Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “design considerations”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 883 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Carbon fiber design improvements based on economic models

Circular fiber geometries are predominant in commercial carbon fiber material systems, but the use of this fiber shape has numerous limitations. Circular geometries have continuous symmetry, which is helpful for various processing considerations, but also have the largest possible maximum diffusion thickness for a given fiber area. This characteristic means that circular carbon fibers always have the highest material processing cost and lowest production throughput compared to any other fiber shape with the same area and tow count. To quantify material cost and other benefits for non-circular carbon fiber geometries, process models for polyacrylonitrile based carbon fiber production are developed in relationship to the carbon fiber shape, size, and tow count. For a given fiber shape, precursor production costs are shown to favor maximizing fiber size while conversion costs are minimized by the smallest fiber size. These competing cost trends result in a numerically optimal fiber size for a given shape and tow count, while both cost components are decreased by increasing tow count. Cost–performance tradeoffs for three lobe fiber geometries are studied by supplementing the cost trends with a numerical failure model to predict compressive strength for discrete shape variants. The shape selection is shown to be more sensitive to variations in cost than compressive strength while suboptimal shape designs can improve manufacturing robustness and achievable fiber volume fractions. Finally, an optimal three lobe carbon fiber is identified that balances the set of considerations while reducing costs and embodied energy and increasing production throughput compared to a commercial carbon fiber.

Carbon fiber↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experiment design for the neutron irradiation of $\mathrm{PM-HIP}$ alloys for nuclear reactors

Here, this article describes the design of an Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) drop-in neutron irradiation experiment aiming to directly compare the performance of nuclear structural alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy with hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP) against conventional casting or forging. There is growing interest in PM-HIP alloys for nuclear applications because of their microstructural uniformity, superior mechanical properties, and reduced dependence on welding and machining, compared to cast/forged alloys. Nuclear code-qualification of PM-HIP alloys requires neutron irradiation testing to demonstrate performance under relevant conditions. In this experiment, six nuclear structural alloys were irradiated: Ni-based alloys 625 and 690, Grade 91 ferritic steel, SA508 pressure vessel steel, and 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steels. The experiment is assembled into seven capsules in four test trains and irradiated in three ATR inboard A positions. Both the PM-HIP and cast/forged versions of each alloy were irradiated under nearly identical conditions for comparative purposes, to target doses of 1 ± 0.2 and 3 ± 0.2 dpa at temperatures of 300 ± 50 °C and 400 ± 50 °C. A thorough description of the experiment design and thermal, structural and neutronic analyses performed to ensure the targeted irradiation conditions are met is provided. Specimens were configured as small disks, compact tension specimens and tensile bars to facilitate post-irradiation examination (PIE) that will include mechanical testing, microstructure characterization, and fracture toughness testing. Given the considerations for ASTM standardized mechanical testing, comparative fluence and temperature across specimen pairs, and comprehensive PIE planning herein, this work serves as a template for future nuclear materials qualification experiment designs.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Pyrolysis of Radioactive Spent Resins in the PRIME Installation - 20190

Montair and Belgoprocess developed the pilot PRIME (Pyrolysis Resins In Mobile Electric) Installation for treatment of spent resins in one single reactor without pre-treatment and without intermixing of other waste, allowing for easy traceability and isotopic characterization of the end product. Both low level waste (LLW, < 2 mSv/h) and medium level waste (MLW, > 2 mSv/h) can be treated in the installation. The PRIME pilot installation is designed to treat 2 batches of 100 liter of saturated ion exchange resins over a period of 24 hours. A dosing unit with screw feeder is used for the dosing of the saturated ion exchange resins to the pyrolysis reactor. This completely new developed innovative pyrolysis reactor contains a special design mechanical stirrer and can operate at a temperature of up to 600 deg. C under inert conditions. As a result, the organic molecules will decompose at an accelerated rate until only the mineralized material remains. The lower temperature and the absence of oxygen also prevent the breakdown of ion exchange resins into (powdery) ash, which is a considerable advantage during further handling. Gases that are released during drying and pyrolysis are treated in an also newly developed thermal oxidizer, which uses an innovative, electrically heated design instead of a traditional natural gas- or fuel oil secondary combustion chamber design. After passing through the thermal oxidizer, the gases are cooled down to saturation temperature and treated in the wet scrubbing system. An extraction fan keeps the system under negative pressure to prevent the possibility of any off-gas leakage out of the system. A series of tests were performed successfully with wet cationic resins, anionic resins and a mixture of both. The results of these tests are described in the presentation. For intellectual property protection, the system and process of pyrolysis of organic waste and the system of thermal oxidation of pyrolysis gases described in this paper are patent pending. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar - Issues Analysis and Design

The physical separation of the transmitter from the receiver into perhaps separate flight vehicles (with separate flight paths) in a bistatic Synthetic Aperture radar system adds considerable complexity to an already complex system. Synchronization of waveform parameters and timing attributes become problematic, and notions of even the synthetic aperture itself take on a new level of abstractness. Consequently, a high-performance, fine-resolution, and reliable bistatic SAR system really needs to be engineered from the ground up, with tighter specifications on a number of parameters, and entirely new functionality in other areas. Nevertheless, such a bistatic SAR system appears viable.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design, Synthesis, and Validation: Genome Scale Optimization of Energy Flux through Compartmentalized Metabolic Networks in a Model Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Microbe (Final Report)

Photosynthetic organisms have recently gained considerable attention for a role in development of renewable energy sources. Genome-enabled systems biology methodology and modeling, coupled with high throughput genome engineering strategies, present opportunities to develop sustainable and economical applications such as fuel production within the next 10 to 15 years. However, optimization of light-driven metabolism for biomass or biofuel production will require significant advances in methodological throughput as well as improvements in detailed systems biology understanding of photosynthetic processes and cellular metabolism. The ability of diatoms to thrive in upwelling-induced, periodically nutrient-rich conditions makes them the base for the world’s shortest and most energy-efficient food webs. Diatom photosynthesis is estimated to account for between 25% and 40% of the 45-50 billion tons of organic carbon fixed annually in the sea.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Optimizing the Design of Diatom Biosilica-Targeted Fusion Proteins in Biosensor Construction for Bacillus anthracis Detection

In vivo functionalization of diatom biosilica frustules by genetic manipulation requires careful consideration of the overall structure and function of complex fusion proteins. Although we previously had transformed Thalassiosira pseudonana with constructs containing a single domain antibody (sdAb) raised against the Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain, which detected an epitope of the surface layer protein EA1 accessible in lysed spores, we initially were unsuccessful with constructs encoding a similar sdAb that detected an epitope of EA1 accessible in intact spores and vegetative cells. This discrepancy limited the usefulness of the system as an environmental biosensor for B. anthracis. We surmised that to create functional biosilica-localized biosensors with certain constructs, the biosilica targeting and protein trafficking functions of the biosilica-targeting peptide Sil3T8 had to be uncoupled. We found that retaining the ER trafficking sequence at the N-terminus and relocating the Sil3T8 targeting peptide to the C-terminus of the fusion protein resulted in successful detection of EA1 with both sdAbs. Homology modeling of antigen binding by the two sdAbs supported the hypothesis that the rescue of antigen binding in the previously dysfunctional sdAb was due to removal of steric hindrances between the antigen binding loops and the diatom biosilica for that particular sdAb.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

n-Type doping of a solution processed p-type semiconductor using isoelectronic surface dopants for homojunction fabrication

The p-n junction is one of the fundamental requirements for a practical semiconductor-based electronic device. Designing a heterojunction comprising of dissimilar p-type and n-type semiconductors calls for careful energy level considerations, both when selecting the semiconductor materials as well as the metal contacts. A homojunction based on a single semiconductor simplifies this task, as energy levels of the p-type and n-type materials are already fairly similar, allowing for easier selection of contacts. Traditionally, homojunctions rely on doping of a bulk semiconductor to achieve p- and n-type transport through controlled addition of aliovalent dopants via energy-intensive processes such as ion implantation or thermal annealing. Exact control of doping in nanocrystalline semiconductors is significantly more challenging, due to self-purification effects. However, owing to their large surface areas, surface moieties can be utilized to both dope the nanostructures as well as tune their energy levels. Here, we present a facile technique based on an isoelectronic surface dopant in order to achieve p- and n-type materials based on the same semiconductor. We show that thin p-type colloidal Bi 2 Te 3 nanowires can be switched to n-type through surface functionalization, thus increasing the availability of new nanocrystalline solution-processable p-n homojunctions.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Assessing electrification readiness in U.S. single-family homes based on a nationwide survey of electrical panel capacities

Electrification of residential buildings is a key strategy for increasing the use of renewable energy sources. Central to this transition is understanding the capacity of existing electrical infrastructure—specifically electrical panels—to safely and effectively manage increased electricity demands from electrification technologies. However, comprehensive nationwide data on electrical panel capacities in U.S. single-family homes is currently lacking. To address this gap, we conducted a nationwide survey of single-family homes, collecting detailed data on electrical panel capacities, breaker slot availability, major electric and gas appliances, electrical panel models, and home characteristics such as construction year and floor area. Photographic documentation was used to verify electrical panel data and appliance information. Results show that approximately 60% of surveyed homes have electrical panels rated at ≥200 amperes (A), indicating that a significant portion of the existing housing stock can accommodate additional electric loads. However, 31% of homes possess panels rated at ≤100 A, potentially restricting their ability to adopt new electric appliances without significant upgrades. Panel capacities positively correlate with both home size and construction year, with newer and larger homes generally better suited for electrification. Homes with higher-capacity panels tend to have fewer gas appliances, reflecting a gradual shift toward electric technologies. Conversely, homes with lower-capacity panels frequently rely on multiple gas appliances, highlighting substantial electrification challenges. Additionally, approximately 3% of surveyed homes had potentially hazardous electrical panel models, emphasizing important safety considerations in the residential electrification process. Our findings underscore the need for targeted policies, financial incentives, and infrastructure investments designed specifically to address infrastructural and safety barriers, particularly in older and smaller homes, to support equitable and efficient electrification across the U.S. residential sector.

Gul, Sadia↗
DOE OSTI2025

From Theory to Practice: Feasibility Study of a Thermal Microgrid at a DoD Installation

Advanced district thermal energy systems, also known as thermal microgrids, can meet the energy needs of urban districts in a highly efficient way, but adoption of such systems, especially in the United States, has been slow. Thermal microgrids use a network circulating water at near-ambient (60-80 degrees F; 15-25 degrees C) temperatures, and water-source heat pumps at connected buildings are used to boost or lower the temperature for space conditioning and service hot water. Addressing challenges related to retrofits of existing buildings for integration with such systems, as well as quantifying the benefits of different configurations, will be key to accelerating their adoption. This paper aims to contribute to that by reporting preliminary results from a feasibility study of a thermal microgrid at a U.S. Department of Defense installation and illustrating the process of conceptual design to seek the best possible performance within the many constraints of existing buildings. The cluster of buildings under consideration in this study has much in common with commercial buildings in the United States. The process of and results from this feasibility study can inform assessment of the potential for thermal microgrids in other locations and help unlock the benefits of such systems for resilience and energy savings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of a Surface Spill Operation to Return Adult Steelhead Overshoots Downstream of McNary Dam

This study, funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), was conducted by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of operating one Top Spill Weir (TSW) at McNary Dam outside the normal TSW operation dates for juvenile salmon passage. Of interest is whether the TSW is an effective downstream passage route for adult steelhead overshoots. Overshoots are fish which, having passed upstream at McNary Dam, must pass downstream to return to their natal stream to spawn. This report covers Fall (2019) and Spring (2020) study periods. The study design arranged the available 24 hours of TSW spill per week into weekly blocks with sub-blocks differentiated into day and night operations with TSW discharge periods of 4- and 8-hours duration. Hydroacoustic techniques were used to sample adult fish passage at the TSW and at turbine units 1 and 10. The experimental design contrasted TSW spill periods of differing duration and at different times of the day. The small number of fish detected passing the TSW, and the smaller number of fish detected passing the turbine units, were best suited to an ad hoc, exploratory approach to evaluating the effect of TSW spill. It is worthwhile to note that the operations data obtained for the fall study period had a greater than expected number of gaps and apparent anomalies that we believe were a result of how the data were aggregated. These problems are not particularly problematic for the present study, because the available data still provide a good indication of whether the TSW was operating at each point in time. TSW flows in both fall and spring data sets were able to be cleaned up using the established relationship between forebay elevation and TSW discharge rate. Additional cleanup of operations data would be needed, however, if more quantitative evaluation of dam-wide flow and passage relationships were needed. This study contrasted TSW spill periods of differing duration and at different times of the day. The small number of fish detected passing the TSW, and the smaller number of fish detected passing the turbine units were best suited to an ad hoc, exploratory approach to evaluating the effect of TSW spill. Spring adult steelhead passage numbers estimated using hydroacoustics were notably lower than during the fall study period, and that was consistent with our analysis of PIT tagged fish likely to be in the vicinity during each study period. Detections of fish in BlueView sampling areas upstream of the TSW and powerhouse were not correlated with detections of fish passing hydroacoustic sampling areas, which suggests that fish approaching the face of the dam can move around the forebay before passing. Other fish detected in the forebay in large numbers, such as shad, were able to be filtered out of steelhead passage counts and did not appear to be influencing hydroacoustic passage rate estimates. A pulse of passage at the initial TSW opening was weakly evident, but trends across 4- and 8-hour operational periods did not show a distinct decline in passage over time as TSW operation continued. Our findings do not indicate a reason to choose one 8-hour period over two 4-hour periods, or vice versa. This suggests that the duration of spill periods can be chosen based on operational or other considerations. Passage rates were consistently higher during the daytime TSW discharge periods, relative to nighttime TSW discharge periods. The experimental design of the current study used start times near dawn for day periods and near dusk for night periods.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nuclide Inventory Benchmark for BWR Spent Nuclear Fuel: Challenges in Evaluation of Modeling Data Assumptions and Uncertainties

This work discusses challenges and approaches to uncertainty analyses associated with the development of a nuclide inventory benchmark for fuel irradiated in a boiling water reactor. The benchmark under consideration is being developed based on experimental data from the SFCOMPO international database. The focus herein is on how to address missing data in fuel design and operating conditions that are important for adequately simulating the time-dependent changes in fuel during irradiation in the reactor. The effects of modeling assumptions and uncertainties in modeling parameters on the calculated nuclide inventory were analyzed and quantified through computational models developed using capabilities in the SCALE code system. Particular attention was given to the impact of the power history and water coolant density on the calculated nuclide inventory, as well as to the effect of geometry modeling considerations not usually addressed in a nuclide inventory benchmark. These considerations include gap closure, channel bow, and channel corner radius, which do not usually apply to regular reactor operation but are relevant for assessing impacts of potential anomalous operating scenarios.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comments on Control of Wave Energy Converters

The main objective of this letter is to consolidate the knowledge about the dynamics and control of oscillating-body wave energy converters (WECs). A number of studies have shown that control systems strongly affect power absorption; however, there remains a need for a concise and integrated explanation of the theoretical and practical implications that control can have on both performance and the broader WEC design process. This short letter attempts to fill this gap by presenting a discussion on the key practical aspects concerning the dynamics and control of oscillating-body WEC. In particular, the focus is on the choice of control models and a simple causal control scheme suitable for real-time implementation. To conclude, consideration is given to the effect of the power takeoff (PTO) on the maximization of electrical power, thus leading to the derivation of useful conditions for the control co-design of the PTO system.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Improving solar panel durability through novel panel designs and advanced manufacturing equipment

Work in the project was spread across 4 main themes:1) Improved Understanding of Why Cracks Form and Cause Degradation in Solar Cells: We developed a finite element model which correlated well with experimental determined deflection vs load profiles and which predicted stress profiles vs load level and temperature. These profiles helped to guide brace designs and showed the high stress levels seen in the silicon near the interconnect wire locations as the temperature is cooled below -30C, likely forming "invisible" microcracks. Experiments showed how for polymer backsheet modules, a brief exposure to such low temperatures made modules extremely sensitive to propagation of these microcracks at relatively low load levels, and how thicker and softer encapsulant helped to reduce this crack sensitivity. We showed for some modules that most cracks that are seen under loading had their origin at short, hard to see, V-cracks from soldering damage, and how the shunting from cells with high densities of cracks reduces energy delivery more than Pmax. 2) Improved Durability Testing Methods With Respect to Cracked Cells: We lobbied the PV community throughout the project that IEC 61215 was insufficient to probe the sensitivity of module Pmax degradation due to cracks in that in did not have a test leg that included a crack creation step (static loading) followed by a crack opening step (cyclic loading and/or thermal cycling). We published extensively on how pre- existing cracks opened up with cyclic loading. The new IEC TS 63209-1 ED1 test sequence now include our recommendations, and this should lead to improved module designs and reduced risk for investors. We also published recommendations for a new "Cold Climate Test" sequence to probe the sensitivity of modules to degradation from short microcracks formed when modules see temperatures below -30C followed by front side loading. We participated in several USTAG meetings related to cracked cells, EL testing, and mechanical load testing and provided input to the group to improve new standards under consideration. We also showed how the act of performing an EL test can affect the test results due to heating from the injected current. 3) New Module Designs and Related Manufacturing Methods & Equipment: We demonstrated reduced crack sensitivity on encapsulated cell coupons the benefits of building protective compressive stress into the cells by laminating them in a bent state and then allowing the coupon to flatten out after lamination. Our attempts to scale this to the module level with a more manufacturable sequence did not demonstrate the same positive effects, but we hope that others will follow up with other variations on this bent lamination or bent cooling concept to make more durable modules. 4) New Module Mounting Designs: We explored a range of bracing concepts which pressed on the backsheet to slightly bow the glass outward and place cells in a state of protective compressive stress and to reduce the deflection under front side loads. These successfully reduced cell cracking and crack opening, but high static loads permanently deformed cost-effective braces, after which they provided little benefit. We settled on an elegant & effective solution – the RailPad, where lightweight bracing elements are placed between the mounting rail(s) and the backsheet, and the existing strength of the rails is used to prevent module deflection under load. New construction and retrofit designs were made, and test sites were implemented in FL and MA. We applied for RailPad patent protection.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Cooling of Wide-Bandgap Power Modules and Performance Enhancement of Jet Impingement-Based Direct Substrate Cooling

With the development of high-power and high-torque machines, requirements for high-power density electronics are increasing. Thermal management of such systems requires high heat extraction. Conventional air cooling based heat sinks and cold plate based liquid cooling have their own benefits for various applications but has limitations for high power density applications. The current study explores a jet impingement based direct substrate cooling system that was implemented for a SiC based direct bonded Cu substrate for various power losses. Numerical comparison between jet impingement cooling and conventional horizontal/indirect cooling (pin fin heat sink and genetic algorithm-optimized heat sink) showed that the area weighted average of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) is high for both horizontal cooling designs, and the local HTC is higher for jet impingement. Design iterations were undertaken to resolve the bottleneck of this cooling system. Increasing the number of nozzles helped to cover more area at the direct bonded Cu bottom plate, which drops the chip temperature considerably. With a constant flow rate, increasing the number of nozzles would decrease local jet velocity, which reduces the heat extraction by jet impingement. This issue can be addressed by reducing the diameter of nozzle but doing so results in a high pressure drop where the design constraint is 2 psi. A flared nozzle design is proposed, which has a higher spreading angle of the jet that increases the flow coverage and reduces the pressure drop of the coolant loop.

Barua, Himel↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design study for a compact, two-stage, laser-plasma-based source of positron beams

Owing to their large accelerating gradients, plasma-based accelerators have attracted considerable interest as potential drivers for future, compact electron–positron colliders. Despite great progress achieved in plasma-based electron acceleration, positron acceleration still remains a challenging task, with an efficient positron source being the prerequisite for such acceleration. Here a concept for a compact, two-stage plasma-based positron source is discussed. In the first stage the positrons are created by a multi GeV electron beam produced by a laser-plasma accelerator interacting with a solid density foil. In the second stage the positrons are captured and accelerated in a plasma wave driven by either an electron beam or a laser pulse. Three potential configurations of such a source are considered: (i) a single electron beam is used for both the creation of positrons in the foil and for driving the wakefield in the second stage; (ii) a train of two electron beams is used: the positrons produced by the trailing beam in the foil are captured and accelerated in the second stage by the plasma wave generated by the leading beam; and (iii) a single electron beam is used to produce positrons in the foil and an independent laser pulse is coupled to the second stage to drive the plasma wave. In conclusion, these three configurations show different degrees of effectiveness with positron capture efficiency, varying from less than a percent to almost half of all produced positrons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrative Quantitative-Phase and Airy Light-Sheet Imaging

Light-sheet microscopy enables considerable speed and phototoxicity gains, while quantitative-phase imaging confers label-free organelle recognition and metabolic information that are inaccessible by conventional methods. We report the fusion of these two modalities onto a standard inverted microscope that retains compatibility with microfluidics. We describe the utilization of an accelerating Airy-beam light-sheet yielding identical imaging areas with interferometry, and an application in unmasking the effects of cellular noise on metabolic compartmentalization.

Biological sciences, Biological techniques, Micros↗
DOE OSTI2021

A data-driven global soil heterotrophic respiration dataset and the drivers of its inter-annual variability

Soil heterotrophic respiration (SHR), one of the primary carbon fluxes from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, is important for carbon-climate feedbacks because of its sensitivity to available litter and soil carbon, climatic conditions, and nutrient availability. However, until recently limited SHR data were available, and most published global SHR estimates have either a short time span, coarse spatial resolution, or reply on overly-simple model formulations. To better understand and quantify the global distribution of SHR and its sensitivity to climate variability, we produced a new global SHR dataset using Random Forest algorithms, up-scaling 455 point data from the Global Soil Respiration Database (SRDB 4.0) with gridded fields of climatic, edaphic and productivity as explanatory variables. We estimated a global total SHR of 46.8 Pg C yr-1 over 1985-2013 (95% confidence interval: 38.6-56.3 Pg C yr-1), with a significant increasing trend of 0.03 Pg C yr-2 during this period. We found that the choice of soil moisture datasets contributes more to the difference among these data-driven SHR members rather than that of productivity, temperature and precipitation data sources. We also analyzed the influence of climatic variables on the inter-annual variability (IAV) of our SHR product. Water availability was the dominant driver of IAV at global scales, although the inferred sensitivity depends on the choice of the soil moisture gridded dataset. At the ecosystem scale, temperature strongly controls the IAV of SHR in tropical forests, while water availability dominates in extra-tropical forest and semi-arid regions. Our machine-learning gridded SHR dataset and outputs from process-based land surface models (TRENDYv6) show agreement for a strong association between water variability and SHR IAV at the global scale, but the two approaches lead to different temporal trend globally and different controlling variables for IAV at the ecosystem scale. Our study provides evidence for the pervasive and important role of water availability in driving SHR, indicating both a direct effect limiting decomposition rates and an indirect effect through the amount of fresh organic matter made available to SHR from productivity. In consideration of potential limitations and uncertainties remaining in our data-driven SHR datasets, we call for a more scientifically designed observation network for SHR, more observation data compilation, and increased use of deep learning methods making maximum use of observation data in hand. This will benefit process-based models, and improve our understanding of SHR response to future anomalous environmental conditions.

Yao, Yitong↗