new waveforms have <0.1rad phase errors during inspiral, rising to ~(0.2-0.4)rad errors at merger, and ≲1% error in their amplitude. We compute the faithfulness of recent analytical models to these numerical results, and find that models specifically designed for BHNS binaries perform well (F>0.99) for binaries seen face-on. For edge-on observations, particularly for precessing systems, disagreements between models and simulations increase, and models that include precession and/or higher-order modes start to perform better than BHNS models that currently lack these features.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Separability of the Dirac equation in the STU black hole spacetime: Pairwise-equal charge case study

We study the separability of the Dirac equation in the background of four dimensional charged rotating asymptotically flat black hole solution of supergravity and the low energy string theory known as STU black hole. In particular, we analyze in detail the separability conditions in the pairwise equal charge STU black hole space-time. While in the latter case the minimally coupled Dirac equation is not separable, the introduction of a specific torsion term ensures the separability. The source of the torsion is the Kalb-Ramond field, which is an integral part of string theory, but further aspects of its properties and coupling to fermionic fields remain to be studied. To derive the torsion, two different approaches are used in conformally related frames, showing that the torsion is not unique. The correspondingly modified Dirac equations in the Einstein and string frames are shown to be separable. Furthermore, the massless radial and angular wave equations are examined; they show close similarity with corresponding equations for the standard Kerr background. A generalization of the Teukolsky equation for the pairwise equal case is conjectured. We also briefly analyze a technically sophisticated radial equation in the massive case.

Dirac equation↗