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NASA NTRS1987

Enhancing compressor distortion tolerance by asymmetric stator control

This paper describes a preliminary study of a method for increasing compressor tolerance in circumferential distortion through asymmetric vane stagger control. The changes in vane stagger about the circumference are used to increase compressor pressure rise and flow capability over part of the annulus and decrease these over the rest. The average pressure rise and flow thus remain roughly constant but the velocity distortion is reduced (and can even be made zero). Calculations are carried out to show the magnitude of the vane motions that must be used, and it is found that significant increases in distoriton attenuation can be achieved with realistic vane swings. In addition, the asymmetric vane stagger scheme leads to a substantial decrease in stall pressure rise loss due to inlet total pressure distortion. This type of control strategy appears worthy of further investigation, both theoretical and experimental.

Chen, G. T.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Calculation of symmetric and asymmetric vortex seperation on cones and tangent ogives based on discrete vortex models

An inviscid discrete vortex model, with newly derived expressions for the tangential velocity imposed at the separation points, is used to investigate the symmetric and asymmetric vortex separation on cones and tangent ogives. The circumferential locations of separation are taken from experimental data. Based on a slender body theory, the resulting simultaneous nonlinear algebraic equations in a cross-flow plane are solved with Broyden's modified Newton-Raphson method. Total force coefficients are obtained through momentum principle with new expressions for nonconical flow. It is shown through the method of function deflation that multiple solutions exist at large enough angles of attack, even with symmetric separation points. These additional solutions are asymmetric in vortex separation and produce side force coefficients which agree well with data for cones and tangent ogives.

Chin, S.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Effects of surface perturbations on the asymmetric vortex flow over a slender body

An experimental investigation of the effects of surface perturbations on the asymmetric flow past a slender body has been conducted for laminar flow conditions. Beads with diameters ranging from 3/32 to 12/32 in. were attached near the apex of a cone/cylinder model having a base diameter of 3.5 in. and a cone semiapex angle of 9 deg at an angle of attack of 40 deg in an attempt to alter the sense of the asymmetric vortex flow pattern. Circumferential position as well as longitudinal location were varied to determine the most effective bead position. Whether or not the beads were effective in controlling the magnitude and direction of the vortex asymmetries was determined by 3 circumferential rows of pressure taps and by a helium-bubble flow visualization technique. The most effective circumferential position was found to be approximately 140 deg from the windward ray. While holding this circumferential position constant, the effect of bead size at three stations further along the body was also investigated. It was found that the size of the bead necessary to reverse the asymmetry increased more rapidly than the growth in cylinder radius. In general, these results indicate that discrete geometric imperfections on a body's surface can force asymmetry in a given direction if they are sufficiently large relative to the local radius.

Moskovitz, Cary A.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Infrared supernova light curves and asymmetric stellar mass loss

Infrared dust emission echos from Type II supernovae are a natural consequence of the heating of circumstellar dust by the supernova light. Red supergiants, the likely progenitors of most Type II supernovae, are known in some cases to have asymmetric circumstellar envelopes. It is noted that an asymmetric dust distribution can have a substantial effect on the evolution of an infrared echo and results are presented for an ellipsoidal dust distribution. The angle between the symmetry axis and the line of sight is unknown in any particular case so that detailed observations of a number of supernovae will be necessary to test for asymmetries. Asymmetries may also be observable in the radio structure of supernovae and in a possible scattered-light echo.

Emmering, Robert T.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Effects of symmetric and asymmetric modes on transonic aeroelastic characteristics of full-span wing-body configurations

To accurately study the transonic aeroelastic characteristics, it is important to model the full aircraft configuration, including asymmetry. Recently, an accurate method of computing unsteady transonic flows on full-span wing-body configurations was developed using the transonic potential flow theory. In this work, the method is further developed to account for the aeroelasticity of full-span wing-body configurations. This is accomplished by simultaneously integrating the unsteady aerodynamic forces and modal structural equations of the wing-body configurations. To validate the method, aeroelastic computations are made for a wing-body configuration with a rectangular wing. The aeroelastic responses of this configuration are correlated with the responses of a similar isolated wing. The comparisons are favorable. Aeroelastic computations associated with symmetric and asymmetric modes are also made to study the influence of modal asymmetry on responses. This new development is further illustrated by computing aeroelastic characteristics of a typical fighter aircraft. The results from this study will be useful in accurately computing the transonic flutter boundaries of aircraft, including those associated with asymmetric modes.

Guruswamy, Guru P.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Speech responses and dual-task performance - Better time-sharing or asymmetric transfer?

The value of speech controls in a dual-task experiment that also evaluated asymmetric transfer effects is considered. There was no evidence of asymmetric transfer in spite of significant effects supporting the advantage of mixing manual and speech responses. The data suggest that speech controls can be used to enhance performance in operational multiple-task environments.

Vidulich, Michael A.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Early shaping of asymmetrical planetary nebulae

It is suggested that the shape of a young asymmetrical planetary nebulae may be influenced by a close binary-star located at its center. This binary is a relic of the common envelope phase, presumably through which the asymmetrical planetary nebula evolved. It is assumed that, for a short period of time, shortly after the cessation of the slow wind and long before the fast wind becomes effective, the binary ejects a small amount of mass, mainly in the equatorial plane. By using two-dimensional hydrodynamics it is found that, at late times, the high-density region has a 'horsehoe' shape, as viewed in the symmetry plane. There is an instability in the maximum density region, which shows up as a high-density knot. The exact scale of the knot is determined by the numerics. The applications of the results to observations are discussed.

Soker, Noam↗

NASA NTRS1989

An asymmetric outgassing model for cometary nongravitational accelerations

The standard nongravitation force model has been modified by allowing the water-vaproization curve to peak a certain number of days (DT) either before or after perihelion, and the modification is shown to often improve the data fit. The best fit to the astrometric data is generally achieved for a value of DT corresponding to the offset in the comet's visual light curve. The asymmetric model, which more accurately mimics the comet's outgassing history, suggests only weakly that the rotation direction of Comet Halley is direct, and it does not provide evidence that the rotation axis of Comet Kopff passed through its orbit plane in the early twentieth century. Approximate lag angles of 4 deg for Comet Halley and 10 deg for Comet d'Arrest are found using the asymmetric model, and it is noted that these values are lower than those obtained with the standard model.

Yeomans, D. K.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Analytical study of the origin and behavior of asymmetric vortices

An hypothesis advanced originally to explain computational observations is supported by theoretical considerations: The asymmetric mean flow observed on bodies of revolution at moderate to high angles of attack is the result of a convective instability of an originally symmetric flow to a time-invariant space-fixed disturbance. Additionally, the time-dependent fluctuations characteristic of the flow at higher angles of attack (up to 90 deg) are the result of an absolute instability of an originally steady flow to a small temporal disturbance of finite duration. Within a common domain, the instability mechanisms may coexist. The experimentally confirmed existence of bistable states, wherein the side-force variation with nose roll angle approaches a square-wave distribution, is attributed to the dominant influence of a pair of trailing vortices from the ogival forebody. Their existence is made possible by the appearance of foci of separation in the skin-friction line pattern beyond a critical angle of attack. The extreme sensitivity of the asymmetric flow orientation to nose geometry, demonstrated experimentally, is attributed to the presence of an indeterminate phase in the family of possible solutions for the three-dimensional wave system.

Tobak, Murray↗

NASA NTRS1989

Calculation of asymmetric vortex separation on cones and tangent ogives based on a discrete vortex model

The boundary value problem for vortex separation at zero sideslip on cones and tangent ogives is set up by means of a discrete vortex model. The nonlinear algebraic equations for the boundary value problem admit multiple, physically feasible solutions, including the symmetric and asymmetric vortex solutions. Multiple solutions are proposed as an alternative explanation of the existence of asymmetric vortex separation at zero sideslip.

Chin, Suei↗

NASA NTRS1990

Asymmetric supersonic flow around cones with noncircular sections

The unsteady, compressible, single and double thin-layer, Navier-Stokes equations are used to solve for steady and unsteady, asymmetric, supersonic flow around pointed bodies with noncircular sections at high incidence and zero side slip. The equations are solved by using an implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting finite-volume scheme. Since the flow is locally conical, the solutions are presented on a cross-flow plane at the axial station of unit. The grid is generated by using a modified Joukowski transformation. The computational applications cover noncircular sections with elliptic and diamond shapes. Unsteady asymmetric vortex shedding has been captured at large angles of attack. It is shown that for the same flow conditions and same cross-section fineness ratio, the diamond-section cones develop less flow asymmetry than the elliptic-section cones. Passive control of flow asymmetry was also demonstrated computationally.

Kandil, Osama A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Analysis and control of asymmetric vortex flows and supersonic vortex breakdown

Topics relative to the analysis and control of asymmetric vortex flow and supersonic vortex breakdown are discussed. Specific topics include the computation of compressible, quasi-axisymmetric slender vortex flow and breakdown; supersonic quasi-axisymmetric vortex breakdown; and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes asymmetric solutions for cones and cone-cylinder configurations.

Kandil, Osama A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Thin-layer and full Navier-Stokes, locally-conical and three-dimensional asymmetric solutions

The unsteady, compressible thin-layer and full Navier-Stokes equations are used to numerically simulate steady and unsteady asymmetric, supersonic, locally-conical flows around a 5-deg-semiapex angle circular cone. The main computational scheme used for the present computations is the implicit, upwind, flux-difference splitting, finite-volume scheme. Comparisons of the solutions using the two sets of equations are presented for the flow asymmetry and its control. Computational studies are also presented to investigate the effects of the freestream Reynolds number and the locally-scaled Reynolds number on the flow asymmetry. These studies are carried out using the full Navier-Stokes equations. Three-dimensional, asymmetric flow solutions are also presented for a 5-deg-semiapex angle cone of unit length and a cone-cylinder configuration. The three-dimensional solutions are obtained by using the thin-layer equations and short-duration transient side-slip disturbances along with a very fine grid.

Kandil, O. A.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Asymmetric turbulent vortical flows over slender bodies

Time-accurate numerical solutions have been obtained of equations modeling turbulent subsonic flows over a slender ogive-cylinder body of revolution in the high-angle-of-attack regime where a large asymmetry in the mean flow has been observed experimentally. A modified algebraic eddy-viscosity turbulence model was utilized to correctly compute the effects of the asymmetric vortices on the underlying viscous layers. In order to reproduce any one of the experimentally observed asymmetric flow-fields, it was found necessary to add a small geometrical disturbance near the body apex. By determining an appropriate size of the disturbance, it was possible to obtain excellent agreement between numerical results and experimental data for angles of attack of 30 and 40 deg, Reynolds numbers of 3.0 x 10 to the 6th and = 4.0 x 10 to the 6th, and several roll angles. When the disturbance was removed, the flow field returned to its original symmetric shape. These results are similar in behavior to solutions obtained previously for laminar flows. Just as in the laminar case, results suggest that the origin of the asymmetry is a convective-type instability of an originally symmetric flow.

Degani, David↗

NASA NTRS1990

Modelling crystal growth: Convection in an asymmetrically heated ampoule

The objective was to develop and implement a numerical method capable of solving the nonlinear partial differential equations governing heat, mass, and momentum transfer in a 3-D cylindrical geometry in order to examine the character of convection in an asymmetrically heated cylindrical ampoule. The details of the numerical method, including verification tests involving comparison with results obtained from other methods, are presented. The results of the study of 3-D convection in an asymmetrically heated cylinder are described.

Alexander, J. Iwan D.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Biophysical information in asymmetric and symmetric diurnal bidirectional canopy reflectance

The authors present a theory for partitioning the information content in diurnal bidirectional reflectance measurements in order to detect differences potentially related to biophysical variables. The theory, which divides the canopy reflectance into asymmetric and symmetric functions of solar azimuth angle, attributes asymmetric variation to diurnal changes in the canopy biphysical properties. The symmetric function is attributed to the effects of sunlight interacting with a hypothetical average canopy which would display the average diurnal properties of the actual canopy. The authors analyzed radiometer data collected diurnally in the Thematic Mapper wavelength bands from two walnut canopies that received differing irrigation treatments. The reflectance of the canopies varied with sun and view angles and across seven bands in the visible, near-infrared, and middle infrared wavelength regions. Although one of the canopies was permanently water stressed and the other was stressed in mid-afternoon each day, no water stress signature was unambiguously evident in the reflectance data.

Vanderbilt, Vern C.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Influence of an asymmetric ring on the modeling of an orthogonally stiffened cylindrical shell

Structural models are examined for the influence of a ring with an asymmetrical cross section on the linear elastic response of an orthogonally stiffened cylindrical shell subjected to internal pressure. The first structural model employs classical theory for the shell and stiffeners. The second model employs transverse shear deformation theories for the shell and stringer and classical theory for the ring. Closed-end pressure vessel effects are included. Interacting line load intensities are computed in the stiffener-to-skin joints for an example problem having the dimensions of the fuselage of a large transport aircraft. Classical structural theory is found to exaggerate the asymmetric response compared to the transverse shear deformation theory.

Rastogi, Naveen↗

NASA NTRS1994

Axis switching and spreading of an asymmetric jet: Role of vorticity dynamics

The effects of vortex generators and periodic excitation on vorticity dynamics and the phenomenon of axis switching in a free asymmetric jet are studied experimentally. Most of the data reported are for a 3:1 rectangular jet at a Reynolds number of 450,000 and a Mach number of 0.31. The vortex generators are in the form of 'delta tabs', triangular shaped protrusions into the flow, placed at the nozzle exit. With suitable placement of the tabs, axis switching could be either stopped or augmented. Two mechanisms are identified governing the phenomenon. One, as described by previous researchers and referred to here as the omega(sub theta)-induced dynamics, is due to difference in induced velocities for different segments of a rolled up azimuthal vortical structure. The other, omega(sub x)-induced dynamics, is due to the induced velocities of streamwise vortex pairs in the flow. Both dynamics can be active in a natural asymmetric jet; the tendency for axis switching caused by the omega(sub theta)-induced dynamics may be, depending on the streamwise vorticity distribution, either resisted or enhanced by the omega(sub x)-induced dynamics. While this simple framework qualitatively explains the various observations made on axis switching, mechanisms actually in play may be much more complex. The two dynamics are not independent as the flow field is replete with both azimuthal and streamwise vortical structures which continually interact. Phase averaged flow field data for a periodically forced case, over a volume of the flow field, are presented and discussed in an effort to gain insight into the dynamics of these vortical structures.

Zaman, K. B. M. Q.↗