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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

IACMI–The Composites Institute Efforts in Current and Post–COVID-19 Manufacturing Era—Innovations and Sustainability

Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI)–The Composites Institute comprises 150 industry members making up the supply chain from material suppliers; Tiers 1, 2, and 3 original equipment manufacturer (OEM)s and fabricators; academia; and national laboratories. In this work, the institute is addressing the needs for medical systems support in response to the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) crisis and the recovery of the U.S. composites industry and connected manufacturing supply chains. The impact of the current and post-COVID response by IACMI and its partners extends across health care, automotive, transportation, construction, infrastructure, aerospace, sports, marine, and industrial sectors. Sustainability and circular economy of advanced materials and manufacturing play a key role in overall reduced embodied energy. This technical note provides a summary of IACMI efforts in response to COVID-19 and outlook for the post-COVID era with a focus on sustainable advanced materials and manufacturing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design of a PIP-II Era Mu2e Experiment

We present an alternative Mu2e-II production scheme for the Fermilab PIP-II era based on production schemes we devised for muon-collider and neutrino-factory front ends. Bright muon beams generated from sources designed for muon collider and neutrino factory facilities have been shown to generate two orders of magnitude more muons per proton than the current Mu2e production target and solenoid. In contrast to the current Mu2e, the muon collider design has forward-production of muons from the target. Forward production from 8 GeV protons would include high energy antiprotons, pions and muons, which would provide too much background for the Mu2e system. In contrast, the 800 MeV PIP-II beam does not have sufficient energy to produce antiprotons, and other secondaries will be at a low enough energy that they can be ranged out with an affordable shield of ~ 2 meters of concrete.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of a PIP-II Era Mu2e Experiment

We propose a design of an upgraded Mu2e experiment for the future Fermilab PIP-II era based on the muon collider front end. The consensus is that such an upgrade should provide a factor of 10 increase in the rate of stopping muons in the experimental target. The current Mu2e design is optimized for 8 kW of protons at 8 GeV. The PIP-II upgrade project is a 250-meter-long CW linac capable of accelerating a 2-mA proton beam to a kinetic energy of 800 MeV (total power 1.6 MW). This would significantly improve the Fermilab proton source to enable next-generation intensity frontier experiments. But using this 800 MeV beam poses challenges to the Mu2E experiment. Bright muon beams generated from sources designed for muon collider and neutrino factory facilities have been shown to generate two orders of magnitude more muons per proton than the current Mu2e production target and solenoid. In contrast to the current Mu2e, the muon collider design has forward-production of muons from the target.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nuclear Risk Reduction in an Era of Major Power Rivalry (Workshop Summary)

On February 19-20, the Center for Global Security Research (CGSR) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) hosted a workshop titled “Nuclear Risk Reduction in an Era of Major Power Rivalry.” This session brought together participants drawn across the policy, military, and technical communities. Among the participants, there were experts from allied countries in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region, as well as experts from Russia and China.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2021

First atomic weapons following WWII were detonated 75 years ago Operation Crossroads kicks off era of testing Los Alamos-created weapons [Slides]

It was time to test. After the Los Alamos-created atomic bombs helped end World War II, the no-longer-secret Lab transitioned into an era of weapons testing, starting 75 years ago with Operation Crossroads with the goal of studying nuclear weapons’ effects on warships. In August 1945, U.S. Senator Brien McMahon, who later authored the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, said: “In order to test the destructive powers of the atomic bomb against naval vessels, I would like to see these (Japanese naval) ships taken to sea and an atomic bomb dropped on them. The resulting explosion should prove to us just how effective the atomic bomb is when used against the giant naval ships.”

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2021

Computational Astrophysics in the Era of Technological Heterogeneity [Slides]

The HPC landscape is changing and we’re headed toward an era where compute specialization will be prevalent. There are opportunities for co-design that can influence this future. Technological heterogeneity will be a major challenge unless we shift our approach to developing the computational tools for astrophysics. Parthenon provides convenient functionality and a bright future for block structured AMR applications. Phoebus is a new (soon-to-be) open source code for relativistic astro that promises excellent performance, portability, and unique physics capabilities.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Proceedings of RIKEN BNL Research Center Workshop: Small-x Physics in the EIC Era [Slides]

Understanding the high energy limit of hadronic and nuclear collisions is at the forefront of nuclear and particle physics. When boosted to ultrahigh energies, all hadrons and nuclei eventually transform into a universal form of matter called the Color Glass Condensate (CGC). The CGC is characterized by the high density (saturation) of small-x gluons which leads to distinct experimental signatures. Tantalizing hints of the CGC have been observed at HERA, RHIC and the LHC, but the prospects for the discovery of the CGC are more promising at future experiments such as the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL Indeed, according to the National Science Academy report published in 2019, one of the three major goals of the EIC is to address the nature of the gluon saturation. (The other two are the mass and spin structure of the nucleons.) With this in mind, the small-x community is gearing up to meet the challenges of the EIC era. Over the past several years, there has been impressive progress in the next-to-leading order (NLO) calculations in the CGC framework of various observables such as single hadron production in proton-nucleus collisions, inclusive and exclusive dijet and trijet production in Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS), jet-plus-photon production in DIS, etc. We expect that NLO calculations will be the standard tool to confront future experimental data at the EIC. Another emerging trend of the community is the interplay between small-x physics and spin physics. The RHIC result for the gluon helicity ΔG has underscored the necessity to understand the longitudinal spin structure of the proton at small-x. There have been theoretical indications that a significant fraction of spin and orbital angular momentum is stored in the small-x region. As for the transversely polarized proton, a surprising new connection between the gluon Sivers function at small-x and the QCD Odderon has been pointed out and its implications at the EIC has been discussed. In view of these developments, we think it is timely to organize a dedicated workshop on small-x physics to summarize the present status of the field and to discuss future directions. A major focus of this workshop will be to identify outstanding problems that could significantly benefit from collaborative efforts amongst scientists working on formal, phenomenological, and computational aspects of small-x physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Physics-Based Real-time Analysis and Control to Achieve Transient-Free Operations for the ITER Era (Final Report)

This is the final report for the early career award for Prof. Egemen Kolemen that aimed to develop the physics and technical basis of real-time transient – i.e. disruptions and Edge Localized Modes (ELMs) – avoidance and feedback control at the DIII-D nuclear fusion facility for the ITER era. During this project, we reconstructed high quality real-time DIII-D equilibria using kinetic information from the motional Stark effect (MSE), Thomson Scattering (TS), and Charge Exchange Recombination (CER) spectroscopy. These equilibria were analyzed in real-time to determine the low-n ideal MHD stability and the pedestal stability thresholds, and to obtain plasma response models. These calculations were used to understand which physical process evolves to lead to the onset of disruption in ITER-relevant scenarios at DIII-D, and how disruption can be predicted using stability analysis as opposed to the current methods of correlation of various signals, which are descriptive but lack predictive power. In the disruption studies, we focused on tearing modes, since these constitute the vast majority of disruptions in this regime. With this knowledge, real-time disruption avoidance algorithms were developed and tested. The enhanced situation awareness and physics insight were used in advanced real-time feedback control of pedestal and core profiles, which allowed the pursuit and sustainment of transient-free high-confinement regimes that cannot be achieved via feed-forward design based on in-between shot analysis.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nuclear Weapons and the Atmospheric Test Era

The era of atmospheric testing defies a simple description. Beginning with the goal of proving fission, the United States’ test program grew in complexity as scientists explored thermonuclear reactions, met the military demand for a variety of weapons for an increasing number of delivery platforms, and reacted to the ever-growing public fear of fallout. And, of course, political considerations were always present, first in the prosecution of World War II and later in the Cold War. To understand the atmospheric test program, then, is to understand how science, politics, and the public shaped our society in ways that are still difficult to fully understand.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2024

Reimagining DOE Lab-University Partnership for the AI Era

This report describes observations and suggestions from a workshop on needs for partnerships between national laboratories and universities in the AI era. The workshop took place over two days in March of 2024 at Texas A&M University’s Bush School of Government and Public Service Washington, D.C., teaching site. Through good fortune this happened to be at the peak of cherry blossom season and the weather was beautiful. In attendance were professors and leadership from universities across the nation, members of four national laboratories, and a representative of the Office of Critical and Emerging Technologies in Department of Energy (DOE). This group spanned a broad range of disciplines—applied mathematics, materials science, nuclear security, intelligence, and more. The workshop also had the benefit of insights from Charlie McMillan, former director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, and retired Air Force Lieutenant General Jack Shanahan, who led AI efforts at the Pentagon.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

LHC Event Generation in the Exascale Era

MCFM is a dedicated Monte-Carlo simulation program for collider phenomenology at highest energies. Designed during the Tevatron era, it has successfully incorporated the latest developments needed for LHC precision calculations and remained on the forefront of collider phenomenology. The Fortran code includes interfaces to modern PDF and loop reduction libraries but has been unchanged structurally compared to the earlier versions. Parallel computing has been enabled using OpenMP and MPI. MCFM provides numerically highly stable one-loop amplitudes and superior phase-space efficiency, leading to excellent performance in NXLO calculations using jettiness or qT subtraction techniques for IR regularization.

Campbell, John [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

INL CRMO XRF Report 2025-06: Provenance Determinations for 246 Obsidian and Fine-grained Volcanic Artifacts from Folsom-era Sites in Eastern Idaho

This report presents provenance determinations for 246 obsidian and fine-grained volcanic artifacts from Folsom-era sites in eastern Idaho. Provenance determinations were made using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Cultural Resource Management Office (CRMO) under the direction of Dr. Kyle Freund.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Concept of a Quantum Edge Simulator: Edge Computing and Sensing in the Quantum Era

Sensors, enabling observations across vast spatial, spectral, and temporal scales, are major data generators for information technology (IT). Processing, storing, and communicating this ever-growing amount of data pose challenges for the current IT infrastructure. Edge computing—an emerging paradigm to overcome the shortcomings of cloud-based computing—could address these challenges. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum communications have the potential to fill the performance gaps left by their classical counterparts. Here, we present the concept of an edge quantum computing (EQC) simulator—a platform for designing the next generation of edge computing applications. An EQC simulator is envisioned to integrate elements from both quantum technologies and edge computing to allow studies of quantum edge applications. The presented concept is motivated by the increasing demand for more sensitive and precise sensors that can operate faster at lower power consumption, generating both larger and denser datasets. These demands may be fulfilled with edge quantum sensor networks. Envisioning the EQC era, we present our view on how such a scenario may be amenable to quantification and design. Given the cost and complexity of quantum systems, constructing physical prototypes to explore design and optimization spaces is not sustainable, necessitating EQC infrastructure and component simulators to aid in co-design. We discuss what such a simulator may entail and possible use cases that invoke quantum computing at the edge integrated with new sensor infrastructures.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

The Sonora Substellar Atmosphere Models. II. Cholla: A Grid of Cloud-free, Solar Metallicity Models in Chemical Disequilibrium for the JWST Era

Exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres commonly show signs of disequilibrium chemistry. In the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) era, high-resolution spectra of directly imaged exoplanets will allow the characterization of their atmospheres in more detail, and allow systematic tests for the presence of chemical species that deviate from thermochemical equilibrium in these atmospheres. Constraining the presence of disequilibrium chemistry in these atmospheres as a function of parameters such as their effective temperature and surface gravity will allow us to place better constraints on the physics governing these atmospheres. This paper is part of a series of works presenting the Sonora grid of atmosphere models. In this paper, we present a grid of cloud-free, solar metallicity atmospheres for brown dwarfs and wide-separation giant planets with key molecular species such as CH 4 , H 2 O, CO, and NH 3 in disequilibrium. Our grid covers atmospheres with T eff ∈ [500 K, 1300 K], log g ∈ [3.0, 5.5] (cgs) and an eddy diffusion parameter of logK zz = 2,4 and 7 (cgs). We study the effect of different parameters within the grid on the temperature and composition profiles of our atmospheres. We discuss their effect on the near-infrared colors of our model atmospheres and the detectability of CH 4 , H 2 O, CO, and NH 3 using the JWST. We compare our models against existing MKO and Spitzer observations of brown dwarfs and verify the importance of disequilibrium chemistry for T dwarf atmospheres. Finally, we discuss how our models can help constrain the vertical structure and chemical composition of these atmospheres.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

When Spectral Modeling Meets Convolutional Networks: A Method for Discovering Reionization-era Lensed Quasars in Multiband Imaging Data

Over the last two decades, around 300 quasars have been discovered at z ≳ 6, yet only one has been identified as being strongly gravitationally lensed. We explore a new approach—enlarging the permitted spectral parameter space, while introducing a new spatial geometry veto criterion—which is implemented via image-based deep learning. We first apply this approach to a systematic search for reionization-era lensed quasars, using data from the Dark Energy Survey, the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Hemisphere Survey, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Our search method consists of two main parts: (i) the preselection of the candidates, based on their spectral energy distributions (SEDs), using catalog-level photometry; and (ii) relative probability calculations of the candidates being a lens or some contaminant, utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) classification. The training data sets are constructed by painting deflected point-source lights over actual galaxy images, to generate realistic galaxy–quasar lens models, optimized to find systems with small image separations, i.e., Einstein radii of θ E ≤ 1''. Visual inspection is then performed for sources with CNN scores of P lens > 0.1, which leads us to obtain 36 newly selected lens candidates, which are awaiting spectroscopic confirmation. These findings show that automated SED modeling and deep learning pipelines, supported by modest human input, are a promising route for detecting strong lenses from large catalogs, which can overcome the veto limitations of primarily dropout-based SED selection approaches.

High-redshift galaxies↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modeling Dust Production, Growth, and Destruction in Reionization-era Galaxies with the CROC Simulations. II. Predicting the Dust Content of High-redshift Galaxies

Abstract We model the interstellar dust content of the reionization era with a suite of cosmological, fluid-dynamical simulations of galaxies with stellar masses ranging from ∼10 5 to 10 9 M ⊙ in the first 1.2 Gyr of the Universe. We use a post-processing method that accounts for dust creation and destruction processes, allowing us to systematically vary the parameters of these processes to test whether dust-dependent observable quantities of galaxies at these epochs could be useful for placing constraints on dust physics. We then forward model observable properties of these galaxies to compare to existing data. We find that we are unable to simultaneously match existing observational constraints with any one set of model parameters. Specifically, the models that predict the largest dust masses D / Z ≳ 0.1 at z = 5—because of high assumed production yields and/or efficient growth via accretion in the interstellar medium—are preferred by constraints on total dust mass and infrared (IR) luminosities, but these models produce far too much attenuation in the ultraviolet (UV), preventing them from matching observations of β UV . To investigate this discrepancy, we analyze the relative spatial distribution of stars and dust as probed by IR and UV emission, which appear to exhibit overly symmetric morphologies compared to existing data, likely due to the limitations of the stellar feedback model used in the simulations. Our results indicate that the observable properties of the dust distribution in high redshift galaxies are a particularly strong test of stellar feedback.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗