On the influence of creep on the state of thin sandwich shells
Mathematical model to determine creep effect on reinforced concrete and thin sandwich shells
CREEP BUCKLING↗
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Synthesis, Microstructure and Properties of Nickel Aluminide Foams
Two Ph.D. students were involved in the project: Mr. Christopher Schuh (part-time, graduated in Spring 2001) and Ms. Andrea Hodge (full-time, graduated Summer 2002). One post-doctoral fellow, Dr. Heeman Choe, worked full-time on the project from July to December 2002. A new process to aluminize and chromize nickel foams was created. A kinetic aluminization model was developed. Creep testing was conducted on the foams. A finite-element model and a simplified analytical model for foam creep were produced. Four articles were written: one is published, two are accepted for publication, and one is in preparation. Ms. Hodge spent four months at NASA Glenn Research Center (9-12/2001 and 2-3/2002) under the supervision of Dr. Nathal. She conducted research on NiAl foam fabrication, mechanical testing and numerical modeling. She gave a talk at the ASM annual conference in November 2001 and presented her results at NASA in December 2001.
Dunand, David C.↗
Plasticity, viscoplasticity, and creep of solids by mechanical subelement models
This paper discusses the modelling by mechanical subelements, the general plasticity, the viscoplasticity, and the creep behavior of solids under multiaxial loading conditions. The formulation of a time-independent elastic-plastic analysis is based on the viscoplasticity theory and the assumed stress finite element method. An example of an in-plane stress problem is included.
Pian, T. H. H.↗
Creep-rupture of polymer-matrix composites
An accelerated characterization method for resin matrix composites is reviewed. Methods for determining modulus and strength master curves are given. Creep rupture analytical models are discussed as applied to polymers and polymer matrix composites. Comparisons between creep rupture experiments and analytical models are presented. The time dependent creep rupture process in graphite epoxy laminates is examined as a function of temperature and stress level.
Brinson, H. F.↗
Creeping flow solution of Leidenfrost boiling with a moving surface.
Creeping flow model of Leidenfrost boiling with moving surface, discussing vaporization time for equivalent drop film boiling on stationary surface
Baumeister, K. J.↗
Creeping flow solution of Leidenfrost boiling with a moving surface.
Creeping flow model of Leidenfrost boiling with moving surface, discussing vaporization time for equivalent drop film boiling on stationary surface
Baumeister, K. J.↗
Effect of diffusional creep on particle morphology of polycrystalline alloys strengthened by second phase particles
Diffusional creep in a polycrystalline alloy containing second-phase particles can disrupt the particle morphology. For alloys which depend on the particle distribution for strength, changes in the particle morphology can affect the mechanical properties. Recent observations of diffusional creep in alloys containing soluble particles (gamma-prime strengthened Ni base alloys) and inert particles have been reexamined in light of the basic mechanisms of diffusional creep, and a generalized model of this effect is proposed. The model indicates that diffusional creep will generally result in particle-free regions in the vicinity of grain boundaries serving as net vacancy sources. The factors which control the changes in second-phase morphology have been identified, and methods of reducing the effects of diffusional creep are suggested.
Wittenberger, J. D.↗
Thermorheological effects on fatigue life of fiber composites
A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of creep strain and temperature on the fatigue life of the graphite epoxy laminate composite. It was concluded that sustained periods of static loading have significant retardation effects on the fatigue life of the laminated composite and that a cyclic loading with a higher frequency preceeding the one with a lower frequency also prolongs the fatigue life. A creep crack model was proposed which can provide interpretations for the experimental results.
Sun, C. T.↗
Elevated temperature compressive steady state deformation and failure in the oxide dispersion strengthened alloy MA 6000E
The compressive flow strength-strain rate behavior of the oxide-dispersion-strengthened alloy MA 6000E has been studied in the temperature range 1144-1366 K, with strain rates ranging from 2.1 x 10 to the -5th to 2.1 x 10 to the -7th per s. It is found that the inherent strength of the alloy is essentially the same in all test directions and that the low strength observed in tensile tests results from the inability of grain boundaries to support high tensile stresses. The failure of MA 6000E under high-temperature, slow plastic flow conditions is shown to be the result of concentrated slip. Slow plastic deformation in MA 6000E can be described by a threshold stress model of creep where threshold stresses are calculated from relatively fast testing procedures and the effective stress exponent for creep is assumed to be 3.5.
Whittenberger, J. D.↗
Grain boundary sliding behaviour of copper and alpha brass at intermediate temperatures
The role of grain boundary sliding in copper and Cu-30 pct Zn in the temperature range 0.50-0.72 Tm, where Tm is the absolute melting point of the material, is examined. First, sliding data obtained on these materials are presented. The results indicate that the stress exponent for sliding is similar to that for lattice deformation, while the activation energy for sliding varies between 0.5 and 1.6 of the activation energy for creep. Several models proposed for grain boundary sliding are discussed, and it is shown that they do not account for the observed results on copper and alpha brass. A phenomenological model is proposed, where it is assumed that grain boundary sliding results from the glide of dislocations on secondary slip planes.
Raj, S. V.↗
1200 and 1300 K slow plastic compression properties of Ni-50Al composites
XD synthesis, powder blending, and hot pressing techniques have been utilized to produce NiAl composites containing 4, 7.5, 15, and 25 vol pct alumina whiskers and hybrid composite materials with 15 vol pct Al2O3 + 10 or 20 vol pct, nominally 1 micron TiB2 particles. The resistance to slow plastic flow was determined at 1200 and 1300 K via compression testing in air under constant velocity conditions. The stress-strain behavior of the intermetallic composites depended on the fraction of second phases where the 4 and 7.5 percent Al2O3 materials flowed at a nominally constant stress after about 2 percent deformation, while all the other composites exhibited diffuse yielding followed by strain softening. The flow stress-strain rate properties increased with volume fraction of Al2O3 whiskers except for the 4 and 7.5 percent materials, which had similar strengths. The hybrid composite NiAl + 15Al2O3 + 10TiB2 was substantially stronger than the materials simply containing alumina. Deformation in these composites can be described by the Kelly and Street model of creep in perfectly bonded, rigid, discontinuous fiber materials.
Whittenberger, J. D.↗
The Micromechanics of the Moving Contact Line
A transient moving contact line is investigated experimentally. The dynamic interface shape between 20 and 800 microns from the contact line is compared with theory. A novel experiment is devised, in which the contact line is set into motion by electrically altering the solid-liquid surface tension gamma(sub SL). The contact line motion simulates that of spontaneous wetting along a vertical plate with a maximum capillary number Ca approx. = 4 x 10(exp -2). The images of the dynamic meniscus are analyzed as a funtion of Ca. For comparison, the steady-state hydrodynamic equation based on the creeping flow model in a wedge geometry and the three-region uniform perturbation expansion of Cox (1986) is adopted. The interface shape is well depicted by the uniform solutions for Ca <= 10(exp -3). However, for Ca > 10(exp -3), the uniform solution over-predicts the viscous bending. This over-prediction can be accounted for by modifying the slip coefficient within the intermediate solution. With this correction, the measured interface shape is seen to match the theoretical prediction for all capillary numbers. The amount of slip needed to fit the measurements does not scale with the capillary number.
Lichter, Seth↗
Potential for Time Compression in Creep-Fatigue Property Evaluation
This paper presents several engineering techniques for shorter time to characterize creep fatigue resistance. The topics include: 1) Classification of 100 Existing Creep-Fatigue Models; 2) Strainrange Partitioning (SRP) Approach; 3) Inelastic Strainrange SRP-Life Extrapolation Approaches; and 4) Total Strain Version of SRP. This paper is presented in viewgraph form.
Halford, Gary R.↗
Improving Turbine Performance with Ceramic Matrix Composites
Under the new NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program, efforts are on-going within the Supersonics Project aimed at the implementation of advanced SiC/SiC ceramic composites into hot section components of future gas turbine engines. Due to recent NASA advancements in SiC-based fibers and matrices, these composites are lighter and capable of much higher service temperatures than current metallic superalloys, which in turn will allow the engines to operate at higher efficiencies and reduced emissions. This presentation briefly reviews studies within Task 6.3.3 that are primarily aimed at developing physics-based concepts, tools, and process/property models for micro- and macro-structural design, fabrication, and lifing of SiC/SiC turbine components in general and airfoils in particular. Particular emphasis is currently being placed on understanding and modeling (1) creep effects on residual stress development within the component, (2) fiber architecture effects on key composite properties such as design strength, and (3) preform formation processes so that the optimum architectures can be implemented into complex-shaped components, such as turbine vanes and blades.
DiCarlo, James A.↗
Features controlling the early stages of creep deformation of Waspaloy
A model has been presented for describing primary and second stage creep. General equations were derived for the amount and time of primary creep. It was shown how the model can be used to extrapolate creep data. Applicability of the model was demonstrated for Waspaloy with gamma prime particle sizes from 75 - 1000 A creep tested in the temperature range 1000 - 1400 F (538 - 760 C). Equations were developed showing the dependence of creep parameters on dislocation mechanism, gamma prime volume fraction and size.
Ferrari, A.↗
Cumulative creep-fatigue damage evolution in an austenitic stainless steel
A model of cumulative creep-fatigue damage has been developed which is based on the use of damage curve equations to describe the evolution of creep-fatigue damage for four basic creep-fatigue cycle types. These cycle types correspond to the four fundamental cycles of the Strain Range Partitioning Life Prediction approach of Manson, Halford, and Hirschberg. A concept referred to as Damage Coupling is introduced to analytically account for the differences in the nature of the damage introduced by each cycle type. For application of this model, the cumulative creep-fatigue damage behavior of type 316 stainless steel at 816 C has been experimentally established for the two-level loading cases involving fatigue and creep-fatigue, in various permutations. The tests were conducted such that the lower life (high strain) cycling was applied first, for a controlled number of cycles, and the higher life (lower strain) cycling was conducted at the second level, to failure. The proposed model correlated the majority of the observed cumulative creep-fatigue data.
Mcgaw, Michael A.↗
Effects of state recovery on creep buckling under variable loading
Structural alloys embody internal mechanisms that allow recovery of state with varying stress and elevated temperature, i.e., they can return to a softer state following periods of hardening. Such material behavior is known to strongly influence structural response under some important thermomechanical loadings, for example, that involving thermal ratchetting. The influence of dynamic and thermal recovery on the creep buckling of a column under variable loading is investigated. The column is taken as the idealized (Shanley) sandwich column. The constitutive model, unlike the commonly employed Norton creep model, incorporates a representation of both dynamic and thermal (state) recovery. The material parameters of the constitutive model are chosen to characterize Narloy Z, a representative copper alloy used in thrust nozzle liners of reusable rocket engines. Variable loading histories include rapid cyclic unloading/reloading sequences and intermittent reductions of load for extended periods of time; these are superimposed on a constant load. The calculated results show that state recovery significantly affects creep buckling under variable loading. Structural alloys embody internal mechanisms that allow recovery of state with varying stress and time.
Robinson, D. N.↗
Effects of state recovery on creep buckling under variable loading
Structural alloys embody internal mechanisms that allow recovery of state with varying stress and elevated temperature, i.e., they can return to a softer state following periods of hardening. Such material behavior is known to strongly influence structural response under some important thermomechanical loadings, for example, that involving thermal ratchetting. The influence of dynamic and thermal recovery on the creep buckling of a column under variable loading is investigated. The column is taken as the idealized (Shanley) sandwich column. The constitutive model, unlike the commonly employed Norton creep model, incorporates a representation of both dynamic and thermal (state) recovery. The material parameters of the constitutive model are chosen to characterize Narloy Z, a representative copper alloy used in thrust nozzle liners of reusable rocket engines. Variable loading histories include rapid cyclic unloading/reloading sequences and intermittent reductions of load for extended periods of time; these are superimposed on a constant load. The calculated results show that state recovery significantly affects creep buckling under variable loading.
Robinson, D. N.↗