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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1994

Asymptotic Giant Branch stars as a source of short-lived radioactive nuclei in the solar nebula

We carried out a theoretical evaluation of the contribution of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) stars to some short-lived (10(exp 6) less than or equal to Tau-bar less than or equal to 2 x 10(exp 7) yr) isotopes in the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and in the early solar system using stellar model calculations for thermally pulsing evolutionary phases of low-mass stars. The yields of s-process nuclei in the convective He-shell for different neutron exposures tau(sub 0) were obtained, and AGB stars were shown to produce several radioactive nuclei (especially Pd-107, Pb-205, Fe-60, Zr-93, Tc-99, Cs-135, and Hf-182) in diferent amounts. Assuming either contamination of the solar nebula from a single AGB star or models for continuous injection and mixing from many stars into the ISM, we calculate the ratios of radioactive to stable nuclei at the epoch of the Sun's formation. The dilution factor between the AGB ejecta and the early solar system matter is obtained by matching the observed Pd-107/Pd-108 and depends on the value of tau(sub 0). It is found that small masses M(sub He) of He-shell material (10(exp -4)-10(exp -7) solar mass) enriched in s-process nuclei are sufficient to contaminate 1 solar mass of the ISM to produce the Pd-107 found in the early solar system. Predictions are made for all of the other radioactive isotopes. The optimal model to explain several observed radioactive species at different states of the proto-solar nebula involves a single AGB star with a low neutron exposure (tau(sub 0) = 0.03 mbarn(sup -1)) which contaminated the cloud with a dilution factor of M(sub He)/solar mass approximately 1.5 x 10(exp -4). This will also contribute newly synthesized stable s-process nuclei in the amount of approximately 10(exp -4) of their abundances already present in the proto-solar cloud. Variations in the degree of homogenization (approximately 30%) of the injected material may account for some of the small general isotopic anomalies found in meteorites. It is also found that Fe-60 is produced in small but significant quantities that may be sufficient to explain the observations if the time elapsed delta from the contamination of the ISM to the formation of protoplanetary bodies is not higher than delta = 5 x 10(exp 6) yr. If delta is longer, up to 10 x 10(exp 6) yr, this would require the single AGB star to experience enhanced neutron densities (n(sub n) approximately 3 x 10(exp 9)n/cu cm) in the s-processing zone in order to compensate for the branching at Fe-59. The alternative model of long-term continuous ejection of matter from many AGB stars does not appear to match the observations. We also estimate the Al-26 production from the H-shell and find that the Al-26 abundance in the early solar system may be readily explained in a self-consistent manner. Moreover, Al-26 from AGB stars may contribute substantially to the galactic Al-26 gamma-source, while no significant gamma-flux from Co-60 (deriving from Fe-60 decay) is to be expected.

Wasserburg, G. J.↗
NASA NTRS2025

Large Impact Features on Ganymede and Callisto as Revealed By Geological Mapping and Morphometry

The icy Galilean satellites are host to a broad range of impact feature morphologies. Hypotheses seeking to explain the diversity of these impact features consider the effects of impact melt, the physical state of the subsurface at the time of impact, and the impactor characteristics. As part of a larger effort to assess the role of these factors in the formation and evolution of these impact features, we have performed topographic and geological mapping of 19 large impact features on Ganymede and Callisto. These are divided into two main morphological groups: craters (subdivided into pit, dome, and anomalous dome craters), and penepalimpsests/palimpsests. The transitions from pit, dome, to anomalous dome craters appear to be size-dependent up to diameters of ∼170 km. The morphologies of pit and dome craters appear to be independent of their age or geologic context. The impacts that formed them only affected a cold, rigid ice layer, with the development of pits and raised annuli on their floors possibly stemming from the evolution of a pocket of impact melt. The subdued rims and floors of anomalous dome craters indicate the increasing effect of a weak, warm ice layer on impact feature morphology with increasing size, but their prominent annuli and pits indicate that mobilization of impact melt is also a factor. The very low topographic relief of older penepalimpsests and palimpsests indicates that their impacts penetrated the ice shell to mobilize very large volumes of pre-existing liquid from a subsurface layer, with little contribution to the final feature morphology from impact melt. Penepalimpsests are distinguished from palimpsests by the higher frequency of concentric ridges within their interiors, indicating a generally more robust state of the subsurface that could better support the rotation and uplift of solid material during impact, even if a crater-like depression could not be supported. A few impact features seem to be transitional between anomalous dome craters and penepalimpsests, and the overlap of anomalous dome craters, penepalimpsests, and palimpsests in terms of diameter as well as age indicates that impactor size and subsurface properties over time are major factors in determining which of these morphologies emerges.

Oliver L White↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data-Driven Mapping of the Cesium Cadmium Bromide Phase Space Utilizing a Soft-Chemistry Approach

Soft-chemistry techniques provide a versatile approach to synthesizing inorganic materials under mild conditions, enabling access to compositions and structures that are challenging to achieve through traditional thermodynamically driven solid-state methods. However, these solution-based routes often result in phase competition, requiring precise control over reaction conditions to achieve selective product formation. While one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approaches have traditionally been used for phase selection, data-driven strategies are emerging as more efficient methods for navigating complex synthetic spaces. Ternary metal halides, such as cesium cadmium bromides (Cs–Cd–Br), are of growing interest due to their potential in wide and ultrawide band gap applications. Unlike the well-studied cesium lead halide phases, the compositional diversity and solution-based synthesis of ternary Cs–Cd–Br phases remain largely unexplored. This study systematically investigates the synthetic phase space of the Cs–Cd–Br system by constructing a data-driven phase map. Using a common set of precursors and a standardized experimental procedure, we successfully synthesize all four known Cs–Cd–Br phases—CsCdBr 3 , Cs 2 CdBr 4 , Cs 3 CdBr 5 , and Cs 7 Cd 3 Br 13 —each exhibiting distinct structures, morphologies, and optical properties. Our findings highlight the potential of soft-chemistry methods for expanding the library of ternary metal halides and provide key insights into the thermodynamic and kinetic factors governing phase formation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1994

Citrate and renal calculi: an update

Citrate is an inhibitor of the crystallization of stone-forming calcium salts. Hypocitraturia, frequently encountered in patients with nephrolithiasis, is therefore an important risk factor for stone formation. Potassium citrate provides physiological and physicochemical correction and inhibits new stone formation, not only in hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis but also in uric acid nephrolithiasis. Inhibition of stone recurrence has now been validated by a randomized trial. Ongoing research has disclosed additional causes of hypocitraturia (sodium excess, low intestinal alkali absorption, but not primary citrate malabsorption). Moreover, new insights on potassium citrate action have been shown, notably that some of absorbed citrate escapes oxidation and contributes to the citraturic response, that ingestion with a meal does not sacrifice physiological or physicochemical action, that orange juice mimics but does not completely duplicate its actions, that potassium citrate may have a beneficial bone-sparing effect, that it may reduce stone fragments following ESWL, and that danger of aluminum toxicity is not great in subjects with functioning kidneys. Finally, the research on potassium citrate has led to two promising products, calcium citrate as an optimum calcium supplement and potassium-magnesium citrate which may be superior to potassium citrate in the management of stone disease.

NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology↗
DOE OSTI2023

Strain as a Global Factor in Stabilizing the Ferroelectric Properties of ZrO 2

Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in doped HfO 2 and ZrO 2 thin films over a decade ago, fluorite-structured ferroelectric thin films have attracted much research attention due to their excellent scalability and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatibility compared to conventional perovskite ferroelectric materials. Although various factors influencing the formation of the ferroelectric properties are identified, a clear understanding of the causes of the phase formation have been difficult to determine. In this work, ZrO 2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition and chemical solution deposition have resulted in films with completely different structural properties. Regardless of these differences, a general relationship between strain and phase formation is established, leading to a more unified understanding of ferroelectric phase formation in undoped ZrO 2 films, which can be applied to other fluorite-structured films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Revealing the Crystallization Pathways of Mixed‐Halide Low‐Dimensional Perovskites: A First Step Toward Solar Cell Applications

Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites (RPPs) are promising materials for optoelectronic devices. While iodide‐based RPPs are well‐studied, the crystallization of mixed‐halide RPPs remains less explored. Understanding the factors affecting their formation and crystallization are vital for optimizing morphology, phase purity, and orientation, which directly impact device performance. Here, we investigate the crystallization and properties of mixed‐halide RPPs (PEA) 2 FA n−1 Pb n (Br 1/3 I 2/3 ) 3n + 1 (PEA = C 6 H 5 (CH 2 ) 2 NH 3 + and FA = CH(NH 2 ) 2 + ) (n = 1, 5, 10) using DMSO ((CH 3 ) 2 SO) or NMP (OC 4 H 6 NCH 3 ) as cosolvents and MACl (MA = CH 3 NH 3 + ) as an additive. For the first time, the presence of planar defects in RPPs is directly observed by in situ grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) and confirmed through the simulation of the patterns that matched the experimental. GIWAXS data also reveals that DMSO promotes higher crystallinity and vertical orientation, while MACl enhances crystal quality but increases halide segregation, shown here by nano X‐ray fluorescence (nano‐XRF) experiments. For low‐n RPPs, orientation is crucial for solar cell efficiency, but its impact decreases with increasing n. Our findings provide insights into optimizing mixed‐halide RPPs, guiding strategies to improve crystallization, phase control, and orientation for better performance not only in solar cells but also in other potential optoelectronic devices.

Guaita, Maria G D↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cross-scale modeling and experimental integration for advancing cathode electrolyte interphase studies in high energy density lithium-ion batteries

Electrochemical interfaces are critical to the performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The solid electrode-electrolyte interphase (SEI and CEI) structures that form during cycling can passivate reactive surfaces, ensuring safe operation, but also may contribute to performance degradation. Understanding the microscopic factors influencing interphase formation, growth, and evolution is essential for balanced battery design. While significant research has focused on the anode-electrolyte interphase (SEI), the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) remains less explored, despite its importance in high-voltage and advanced battery technologies. Challenges in conducting in-situ or operando experiments arise from the occluded nature of these interfaces and the long timescales involved, often leading to biased interpretations. A validated multi-scale, multi-physics modeling approach, integrated with advanced characterization techniques, can effectively elucidate the intrinsic stability of electrolyte and cathode surfaces, the impact of chemical heterogeneity, and the role of microstructural features on CEI performance. In conclusion, this article reviews current modeling and simulation strategies for studying CEI in advanced LIBs and highlights opportunities for future methodological advancements and experimental integration.

Cathode-electrolyte interphase↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Elements of Life, Photosynthesis and Genomics

I am a Professor of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology and Plant and Microbial Biology at the University of California in Berkeley. I was born and raised in India, emigrated to the United States to attend university, earning a B.S. in Molecular Biology and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Following post-doctoral studies with Lawrence Bogorad at Harvard University where I became interested in genetic control of trace element quotas, I joined the department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at UCLA. One of the first to appreciate essential trace metals as potential regulators of gene expression, I articulated the details of the nutritional Cu regulon in Chlamydomonas. In parallel, I used genetic approaches to discover the genes governing missing steps in tetrapyrrole metabolism, including the attachment of heme to apocytochromes in the thylakoid lumen and the factors catalyzing the formation of ring V in chlorophyll. After biochemistry and classical genetics, I embraced genomics, taking a leadership role on the Joint Genome Institute’s efforts on the Chlamydomonas genome and more recently, contributing to high quality assemblies of several genomes in the green algal radiation, and large transcriptomic and proteomic datasets — focusing on the diel metabolic cycle in synchronized cultures and acclimation to key environmental and nutritional stressors — that are well-used and appreciated by the community. Finally, a new venture in Berkeley is the promotion of Auxenochlorella protothecoides as the true “green yeast” and as a platform for engineering algae to produce useful bioproducts.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Phase Behavior of Diblock Copolymer–Homopolymer Ternary Blends with a Compositionally Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer

The phase behavior of ternary polymer blends comprising poly(cyclohexylethylene) (C) and polyethylene (E) homopolymers and a compositionally asymmetric CE diblock copolymer with f C = 0.67 was investigated, where f C is the volume fraction of C. Morphology was established in the phase prism (volume fractions of C, E, and CE vs. temperature) by optical transmission, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. The locations of lamellar (LAM), hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX), and gyroid (GYR) ordered phases are shifted significantly towards lower fractions of C homopolymer compared to previous results obtained from ternary polymer blends with a symmetric diblock copolymer (f C = 0.5). Conversely, the Scott line of critical points, which delineates the boundary between single-phase disorder and macroscopic phase separation, remains virtually unchanged, coincident with the fraction of C homopolymer associated with the binary homopolymer blend critical composition. A central finding of this study is that the line of nearly congruent order-disorder transitions, where the LAM phase melts virtually directly into the disordered state, is decoupled in composition from that of the Scott line of critical points. A wide range of phase space between the compositions associated with the congruent transition and Scott line was identified as containing a microemulsion morphology. This study demonstrates that diblock copolymer compositional asymmetry significantly impacts the ordered phase regime but has a marginal effect on the region displaying macroscopic phase separation. It also provides useful guidance for tuning interfacial curvature, a crucial factor in the formation of bicontinuous microemulsions (BµEs).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Insights into Prismatic Loop Formation in Irradiated Fe–Cr Alloys from Hypothesis-Driven Active Learning and Causal Analysis

Neutron and electron irradiation experimental studies conducted on body-centered cubic Fe and Fe–Cr alloys have established two prismatic dislocation loop populations, which have Burgers vectors of either a/2$\langle$111$\rangle$ or a$\langle$100$\rangle$. Here, the loop formation depends on factors such as dose (D), dose rate (D rt ), temperature (T), chromium content (Cr%), and other alloying elements. Hence, it is important to understand how irradiation-induced dislocation loops evolve conditional upon the loop characteristics, such as loop density (DD), average loop size d̅, and irradiation parameters (D, D rt , T, and irradiation type), which is still an active area of research. To understand these complex structure–property relationships, machine learning (ML) is employed in a three-step approach. This includes imputing missing data with a k-nearest neighbor, generating functionalized features, and assessing feature importance with random forest classification and regression. Physics-based features are incorporated in a hypothesis-driven active learning scheme to overcome data unavailability challenges. Insights obtained from ML models (i) to categorize dislocation loop types, show the highest correlation with d̅; (ii) Log(DD), obtained through mathematical formulations involving D, Cr%, d̅, and T (e.g., Log(DD) ~ D + exp(-Cr%) + 1/d̅ and log(DD) ~ D + exp(-Cr%) + 1/T). Hypothesis-driven active learning is able to predict Log(DD) in which the experimental date is not known. Causal models verify cause–effect relationships for dislocation loop classification and irradiation factors in FeCr alloys.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Colloidal Clusters and Networks Formed by Oppositely Charged Nanoparticles with Varying Stiffnesses

Colloidal clusters and gels are ubiquitous in science and technology. Particle softness has a strong effect on interparticle interactions; however, our understanding of the role of this factor in the formation of colloidal clusters and gels is only beginning to evolve. Here, we report the results of experimental and simulation studies of the impact of particle softness on the assembly of clusters and networks from mixtures of oppositely charged polymer nanoparticles (NPs). Experiments were performed below or above the polymer glass transition temperature, at which the interaction potential and adhesive forces between the NPs were significantly varied. Hard NPs assembled in fractal clusters that subsequently organized in a kinetically arrested colloidal gel, while soft NPs formed dense precipitating aggregates, due to the NP deformation and the decreased interparticle distance. Importantly, interactions of hard and soft NPs led to the formation of discrete precipitating NP aggregates at a relatively low volume fraction of soft NPs. A phenomenological model was developed for interactions of oppositely charged NPs with varying softnesses. Furthermore, the experimental results were in agreement with molecular dynamics simulations based on the model. This work provides insight on interparticle interactions before, during, and after the formation of hard–hard, hard–soft, and soft–soft contacts and has impact for numerous applications of reversible colloidal gels, including their use as inks for additive manufacturing.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Molecular Insights into Geochemical Reactions of Iron-Bearing Minerals: Implications for Hydrogen Geo-Storage

Here, this study investigates the reaction of hydrogen (H 2 ) with pyrite (FeS 2 ), focusing on how temperature and the presence of water influence the reaction pathways and kinetics. Utilizing computational molecular simulations and kinetic analyses, we explore the impact of these factors on the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and related species. First, grand canonical Monte Carlo/molecular dynamics (GCMC/MD) simulations reveal that physical H 2 adsorption occurs in distinct layers on the pyrite surface. In addition, increased temperatures reduce the absolute adsorption capacities. Reactive MD simulations demonstrate that H 2 interacts differently with pyrite under varying conditions. At 298 K, H 2 reacts with pyrite to form HS – , leading to the formation of HS – through covalent bonding with sulfur of pyrite. However, no H 2 S is produced at this temperature, suggesting that a kinetic barrier (i.e., activation energy) may prevent this reaction. At higher temperatures, H 2 S production significantly increases. The presence of water introduces additional complexity to the reaction mechanism. Unlike dry conditions, water enhances H 2 S generation, even at low temperatures. Water also facilitates the formation of additional products, such as SOH, indicating a more intricate chemical environment on the pyrite surface. Our findings identify the association of HS – ions to form H 2 S as the rate-limiting step, with temperature influencing this process. This finding suggests that while the presence of water can create a more dynamic reaction environment, the overall mechanisms leading to H 2 S formation remain consistent. These outcomes suggest the need for developing targeted strategies to manage and control H 2 S emissions within the context of underground hydrogen storage.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Computationally Directed Discovery of MoBi 2

Incorporating bismuth, the heaviest element stable to radioactive decay, into new materials enables the creation of emergent properties such as permanent magnetism, superconductivity, and nontrivial topology. Understanding the factors that drive Bi reactivity is critical for the realization of these properties. Using pressure as a tunable synthetic vector, we can access unexplored regions of phase space to foster reactivity between elements that do not react under ambient conditions. Furthermore, combining computational and experimental methods for materials discovery at high-pressures provides broader insight into the thermodynamic landscape than can be achieved through experiment alone, informing our understanding of the dominant chemical factors governing structure formation. Herein, we report our combined computational and experimental exploration of the Mo–Bi system, for which no binary intermetallic structures were previously known. Using the ab initio random structure searching (AIRSS) approach, we identified multiple synthetic targets between 0–50 GPa. Highpressure in situ powder X-ray diffraction experiments performed in diamond anvil cells confirmed that Mo–Bi mixtures exhibit rich chemistry upon the application of pressure, including experimental realization of the computationally predicted CuAl 2 -type MoBi 2 structure at 35.8(5) GPa. Electronic structure and phonon dispersion calculations on MoBi 2 revealed a correlation between valence electron count and bonding in high-pressure transition metal–Bi structures as well as identified two dynamically stable ambient pressure polymorphs. Our study demonstrates the power of the combined computational–experimental approach in capturing highpressure reactivity for efficient materials discovery.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Geophysical Monitoring Shows that Spatial Heterogeneity in Thermohydrological Dynamics Reshapes a Transitional Permafrost System

Climate change is causing rapid changes of Arctic ecosystems. Yet, data needed to unravel complex subsurface processes are very rare. Using geophysical and in-situ sensing, this study closes an observational gap associated with thermohydrological dynamics in discontinuous permafrost systems. It highlights the impact of vegetation and snow thickness distribution on subsurface thermohydrological properties and processes. Large snow accumulation near tall shrubs insulates the ground and allows for rapid and downward heat flow. Thinner snowpack above graminoid results in surficial freezing and prevents water from infiltrating into the subsurface. Analyzing short term disturbances, we found that lateral flow could be a driving factor in talik formation. Inter-annual measurements show that deep permafrost temperatures increased by about 0.2°C over two years. The results, which suggest that snow-vegetation-subsurface processes are tightly coupled, will be useful for improving predictions of Arctic feedback to climate change, including how subsurface thermohydrology influences CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Kinetically controlled metal-elastomer nanophases for environmentally resilient stretchable electronics

Nanophase mixtures, leveraging the complementary strengths of each component, are vital for composites to overcome limitations posed by single elemental materials. Among these, metal-elastomer nanophases are particularly important, holding various practical applications for stretchable electronics. However, the methodology and understanding of nanophase mixing metals and elastomers are limited due to difficulties in blending caused by thermodynamic incompatibility. Here, we present a controlled method using kinetics to mix metal atoms with elastomeric chains on the nanoscale. We find that the chain migration flux and metal deposition rate are key factors, allowing the formation of reticular nanophases when kinetically in-phase. Moreover, we observe spontaneous structural evolution, resulting in gyrified structures akin to the human brain. The hybridized gyrified reticular nanophases exhibit strain-invariant metallic electrical conductivity up to 156% areal strain, unparalleled durability in organic solvents and aqueous environments with pH 2–13, and high mechanical robustness, a prerequisite for environmentally resilient devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

A protease-mediated switch regulates the growth of magnetosome organelles in Magnetospirillum magneticum

Magnetosomes are lipid-bound organelles that direct the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles in magnetotactic bacteria. Magnetosome membranes are not uniform in size and can grow in a biomineralization-dependent manner. However, the underlying mechanisms of magnetosome membrane growth regulation remain unclear. Using cryoelectron tomography, we systematically examined mutants with defects at various stages of magnetosome formation to identify factors involved in controlling membrane growth. We found that a conserved serine protease, MamE, plays a key role in magnetosome membrane growth regulation. When the protease activity of MamE is disrupted, magnetosome membrane growth is restricted, which, in turn, limits the size of the magnetite particles. Consistent with this finding, the upstream regulators of MamE protease activity, MamO and MamM, are also required for magnetosome membrane growth. We then used a combination of candidate and comparative proteomics approaches to identify Mms6 and MamD as two MamE substrates. Mms6 does not appear to participate in magnetosome membrane growth. However, in the absence of MamD, magnetosome membranes grow to a larger size than the wild type. Furthermore, when the cleavage of MamD by MamE protease is blocked, magnetosome membrane growth and biomineralization are severely inhibited, phenocopying the MamE protease-inactive mutant. We therefore propose that the growth of magnetosome membranes is controlled by a protease-mediated switch through processing of MamD. Overall, our work shows that, like many eukaryotic systems, bacteria control the growth and size of biominerals by manipulating the physical properties of intracellular organelles.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Understanding uncertainties in projections of western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis

Reliable projections of tropical cyclone (TC) activities in the western North Pacific (WNP) are crucial for climate policy-making in densely-populated coastal Asia. Existing projections, however, exhibit considerable uncertainties with unclear sources. Here, based on future projections by the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate models, we identify a new and prevailing source of uncertainty arising from different TC identification schemes. Notable differences in projections of detected TCs and empirical genesis potential indices are found to be caused by inconsistent changes in dynamic and thermodynamic environmental factors affecting TC formations. While model uncertainty holds the secondary importance, we show large potential in reducing it through improved model simulations of present-day TC characteristics. Internal variability noticeably impacts near-term projections of the WNP tropical cyclogenesis, while the relative contribution of scenario uncertainty remains small. Our findings provide valuable insights into model development and TC projections, thereby aiding in adaptation decisions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗