Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “fluoride”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2006

Results from Optical Coatings Flown on MISSE-1 and MISSE-2 and other Flight Experiments

Selected optically transparent materials and coatings flown on a number of low Earth orbit (LEO) materials flight experiments will be reviewed and discussed. Effects of flight exposure for both magnesium fluoride and lithium fluoride specimens will be presented. Individual specimens of magnesium fluoride were flown on the EOIM I11 Space Shuttle experiment, the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), the Optical Properties Monitor and Passive Optical Sample Assembly experiments on Mir, and MISSE-1 and MISSE-2 International Space Station packages. Subsequent to the LDEF retrieval and EOIM I11 experiment in 1992, the question of atomic oxygen reaction with magnesium fluoride was raised. Atomic oxygen and solar exposures, molecular contamination levels, and varying exposure durations will each be considered in evaluating any observed changes in optical properties. A comparison of the thermodynamics of oxidation of magnesium fluoride and lithium fluoride will be summarized. Elemental composition as a function of depth, as determined using XPS, will be discussed for selected specimens, to gain insight into reactions that are thermodynamically allowed under the LEO conditions.

Finckenor, Miria↗
NASA NTRS1984

Method of forming a relatively stable slip of silicon metal particles and yttrium containing particles

The method concerns forming a relatively stable slip of silicon metal particles and yttrium containing particles. In one embodiment, a casting slip of silicon metal particles is formed in water. Particles of a yttrium containing sintering aid are added to the casting slip. The yttrium containing sintering aid is a compound which has at least some solubility in water to form Y.sup.+3 ions which have a high potential for totally flocculating the silicon metal particles into a semiporous solid. A small amount of a fluoride salt is added to the casting slip which contains the yttrium containing sintering aid. The fluoride salt is one which will produce fluoride anions when dissolved in water. The small amount of the fluoride anions produced are effective to suppress the flocculation of the silicon metal particles by the Y.sup.+3 ions so that all particles remain in suspension in the casting slip and the casting slip has both an increased shelf life and can be used to cast articles having a relatively thick cross-section. The pH of the casting slip is maintained in a range from 7.5 to 9. Preferably, the fluoride salt used is one which is based on a monovalent cation such as sodium or ammonia. The steps of adding the yttrium containing sintering aid and the fluoride salt may be interchanged if desired, and the salt may be added to a solution containing the sintering aid prior to addition of the silicon metal particles.

Dickie, Ray A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Molten salt compositions with enhanced heat transfer and reduced corrosion properties

A heat transfer (exchange) composition comprising a halide salt matrix having dispersed therein nanoparticles comprising elemental carbon in the absence of water and surfactants, wherein said halide is fluoride or chloride, wherein the halide salt may be an alkali halide salt (e.g., lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, rubidium fluoride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, rubidium chloride, and eutectic mixtures thereof) or an alkaline earth halide salt (e.g., fluoride or chloride salt of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium), and wherein the nanoparticles comprising elemental carbon may be solid or hollow, and wherein the composition may further include nanoparticles comprising a fissile material (e.g., U, Th, or Pu) dispersed within the composition. Molten salt reactors (MSRs) containing these heat transfer compositions in coolant loops in thermal exchange with a reactor core, as well operation of such MSRs, are also described.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

From Salt to Electronics: Heteroepitaxy and GaAs Solar Cells

This paper presents work on the heteroepitaxy of salts, specifically fluorides, on semiconductor and heteroepitaxy of semiconductor on salts. Fluorides layers are deposited on commercial Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) wafers followed by the heteroepitaxial growth of GaAs using metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The fluoride layers consist of 2 lattice-engineered layers of alkaline-earth compounds to match with GaAs, and are used to sandwich another alkaline-earth compound with higher water-solubility as sacrificial layer. The triple fluoride layers enable liftoff of free-standing semiconductor films which can be further transferred to desirable substrates. 2D-X-ray Diffraction (2D-XRD) measurements confirm epitaxial growth of both the fluorides and the subsequently grown GaAs films. Single junction (SJ) solar cell devices based on thus prepared films show a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.3% under 1 sun illumination. After the completion of device fabrications, the GaAs film is lifted off from the substrate by a novel water-assisted epitaxial liftoff (H 2 O-ELO) technique and transferred to a cheaper substrate. The original GaAs wafer is recycled and reused twice. Devices based on reused substrates show no significant degradation in performance. Lastly, the semiconductor-salt-semiconductor scheme has great implications in high performance, flexible, and large area electronics.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2014

Charge Compensation in RE3+ (RE = Eu, Gd) and M+ (M = Li, Na, K) Co-Doped Alkaline Earth Nanofluorides Obtained by Microwave Reaction with Reactive Ionic Liquids Leading to Improved Optical Properties

Alkaline earth fluorides are extraordinarily promising host matrices for phosphor materials with regard to rare earth doping. In particular, quantum cutting materials, which might considerably enhance the efficiency of mercury-free fluorescent lamps or SC solar cells, are often based on rare earth containing crystalline fluorides such as NaGdF4, GdF3 or LaF3. Substituting most of the precious rare earth ions and simultaneously retaining the efficiency of the phosphor is a major goal. Alkaline earth fluoride nanoparticles doped with trivalent lanthanide ions (which are required for the quantum cutting phenomenon) were prepared via a microwave assisted method in ionic liquids. As doping trivalent ions into a host with divalent cations requires charge compensation, this effect was thoroughly studied by powder X-ray and electron diffraction, luminescence spectroscopy and 23Na, 139La and 19F solid state NMR spectroscopy. Monovalent alkali ions were codoped with the trivalent lanthanide ions to relieve stress and achieve a better crystallinity and higher quantum cutting abilities of the prepared material. 19F-magic angle spinning (MAS)-NMR-spectra, assisted by 19F{23Na} rotational echo double resonance (REDOR) studies, reveal distinct local fluoride environments, the populations of which are discussed in relation to spatial distribution and clustering models. In the co-doped samples, fluoride species having both Na+ and La3+ ions within their coordination sphere can be identified and quantified. This interplay of mono- and trivalent ions in the CaF2 lattice appears to be an efficient charge compensation mechanism that allows for improved performance characteristics of such co-doped phosphor materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Anion-mediated electronic effects in reducible oxides: Tuning the valence band of ceria via fluorine doping

Combining experimental spectroscopy and hybrid density functional theory calculations, we show that the incorporation of fluoride ions into a prototypical reducible oxide surface, namely, ceria(111), can induce a variety of nontrivial changes to the local electronic structure, beyond the expected increase in the number of Ce 3+ ions. Our resonant photoemission spectroscopy results reveal new states above, within, and below the valence band, which are unique to the presence of fluoride ions at the surface. With the help of hybrid density functional calculations, we show that the different states arise from fluoride ions in different atomic layers in the near surface region. In particular, we identify a structure in which a fluoride ion substitutes for an oxygen ion at the surface, with a second fluoride ion on top of a surface Ce 4+ ion giving rise to F 2p states which overlap the top of the O 2p band. The nature of this adsorbate F – –Ce 4+ resonant enhancement feature suggests that this bond is at least partially covalent. Here, our results demonstrate the versatility of anion doping as a potential means of tuning the valence band electronic structure of ceria.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Capture of Uranium Particles By Filtration: Effects of Filter Material and Air Humidity

Filtration of airborne particles is a standard technique for removal of radiological particles from the effluent of a nuclear reactor. The effects of humidity on filter performance and uranium particles are however less understood. We have conducted experimental runs in the Environmental Experimental Chamber (EEC) located at ORNL to study the capture of uranyl fluoride particles in supports of NNSA missions. Two filter types, one of Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV)-9 and the other of MERV-10 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineering) ASHRAE rating, were used in the investigations under two humidity conditions [15% and 65% Relative Humidity (Rh)]. Both MERV9 and MERV10 filters failed to capture uranyl fluoride particles that were smaller than 100 nm. The penetration efficiencies for both filter types were very high, greater than 80%, for particles from 10 to 100 nm. As particles became larger and wetter, the capturing efficiencies of both types of filter improved. Slightly greater than 50% of particles from 1 to 10 μm still escaped the capture by the MERV9 filters. However, MERV10 filters were able to capture higher than 50% of particles in the size range of 1 to 2 μm indicating it is likely to meet ASHRAE requirements. Overall, the capture efficiency of a filter is highly dependent on uranyl fluoride particle size, which humidity plays a major role. These two filter types simply are unable to capture particles smaller than 1 μm. A filter that has a higher ASHRAE rating like the HEPA filter has to be used to capture sub-micron particles. Questions on how uranyl fluoride behave in a condition higher than 65% Rh remain, because the particles could deliquescent at the higher humidity condition. That would complete change the size, shape, and surface properties of the uranyl fluoride particles which could lead to completely different filter performance and filtration dynamics. Furthermore, how high humidity affects filters of all MERV ratings remain unclear. Other filter characteristics such as surface charge could also be affected by high humidity condition and need to be investigated.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1974

The Acute Inhalation Toxicity in Rats from the Pyrolysis Products of Four Fluoropolymers

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (225?250 g) were exposed to the thermal degradation products from four fluoropolymers. The three polymers containing vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene (VF2/HFP) were pyrolyzed at 550? and 800?C, whereas polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was pyrolyzed at 625 and 800?C. At the lower temperatures, the pyrolysate from the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene (VF2/HFP) was less toxic than the pyrolysates from either the terpolymer of vinyidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, and tetrafluoroethylene (VF2/HFP/TFE) or the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene with ?additives? (VF2/HFP-A). However, the pyrolysates from the VF2/HFP-containing materials produced less toxic products than the pyrolysate from PTFE at 625?C. When the pyrolysis temperature was increased to 800?C, very little difference was noted between the pyrolysis toxicity for any of the VF2/HFP-containing polymers with the most toxic pyrolysate again produced by PTFE. Carbon monoxide levels were all sublethal. No correlation could be established between hydrolyzable fluoride levels and the lethality of the pyrolysates. Death following exposure occurred within 48 hr due to acute pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. Survival of this acute phase was followed by alveolar lymphocytic infiltration and peribronchial tissue proliferation.

Carter, V. L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Assessment of effects on vegetation of degradation products from alternative fluorocarbons

Concern with the effects of fluorides on plants has been devoted to that resulting from dry deposition (mainly with reference to gaseous HF and secondarily with particulate forms). The occurrence of precipitation as rain or mist and the presence of dew or free water on the foliage has mainly been considered with respect to their effects on the accumulation of air-borne fluoride and not with fluoride in wet deposition. That is, precipitation has been viewed primarily with respect to its facilitation of the solution and subsequent absorption of deposits by the foliar tissues or its elution of deposited fluoride from foliage. Accordingly, our evaluation of inorganic fluoride from fluorocarbon degradation rests upon a comparison with what is known about the effects of industrial emissions and what could be considered the natural condition.

Mccune, D. C.↗
NASA NTRS1991

NASA Li/CF(x) cell problem analysis: Anion exchange chromatography analysis

An analysis was made of wiper samples used to wipe down lithium/chlorine fluorine battery components and production equipment. These components and equipment were potentially exposed to thionyl chloride vapors. In the presence of moisture, thionyl chloride decomposes to sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride. The wiper samples were analyzed for soluble chlorides and fluorides by anion exchange chromatography. During the examination of the test chromatographs, fluoride contamination was discovered in wiper samples from the test equipment. An analytical method to determine fluoride was developed. The first 3 extracts from the potentially exposed and clean wiper samples were tested, and the total fluoride from both groups determined. A comparison of the results from both groups was made to determine the extent of fluoride contamination.

Bytella, Joseph↗
NASA NTRS1995

Point defect formation in optical materials expos ed to the space environment

Point defect formation associated with early stages of optical damage was observed unexpectedly in two, and possibly three, different optical materials subjected to short-duration space exposure. Three calcium fluoride, two lithium fluoride, and three magnesium fluoride samples were flown on Space Shuttle flight STS-46 as part of the Evaluation of Oxygen Interactions with Materials - Third Phase experiment. One each of the calcium and magnesium fluoride samples was held at a fixed temperature of 60 C during the space exposure, while the temperatures of the other samples were allowed to vary with the ambient temperature of the shuttle cargo bay. Pre-flight and post-flight optical absorption measurements were performed on all of the samples. With the possible exception of the magnesium fluoride samples, every sample clearly showed the formation of F-centers in that section of the sample that was exposed to the low earth orbit environment. Solar vacuum ultraviolet radiation is the most probable primary cause of the defect formation; however, the resulting surface metallization may be synergistically altered by the atomic oxygen environment.

Allen, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Particle Morphology Effects on Flow Characteristics of PS304 Plasma Spray Coating Feedstock Powder Blend

The effects of BaF2-CaF 2 particle morphology on PS304 feedstock powder flow ability have been investigated. BaF2-CaF2 eutectic powders were fabricated by comminution (angular) and by gas atomization (spherical). The fluoride powders were added incrementally to the other powder constituents of the PS304 feedstock: nichrome, chromia, and silver powders. A linear relationship between flow time and concentration of BaF2-CaF2 powder was found. Flow of the powder blend with spherical BaF2-CaF2 was better than the angular BaF2-CaF2. Flow ability of the powder blend with angular fluorides decreased linearly with increasing fluoride concentration. Flow of the powder blend with spherical fluorides was independent of fluoride concentration. Results suggest that for this material blend, particle morphology plays a significant role in powder blend flow behavior, offering potential methods to improve powder flow ability and enhance the commercial potential. These findings may have applicability to other difficult-to-flow powders such as cohesive ceramics.

Stanford, Malcolm K.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Production of Gas-Phase Uranium Fluoroanions Via Solubilization of Uranium Oxides in the [1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium]{sup +}[F(HF){sub 2.3}]{sup −} Ionic Liquid

A new methodology for gas-phase uranium ion formation is described in which UO{sub 2} is dissolved in neat N-ethyl,N′-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid [EMIm{sup +}][F(HF){sub 2.3}{sup −}], yielding a blue-green solution. The solution was diluted with acetonitrile and then analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. UF{sub 6}{sup −} (a U(V) species) was observed at m/z = 352, and other than cluster ions derived from the ionic liquid, nothing else was observed. When the sample was analyzed using infusion desorption chemical ionization, UF{sub 6}{sup −} was the base peak, and it was accompanied by a less intense UF{sub 5}{sup −} that most likely was formed by elimination of a fluorine radical from UF{sub 6}{sup −}. Formation of UF{sub 6}{sup −} required dissolution of UO{sub 2} followed by or concurrent with oxidation of uranium from the + 4 to the + 5 state and finally formation of the fluorouranate. Dissolution of UO{sub 3} produced a bright yellow solution indicative of a U(VI) species; however, electrospray ionization did not produce abundant U-containing ions. The abundant UF{sub 6}{sup −} provides a vehicle for accurate measurement of uranium isotopic abundances free from interference from minor isotopes of other elements and a convenient ion synthesis route that is needed gas-phase structure and reactivity studies like infrared multiphoton dissociation and ion-molecule dissociation and condensation reactions. The reactive fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid may also enable conversion of uranium in oxidic matrices into uranium fluorides that slowly oxidize to uranyl fluoride under ambient conditions, liberating the metal for facile measurement of isotope ratios without extensive chemical separations. .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

DRACS thermal performance evaluation for FHR

Direct Reactor Auxiliary Cooling System (DRACS) is a passive decay heat removal system proposed for the Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor (FHR) that combines coated particle fuel and a graphite moderator with a liquid fluoride salt as the coolant. The DRACS features three coupled natural circulation/convection loops, relying completely on buoyancy as the driving force. These loops are coupled through two heat exchangers, namely, the DRACS Heat Exchanger and the Natural Draft Heat Exchanger. In addition, a fluidic diode is employed to minimize the parasitic flow into the DRACS primary loop and correspondingly the heat loss to the DRACS during normal operation of the reactor, and to keep the DRACS ready for activation, if needed, during accidents. To help with the design and thermal performance evaluation of the DRACS, a computer code using MATLAB has been developed. This code is based on a one-dimensional formulation and its principle is to solve the energy balance and integral momentum equations. By discretizing the DRACS system in the axial direction, a bulk mean temperature is assumed for each mesh cell. The temperatures of all the cells, as well as the mass flow rates in the DRACS loops, are predicted by solving the governing equations that are obtained by integrating the energy conservation equation over each cell and integrating the momentum conservation equation over each of the DRACS loops. In addition, an intermediate heat transfer loop equipped with a pump has also been modeled in the code. This enables the study of flow reversal phenomenon in the DRACS primary loop, associated with the pump trip process. Experimental data from a High-Temperature DRACS Test Facility (HTDF) are not available yet to benchmark the code. A preliminary code validation is performed by using natural circulation experimental data available in the literature, which are as closely relevant as possible. The code is subsequently applied to the HTDF that is under construction at the Ohio State University.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Liquid phase preparation and fluorescence of flake-liked NdF{sub 3} nanomaterials

Graphical abstract: Room-temperature emission spectra of NdF{sub 3} nanoflakes exhibit a strong luminescence emission peak at 402 nm when irradiated by an excitation wavelength of 250 nm. Display Omitted Highlights: ► NdF{sub 3} nanoflakes have been successfully prepared by a facile and repeatable liquid phase preparation. ► The action of oxalic acid in the reaction process was studied, showing important in the morphology of neodymium fluorides. ► The study on the fluorescent properties of flake-like NdF{sub 3} nanomaterials shows a strong emission peak at 402 nm by the excitation wavelength of 250 nm. -- Abstract: Neodymium fluoride nanoflakes were successfully prepared by a facile liquid phase preparation with Nd(NO{sub 3}){sub 3} and NaF as raw materials. In the process, oxalic acid acting as template agent was found to play important roles in the morphology of neodymium fluorides. The as-synthesized NdF{sub 3} nanoflakes were characterized by various techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer instrument (EDS). The fluorescent properties of neodymium fluoride nanoflakes were investigated, showing a strong luminescence emission peak at 402 nm by the excitation wavelength of 250 nm.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Overview of the Salt at Wall Thermal Exchanges (SWATH) Experiment

Molten Salt Reactors have attracted increased attention in recent years because of the design and safety possibilities offered by the use of a liquid fuel. The European project SAMOFAR1 (2015-2019) is currently coordinating the research efforts on the Molten Fast Salt Reactor (MSFR) concept in Europe. The MSFR is a fast-spectrum breeder reactor with a large negative power coefficient that can be operated in a Thorium fuel cycle. The fast spectrum allows the reduction of the reprocessing requirements and a better reactor breeding ratio. Other advantages of the MSFR design are the possibility for actinide burning and extending fuel resources, on-line fuel loading and reprocessing and the use of novel passive safety systems such as the fuel salt draining system. The reference MSFR concept is a 3000 MW(th) reactor with three different circuits: the fuel circuit, the intermediate circuit and the power conversion system. The main components of the fuel circuit are the fuel salt which serves as fuel and coolant, the core cavity, the inlet and outlet pipes, the gas injection system (not shown in the figure), the salt-bubble separators, the fuel heat exchangers and the pumps. A lithium fluoride salt has been selected as the fuel matrix. The initial composition (non-irradiated) of the MSFR fuel salt is a mixture of a lithium fluoride, thorium fluoride salts and actinides fluoride (LiF-ThF{sub 4}-{sup 233}UF{sub 4} or LiF-ThF{sub 4}- {sup enr}UF{sub 4}-(Pu-MA)F{sub 3}), with the proportion of LiF fixed at about Development of accurate numerical models for the MSFR can only be accomplished by the use of a multiphysics approach which allows taking into account the coupling between relevant neutronics, thermal hydraulics and thermomechanics phenomena. As it is discussed in the next section, such a reactor model requires further progress on the knowledge of molten salt thermal hydraulics, in particular regarding the accuracy of the fuel salt Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. The Salt at Wall: Thermal Exchanges (SWATH) experiment is being designed to contribute to this particular point. SWATH is one of the experimental activities of the European H2020 SAMOFAR project and includes both experimental and numerical developments. The main objectives of SWATH are to: (i) Improve molten salt numerical models used for design and safety studies and (ii) Demonstrate the working principles of the cold plug device. The cold plug device is a key safety component of the salt draining system of the MSFR. The cold plug is intended to passively melt during accidental conditions thus allowing the flow of the nuclear fuel from the core cavity to the fuel salt draining tanks by gravity forces. The fuel salt draining tanks are designed to ensure that adequate margins are obtained regarding the fuel cooling capabilities and the reactivity control. The next sections provide an overview of the current challenges in molten salt thermal hydraulics modeling and the SWATH experiment design. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Polymorph (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}RE{sub 3}F{sub 10}·xH{sub 2}O (RE = Ho-Lu, Y) and REF{sub 3} nanocrystals: Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and luminescence

Graphical abstract: A hydrothermal system is developed to prepare one new polymorph of (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}RE{sub 3}F{sub 10}·xH{sub 2}O and known rare earth fluorides involving REF{sub 3} nanocrystals under mild condition. Highlights: ► A new polymorph of (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}RE{sub 3}F{sub 10}·xH{sub 2}O has been synthesized. ► The RE{sup 3+} radius decides the shape evolution and phase control for REF{sub 3} NCs. ► The RE{sup 3+} radius has influence on the microstructure and morphology of REF{sub 3} NCs. -- Abstract: In this paper, a solvents-thermal system is developed to prepare one new polymorph of (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}Ho{sub 3}F{sub 10}·xH{sub 2}O and rare earth fluorides REF{sub 3} nanocrystals under mild condition. It is found that the ionic radius of RE{sup 3+} is the key factor responsible for the shape evolution and phase control for rare earth fluorides nanocrystals at selected temperatures, which has an influence on the microstructure and morphology of the products to some extent. With the increase of the atomic number, the shape of fluoride changes from hexagonal REF{sub 3} phase (RE = La, Sm) to orthorhombic REF{sub 3} phase (RE = Eu-Dy), and finally to diamond structure (C{sub 2}N{sub 2}H{sub 10}){sub 0.5}Ho{sub 3}F{sub 10}·xH{sub 2}O (RE = Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y). In addition, the characteristic energy level transition {sup 5}D{sub 0}–{sup 7}F{sub 1} of Eu{sup 3+} splits into 585 and 591 nm emission peaks, and the dominant peak is the orange emission at 591 nm.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2013

Release path temperatures of shock-compressed tin from dynamic reflectance and radiance measurements

Dynamic reflectance and radiance measurements were conducted for tin samples shock compressed to 35 GPa and released to 15 GPa using high explosives. We determined the reflectance of the tin samples glued to lithium fluoride windows using an integrating sphere with an internal xenon flashlamp as an illumination source. The dynamic reflectance (R) was determined at near normal incidence in four spectral bands with coverage in visible and near-infrared spectra. Uncertainties in R/R{sub 0} are <2%, and uncertainties in absolute reflectance are <5%. In complementary experiments, thermal radiance from the tin/glue/lithium fluoride interface was recorded with similar shock stress and spectral coverage as the reflectance measurements. The two sets of experiments were combined to obtain the temperature history of the tin surface with an uncertainty of <2%. The stress at the interface was determined from photonic Doppler velocimetry and combined with the temperatures to obtain temperature-stress release paths for tin. We discuss the relationship between the experimental release paths and release isentropes that begin on the principal shock Hugoniot.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗