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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Microstructural Changes Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction during Standard Mortar Test

The microstructural development of mortar bars with silica glass aggregate undergoing alkali-silica reaction (ASR) under the conditions of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test C1260 was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and qualitative X-ray microanalysis. Cracking in the aggregate, the hydrated paste, and the paste-aggregate interface was important in the development of the microstructure. Cracks were characterized according to their location, their relationship to other cracks, and whether they are filled with ASR gel. Expansion of the bars was approximately 1% at 12 days and 2% at 53 days. They fell apart by 63 days. The bars contained two zones, an inner region that was undergoing ASR and an outer and much more highly damaged zone that extended further inward over time. Evidence of ASR was present even during the period when specimens were immersed in water, prior to immersion in NaOH solution.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

A novel method to determine air leakage in heat pump clothes dryers

A heat pump clothes dryer offers the potential to save a significant amount of energy as compared with conventional vented electric dryers. Although heat pump clothes dryers (HPCD) offer higher energy efficiency; it has been observed that they are prone to air leakages, which inhibits the HPCD's gain in efficiency. This study serves to develop a novel method of quantifying leakage, and to determine specific leakage locations in the dryer drum and air circulation system. The basis of this method is the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E779 10, which is used to determine air leakage area in a household ventilation system through fan pressurization. This ASTM method is adapted to the dryer system, and the leakage area is determined by an analysis of the leakage volumetric flow - pressure relationship. Easily accessible leakage points were quantified: the front and back crease (in the dryer drum), the leakage in the dryer duct, the air filter, and the remaining leakage in the drum. The procedure allows investigators to determine major components contributing to leakage in HPCDs, thus improving component design features that result in more efficient HPCD systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Performance of Windows in Walls With Continuous Insulation

Window openings in walls are a significant contributor to poor thermal performance because of thermal bridging through the framing members (e.g., studs, joists, plates, bracing) and because windows lack the thermal properties of insulation. Window installation guidance for walls with continuous insulation (CI) is critical for continued market growth of this energy efficiency technology. This research project offers window manufacturers a starting point and a potential path toward developing installation instructions for windows over CI. The objectives of the research include evaluating the common method for installing windows in walls with CI, as well as establishing acceptance criteria for evaluating the performance of windows installed in walls with and without CI. The research measures: 1. The performance characteristics (e.g., water management, structural integrity) of windows in walls without CI. 2. The performance of different thicknesses and types of CI used in walls. 3. The performance of different types of window assemblies (e.g., double-hung windows, mulled double-hung windows, mulled casement windows, and slider windows) installed over CI. 4. The performance of window flange types (e.g., rigid mounting and less robust flanges) installed over CI. 5. Installing windows over CI using baseline installation instructions versus window manufacturer installation instructions. The project’s sequential testing protocol consists of the following: • A water penetration resistance testing adapted from two ASTM standards: E331 (uniform static air pressure in four steps) and E547 (cyclic static air pressure) • A temperature cycling adapted from ASTM E2264 Method B (convective hot air) • A service condition wind loading test adapted from ASTM E330 • A six-month vertical displacement observation phase prior to the structural performance testing • A final water penetration resistance test after vertical displacement observation • A structural performance test adapted from ASTM E330. Key research findings include: • The criterion for passing a water penetration resistance test is that there is no water overflowing at the interior face of the studs. If there is any bubbling or slight pooling of water at the sill, then it must recede after the pressure is removed. Excessive leakage and/or water leaking to the interior face of the framing around the window constitutes a failure. • All single double-hung windows installed directly to lumber or over oriented strand board passed all test protocols. • For most wall specimens, the test results showed that the use of foam sheathing did not affect the performance of the window for water leakage. • All wall specimens underwent temperature cycling. The results indicated that temperature cycling had little to no effect on windows installed over foam sheathing. • For wall specimens that underwent six-month vertical displacement monitoring, the results showed that windows installed over foam sheathing do not sag over time. • The single-hung and double-hung windows installed using window manufacturer installation instructions passed the structural performance test, compared to failures observed in windows that were installed using generic installation instructions. The generic and manufacturer installation methods differed on the following construction details: type of fasteners, fastening patterns on the flanges, and window shimming details. • Additional testing is required to determine methods to improve structural pressure performance of slider windows. Potential solutions that would require additional testing may include fastener spacing, different types of fasteners, masonry window clips, construction adhesive, foam sealant, stronger window flange material, and/or straps.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS1990

The Iosipescu shear test method as used for testing polymers and composite materials

This paper describes a shear test method for polymers and composite materials, based on the Iosipescu (1967) shear test which was originally developed for use with homogeneous isotropic metals. Special attention is given to the loading fixture for the test, the standard specimen design and shear stress measurements. The range of the test applications is indicated. The method is in the final stages of being accepted as an ASTM standard.

Adams, Donald F.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Use of petroleum-based correlations and estimation methods for synthetic fuels

Correlations of hydrogen content with aromatics content, heat of combustion, and smoke point are derived for some synthetic fuels prepared from oil and coal syncrudes. Comparing the results of the aromatics content with correlations derived for petroleum fuels shows that the shale-derived fuels fit the petroleum-based correlations, but the coal-derived fuels do not. The correlations derived for heat of combustion and smoke point are comparable to some found for petroleum-based correlations. Calculated values of hydrogen content and of heat of combustion are obtained for the synthetic fuels by use of ASTM estimation methods. Comparisons of the measured and calculated values show biases in the equations that exceed the critical statistics values. Comparison of the measured hydrogen content by the standard ASTM combustion method with that by a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method shows a decided bias. The comparison of the calculated and measured NMR hydrogen contents shows a difference similar to that found with petroleum fuels.

Antoine, A. C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

A709 Procurement and ASTM Specification Status

This is a presentation regarding A709 Procurement and ASTM Specification Status for the Joint ART Materials/AMMT Program Review meeting. The A709 team consists of Argonne National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Subject matter expert John Grubb and Richard Wright. Discussion topics will discuss incorporation of 709 into ASTM Standard A 240 for plate material in the solution annealed condition with a precipitation treatment as a supplemental requirement is underway, Incorporation of Alloy 709 into ASME, Section II, Specification SA 240 will be made upon the completion of the ASTM task, The required commercial scale heats of Alloy 709 for property characterization to provide the technical basis for Code qualification have been procured, and Laboratory testing of properties from these three heats is underway as will be discussed separately at this review meeting.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Evaluation of SAGE Electrochromic Devices: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-15-579

NREL will conduct durability testing of Sage Electrochromics dynamic windows products using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods and drive parameters as defined by Sage. Window units will be tested and standard analysis performed. Data will be summarized and reported back to Sage at the end of the testing period.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2018

Combustion Characteristics of PRF and TSF Ethanol Blends with RON 98 in an Instrumented CFR Engine

The CFR F1 engine is the standard testing apparatus used for rating the research octane number (RON) of gasoline fuels. Unlike the motor octane number (MON) method, where the intake port temperature after the carburetor is controlled by an electric heater, the mixture temperature can vary during the RON test due to the heat of vaporization (HoV) of the fuel. Ethanol is receiving increasing attention as a high octane and high HoV fuel component. This work presents an analysis of the combustion characteristics during the RON rating of ethanol fuel blends according to the standard ASTM D2699 method, highlighting the effects of ethanol concentration and base fuel composition. All fuels were blended to a constant RON of 98. Ethanol levels varied from 0 to 50 vol% and the base fuels were surrogate blends composed of primary reference fuels (PRF), toluene standardization fuels (TSF), and a four component gasoline surrogate. These were compared against two full boiling range gasolines, also having a RON of 98. Through the use of detailed cylinder pressure analyses, this paper provides insights into the combustion behavior of various RON 98 fuels which are commonly not captured by the standard RON knock rating method. Ethanol was found to significantly reduce the pressure transducer based knock intensity of PRF fuel blends up to a level of 30 vol%, despite all fuels having the same RON. Meanwhile, the knock intensity of the equivalent TSF fuel blends was found to be relatively insensitive to ethanol concentration. For ethanol concentrations beyond 30 vol%, the pressure transducer based knock intensity behavior did not appear to be affected by the base fuel composition.

CFR↗
DOE OSTI2013

CHARACTERIZATION OF GLOVEBOX GLOVES FOR THE SAVANNAH RIVER SITE

A task was undertaken to characterize glovebox gloves that are currently used in the facilities at Savannah River Site (SRS) as well as some experimental and advanced compound gloves that have been proposed for use. Gloves from four manufacturers were tested for permeation in hydrogen and air, thermal stability, tensile properties, puncture resistance and dynamic mechanical response. The gloves were compared to each other within the type and also to the butyl rubber glove that is widely used at the SRS. The permeation testing demonstrated that the butyl compounds from three of the vendors behaved similarly and exhibited hydrogen permeabilities of .52‐.84 x10{sup ‐7} cc H{sub 2}*cm / (cm{sup 2}*atm). The Viton glove performed at the lower edge of this bound, while the more advanced composite gloves exhibited permeabilities greater than a factor of two compared to butyl. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the amount of material lost under slightly aggressive conditions. Glove losses are important since they can affect the life of glovebox stripper systems. During testing at 90, 120, and 150°C, the samples lost most of the mass in the initial 60 minutes of thermal exposure and as expected increasing the temperature increased the mass loss and shortened the time to achieve a steady state loss. The ranking from worst to best was Jung butyl‐Hypalon with 12.9 %, Piercan Hypalon with 11.4 %, and Jung butyl‐Viton with 5.2% mass loss all at approximately 140°C. The smallest mass losses were experienced by the Jung Viton and the Piercan polyurethane. Tensile properties were measured using a standard dog bone style test. The butyl rubber exhibited tensile strengths of 11‐15 MPa and elongations or 660‐843%. Gloves made from other compounds exhibited lower tensile strengths (5 MPa Viton) to much higher tensile strengths (49 MPa Urethane) with a comparable range of elongation. The puncture resistance of the gloves was measured in agreement with an ASTM standard. The Butyl gloves exhibited puncture resistance from 183 - 296 lbs/in for samples of 0.020 - 0.038 thick. Finally, the glass transition temperature and the elastic and viscoelastic properties as a function of temperature up to maximum use temperature were determined for each glove material using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis. The glass transition temperatures of the gloves were ‐60°C for butyl, ‐30°C for polyurethane, ‐ 16°C Hypalon, ‐16°C for Viton, and ‐24°C for polyurethane‐Hypalon. The glass transition was too complex for the butyl‐Hypalon and butyl‐Viton composite gloves to be characterized by a single glass transition temperature. All of the glass transition temperatures exceed the vendor projected use temperatures.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Biodiesel Performance with Modern Engines. Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-05-153

NREL and the National Biodiesel Board (NBB) will work cooperatively to assess the effects of biodiesel blends on the performance of modern diesel engines and emissions control systems meeting increasingly strict emissions standards. This work will include research to understand the impact of biodiesel blends on the operation and durability of particle filters and NOx control sorbents/catalysts, to quantify the effect on emission control systems performance, and to understand effects on engine component durability. Work to assess the impact of biodiesel blends on real world fleet operations will be performed. Also, research to develop appropriate ASTM standards for biodiesel quality and stability will be conducted. The cooperative project will involve engine testing and fleet evaluation studies at NREL using biodiesel from a variety of sources. In addition, NREL will work with NBB to set up an Industrial Steering Committee to design the scope for the various projects and to provide technical oversight to these projects. NREL and NBB will cooperatively communicate the study results to as broad an audience as possible.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
NASA NTRS1989

Fracture of silicon carbide whisker reinforced aluminum

An attempt is made to apply standard fracture toughness testing procedures, developed for metals, to whisker reinforced metal matrix composites. Test were carried out on compact-tension, center-notched, and edge-notched specimens of silicon carbide whisker reinforced extruded 2124 aluminum plate (10 and twenty volume percent of whiskers), with the loading direction either parallel or perpendicular to the extrusion direction. None of the tests is found to give a valid fracture toughness according to the criteria of the ASTM Standard E-399.

Albritton, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of an Automated J-R Curve Analysis Software Based on the ASTM E1820-18 Normalization Method

The J-integral versus crack-growth resistance curve (J-R curve) is a useful tool for evaluating material fracture toughness in the ductile region. A widely accepted practice for conducting J-R curve testing is ASTM standard E1820, which introduces the normalization method. This method does not require compliance measurements during testing, significantly simplifying J-R curve testing compared with the conventional elastic unloading compliance (EUC) method. Despite the advantage in testing, analysis procedures for the normalization method are very complicated. Also, there is no open source software currently available to perform such analysis.The authors developed an open source automated J-R curve-analysis software based on the normalization method in ASTM E1820-18. Source codes were written in MATLAB and the compiled software, in the form of a stand-alone executable, has a user-friendly graphic interface and is readily compatible with modern Windows operating systems. Both source codes and the compiled executable file are available for download at https://code.ornl.gov/xc8/ANJR.git. Comparisons between resulting J-R curves from the software and manual analysis procedures show essentially identical results, indicating the suitability of applying the automated software for J-R curve analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evolving efforts to maintain and improve XPS analysis quality in an era of increasingly diverse uses and users

Based on literature analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) use continues to increase exponentially. This increased use is accompanied by anecdotal reports and systematic analyses indicating a growing presence of significantly flawed data analyses. Recognition of this problem within the surface analysis community has increased with an understanding that both inexperienced users and increased use of XPS outside the surface analysis community contribute to the problem. The XPS community has initiated several efforts to help address the problem, which is not unique to XPS. This paper describes some of the specific problems identified and some of the community efforts intended to address them. Here, we describe activities focused on three specific issues: (i) requests for detailed guides and protocols and bite-sized versions of information for non-experts, (ii) incomplete data and analysis reporting, and (iii) the high rate of peak fitting problems. A 2019 survey identified the need for guides, protocols, and standards to assist XPS users. One set of such guides has been published, and another is being assembled. Providing incremental bites of useful information is the goal of a series of papers on specific challenges to surface analysis with example solutions has been initiated as Notes and Insights papers in Surface and Interface Analysis. Examination of XPS-containing papers finds that information to establish the credibility and reproducibility of XPS results is often very incomplete. Unfortunately, ISO and ASTM standards require an amount of parameter reporting that seems excessive and unrealistic for many research publications. Initial approaches to develop and distribute a graded approach to parameter reporting are briefly described. Multiple efforts are underway to address the high rate of problems associated with photoelectron peak fitting. These include guides to peak fitting, guides to peak identification and fitting for specific elements, and the development of a peak fitting social network. The fitting social network is designed to facilitate interactions between new and experienced XPS users; analysts trying to fit XPS data (for publication or other reasons) can ask questions and establish dynamic conversations. Encouraging and enabling high-quality XPS analysis and reporting requires several different types of effort from all members of the surface and interface analysis community.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Guidelines for IAEA Small Specimen Test Techniques Master Curve Fracture Toughness Testing

Under the auspices of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), a coordinated research project (CRP) entitled “Towards the Standardization of Small Specimen Test Techniques for Fusion Applications” has started since 2017. The overall objective of the project is to provide a set of guidelines for small specimen test techniques (SSTT) based on commonly agreed best practices on main test techniques including tensile, creep, low cycle fatigue, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth rate. This will act as the first step of a full standardization of the SSTT. Fusion structural materials, i.e., reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels, are used for testing. In addition, the project will create a comprehensive mechanical property database of RAFM steels tested by SSTT. For the fracture toughness task of the CRP, three testing methods including Master Curve, local approach for ductile crack growth and cleavage fracture, and ductile approach at room temperature will be evaluated. This report focuses on developing guidelines for the round-robin Master Curve testing based on the ASTM standard E1921-19b “Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T 0 , for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range” and commonly agreed best practice from researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT), and UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Beam characterization at the Neutron Radiography Reactor

The quality of a neutron-imaging beam directly impacts the quality of radiographic images produced using that beam. Fully characterizing a neutron beam, including determination of the beam's effective length-to-diameter ratio, neutron flux profile, energy spectrum, potential image quality, and beam divergence, is vital for producing quality radiographic images. This paper provides a characterization of the east neutron imaging beamline at the Idaho National Laboratory Neutron Radiography Reactor (NRAD). The experiments which measured the beam's effective length-to-diameter ratio and potential image quality are based on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. An analysis of the image produced by a calibrated phantom measured the beam divergence. The energy spectrum measurements consist of a series of foil irradiations using a selection of activation foils, compared to the results produced by a Monte Carlo n-Particle (MCNP) model of the beamline. The NRAD has an effective collimation ratio greater than 125, a beam divergence of 0.3 +_ 0.1 degrees, and a gold foil cadmium ratio of 2.7. The flux profile has been quantified and the facility is an ASTM Category 1 radiographic facility. Based on bare and cadmium covered foil activation results, the neutron energy spectrum used in the current MCNP model of the radiography beamline over-samples the thermal region of the neutron energy spectrum.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Establishing Standardized Test Methods for Evaluating Space Suit Gloves

The Artemis space suit glove environmental protection garment (EPG) will be the first line of protection used to shield the crewmember’s hands from the environments encountered during extravehicular activity (EVA). As the Artemis missions will include more extreme environments than those experienced on the International Space Station, development, verification, and validation of gloves poses three key challenges. First, there are no standardized tests defined to evaluate the durability of space suit gloves for the extreme lunar environments, particularly the permanently shadowed regions. Second, there is insufficient data on state-of-the-art glove performance in a lunar environment from which to compare new designs. Third, current ISS glove Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) fabrics are unlikely to be sufficient to meet Lunar requirements. It is therefore necessary to define tests to evaluate if gloves can meet new, challenging requirements. This paper focuses on the development of a test procedure to characterize lunar EVA glove fabrics using ASTM standardized test methods and the design and validation of a new standardized test procedure for comparing abrasion resistance between fabrics in lunar-like conditions. The results of testing on twelve candidate EVA glove fabrics are presented.

Robert J. Jones↗
DOE OSTI2024

Intern Poster

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an optical technique that combines image registration and tracking methods for accurate two-dimensional and three-dimensional changes in images. DIC software can be used to track the contour, deformation, and strain of a sample. In the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at INL (Idaho National Laboratory) there exists a small working window of samples that can become irradiated. Hundreds of graphite disks called piggybacks have undergone this irradiation as part of the Advanced Reactor Technologies (ART) program. After irradiation, it is desirable to understand the change in tensile strength as a function of dose. Due to the limited space in the ATR, typical dog bone tensile tests reduce the number of graphite samples from hundreds to tens. However, there does exist an ASTM standard, D8289, which uses disc compression of graphite to estimate the tensile strength of the specimen with the Brazilian Disk test fixture. While only used as an estimate, which is typically off by a third, it is the purpose of this study to identify how to amend D8289 to remove the word "estimate" with the help of DIC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Understanding the effect of specimen size on the properties of fine-grain isotropic nuclear graphite for irradiation studies: Mechanical properties

Programs at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are investigating the effects of neutron irradiation in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) on properties of fine-grain isotropic nuclear graphites. Specimens were irradiated in the HFIR flux trap, which requires using specimens that are smaller than the sizes recommended by ASTM standards. Here, this work has investigated whether subsized specimens can be used to reliably predict strength behavior. The results show that (1) tensile strength was loosely coupled to specimen volume, (2) the compression specimens had a slightly higher strength for larger volumes, (3) the uniaxial flexural strength was nearly independent of specimen effective area for one orientation whereas the other orientation showed a slight strength–size scaling Weibull behavior, and (4) equibiaxial flexural strength followed traditional strength–size scaling Weibull behavior. These results suggest that fine-grain graphite is more similar to ceramics than to medium- and large-grained graphite with respect to both the strength-limiting flaws (Griffith theory) and the effect of machining on the strength behavior. This work shows that using specimens that are smaller than ASTM recommendations are suitable for investigating the strength changes caused by neutron irradiation because the primary interest is the relative change in the strength distribution parameters rather than their absolute values.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗