Alteration of the Cesium-137 soil profile by wild boar rooting after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident
Large amounts of Cesium-137 ( 137 Cs, physical half-life ca. 30 years) were released into the environment from the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in Japan. Initially contaminants from the accident were deposited on the surface soil layers in terrestrial ecosystems, but over time vertical migration of 137 Cs has occurred, with most 137 Cs now distributed a few centimeters below the soil surface. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) rooting likely alters the distribution of contaminants in soil profiles. Such impacts may be particularly pronounced in areas contaminated from the FDNPP accident, given the increase in abundance of wild boar in these areas. Our objective was to determine whether rooting by wild boar alters the distribution of 137 Cs contamination within soil profiles through collection of soil cores from control sites and two different types of rooting samples, “new depressions” and “old depressions” within the difficult-to-return zone surrounding the FDNPP. The 137 Cs ratio [activity concentration of 137 Cs at each depth / the maximum activity concentration of 137 Cs in each core sample] rapidly decreased after reaching a peak at the control sites. However, the 137 Cs ratio at all rooted sites decreased more slowly, and 137 Cs was distributed deeper into the soil layers than control sites, across both new and old rooting sites. Moreover, the 137 Cs soil profiles varied greatly among core samples and sampling sites. Furthermore, these results demonstrate that soil disturbance from wild boar rooting can directly influence the distribution of contaminants within soil profiles. However, the extent to which deeper layers are affected by contamination depends on the unique characteristics (i.e., depth of rooting) of each wild boar rooting disturbance. Further studies are needed to examine the effects of long-term rooting on the alteration of 137 Cs in soil profiles.