NASA NTRS2019
Jupiter’s moon Europa is believed to have a global liquid-water ocean beneath its icy surface. As such, it is a highly interesting destination for explorers seeking signs of life outside of Earth. This interest has given rise to the Europa Lander Mission [Hand, et al., 2017]. The central goal of the Europa Lander Mission is to place a stationary lander on Europa and make surface and sub-surface measurements, dramatically improving understanding of this Jovian moon, and potentially detecting signs of life.Placing a lander on Europa will require multiple spacecraft elements deployed across a multi-year mission timeline. Some of the key elements include: a large payload capacity rocket, such as the Space Launch System (SLS), capable of providing direct Jupiter orbit insertion; a solar-powered carrier; a de-orbit system; a sky crane landing system; and, of course, the surface lander. A noteworthy fact is that the current design requires a large solid rocket motor to provide the necessary braking thrust for the de-orbit stage. While solid rocket motors have been used extensively by NASA during launch, in-space use has been limited. In addition to the normal challenges associated with a long-distance planetary mission, the Europa Lander Mission must also contend with the high-radiation environment associated with the Jovian system. The size of Jupiter, combined with its magnetic field strength, and rotation speed, result in a harsh radiation environment composed of high energy charged particles (ions and electrons) as well as high-temperature plasmas [de Soria-Santacruz Pich, 2016]. Due to this high-radiation environment, each component of the Europa Lander spacecraft must be evaluated to determine its radiation dose tolerance and its likelihood for experiencing electrostatic charging (and discharging). In general, metal components in a Jovian environment do not pose a concern for radiation degradation; in fact, metal structures and closeouts can act as radiation shielding for the more sensitive components. Charging of a metal component is only an issue if the component is not properly grounded to the spacecraft chassis. However, electrically insulating materials, such as polymers, are subject to radiation degradation as well as surface and internal charging, and therefore require extra scrutiny. The focus of this paper will be on the insulating materials that are commonly used inside solid rocket motors. The special application of a solid rocket motor used in space after a relatively long duration flight, combined with the high energy electron environment in the Jovian system, raises concerns about the possibility of significant charging and discharging leading to reduced performance.