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At least 883 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

DSS-14 subreflector actuator dynamics during the Landers earthquake

The 28 Jun. 1992 Landers earthquake ground motion records at the Echo site (DSS-12 antenna) were adjusted to provide a better match with spectra from the measured Mars site (DSS-14 antenna) instrument tower response. A finite-element model of the antenna structural system was analyzed for response to this ground motion. Dynamic forces and displacements were computed in the locality of components that had failed during the earthquake. Calculated forces in the range of 30,000 to 35,000 lb on failed Y-axis actuator U-joints were consistent with laboratory load tests. The load capacity of these joints was found to be below the range of 34,000 to 42,000 lb. Dynamic amplification factors of from 6 to 16 were computed for the quadripod apex accelerations with respect to the ground accelerations. The largest factor--25--was found at the outboard end of the X-actuator.

Levy, R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

On the thermoelastic analysis of solar cell arrays and related material properties

Accurate prediction of failure of solar cell arrays requires accuracy in the computation of thermally induced stresses. This was accomplished by using the finite element technique. Improved procedures for stress calculation were introduced together with failure criteria capable of describing a wide range of ductile and brittle material behavior. The stress distribution and associated failure mechanisms in the N-interconnect junction of two solar cell designs were then studied. In such stress and failure analysis, it is essential to know the thermomechanical properties of the materials involved. Measurements were made of properties of materials suitable for the design of lightweight arrays: microsheet-0211 glass material for the solar cell filter, and Kapton-H, Kapton F, Teflon, Tedlar, and Mica Ply PG-402 for lightweight substrates. The temperature-dependence of the thermal coefficient of expansion for these materials was determined together with other properties such as the elastic moduli, Poisson's ratio, and the stress-strain behavior up to failure.

Salama, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Proton gradients in intact cyanobacteria

The internal pH values of two unicellular cyanobacterial strains were determined with electron spin resonance probes, over an external pH range of 6 to 9, in the light and in the dark. The slow growing, thylakoid-lacking Gloeobacter violaceus was found to have a low capacity for maintaining a constant internal pH. The distribution pattern of weak acid and amine nitroxide spin probes across the cell membranes of this organism, in the light and in the dark, was consistent with the assumption that it contains a single intracellular compartment. At an external pH of 7.0, intracellular pH was 6.8 in the dark and 7.2 in the light. The cells of Agmenellum quadruplicatum, a marine species, were found to contain two separate compartments; in the dark, the pH of the cytoplasmic and the intrathylakoid spaces were calculated to be 7.2 and 5.5, respectively. Upon illumination, the former increased and the latter decreased by about 0.5 pH units.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2001

The Dynamics of Miscible Fluids: A Space Flight Experiment (MIDAS)

We propose a space flight experiment to study the dynamics of miscible interfaces. A less viscous fluid displaces one of higher viscosity within a tube. The two fluids are miscible in all proportions. An intruding "finger" forms that occupies a fraction of the tube. As time progresses diffusion at the interface combined with flow induced straining between the two fluids modifies the concentration and velocity distributions within the whole tube. Also, under such circumstances it has been proposed that the interfacial stresses could depend on the local concentration gradients (Korteweg stresses) and that the divergence of the velocity need not be zero, even though the flow is incompressible. We have obtained reasonable agreement for the tip velocity between numerical simulations (that ignored the Korteweg stress and divergence effects) and physical experiments only at high Peclet Numbers. However at moderate to low Pe agreement was poor. As one possibility we attributed this lack of agreement to the disregard of these effects. We propose a space experiment to measure the finger shape, tip velocity, and the velocity and concentration fields. From intercomparisons between the experiment and the calculations we can then extract values for the coefficients of the Korteweg stress terms and confirm or deny the importance of these stresses.

Maxworthy, T.↗
NASA NTRS2001

The Dynamics of Miscible Fluids: A Space Flight Experiment (MIDAS)

We propose a space flight experiment to study the dynamics of miscible interfaces. A less viscous fluid displaces one of higher viscosity within a tube. The two fluids are miscible in all proportions. An intruding "finger" forms that occupies a fraction of the tube. As time progresses diffusion at the interface combined with flow induced straining between the two fluids modifies the concentration and velocity distributions within the whole tube. Also, under such circumstances it has been proposed that the interfacial stresses could depend on the local concentration gradients (Korteweg stresses) and that the divergence of the velocity need not be zero, even though the flow is incompressible. We have obtained reasonable agreement for the tip velocity between numerical simulations (that ignored the Korteweg stress and divergence effects) and physical experiments only at high Peelet Numbers. However at moderate to low Pe agreement was poor. As one possibility we attributed this lack of agreement to the disregard of these effects. We propose a space experiment to measure the finger shape, tip velocity, and the velocity and concentration fields. From intercomparisons between the experiment and the calculations we can then extract values for the coefficients of the Korteweg stress terms and confirm or deny the importance of these stresses.

Maxworthy, T.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Dielectric function of InGaAs in the visible

Measurements are reported of the dielectric function of thermodynamically stable In(x)Ga(1-x)As in the composition range 0.3 equal to or less than X = to or less than 0.7. The optically thick samples of InGaAs were made by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in the range 0.4 = to or less than X = to or less than 0.7 and by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for X = 0.3. The MBE made samples, usually 1 micron thick, were grown on semi-insulating InP and included a strain release structure. The MOCVD sample was grown on GaAs and was 2 microns thick. The dielectric functions were measured by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry in the range 1.55 to 4.4 eV. The data was analyzed assuming an optically thick InGaAs material with an oxide layer on top. The thickness of this layer was estimated by comparing the results for the InP lattice matched material, i.e., X = 0.53, with results published in the literature. The top oxide layer mathematically for X = 0.3 and X = 0.53 was removed to get the dielectric function of the bare InGaAs. In addition, the dielectric function of GaAs in vacuum, after a protective arsenic layer was removed. The dielectric functions for X = 0, 0.3, and 0.53 together with the X = 1 result from the literature to evaluate an algorithm for calculating the dielectric function of InGaAs for an arbitrary value of X(0 = to or less than X = to or less than 1) were used. Results of the dielectric function calculated using the algorithm were compared with experimental data.

Alterovitz, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Dielectric function of InGaAs in the visible

Measurements are reported of the dielectric function of thermodynamically stable In(x)Ga(1-x)As in the composition range 0.3 equal to or less than X = to or less than 0.7. The optically thick samples of InGaAs were made by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) in the range 0.4 = to or less than X = to or less than 0.7 and by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for X = 0.3. The MBE made samples, usually 1 micron thick, were grown on semi-insulating InP and included a strain release structure. The MOCVD sample was grown on GaAs and was 2 microns thick. The dielectric functions were measured by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry in the range 1.55 to 4.4 eV. The data was analyzed assuming an optically thick InGaAs material with an oxide layer on top. The thickness of this layer was estimated by comparing the results for the InP lattice matched material, i.e., X = 0.53, with results published in the literature. The top oxide layer mathematically for X = 0.3 and X = 0.53 was removed to get the dielectric function of the bare InGaAs. In addition, the dielectric function of GaAs in vacuum, after a protective arsenic layer was removed. The dielectric functions for X = 0, 0.3, and 0.53 together with the X = 1 result from the literature to evaluate an algorithm for calculating the dielectric function of InGaAs for an arbitrary value of X (0 = to or less than X = to or less than 1) were used. Results of the dielectric function calculated using the algorithm were compared with experimental data.

Alterovitz, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Effects of H2O, CO2, and N2 Air Contaminants on Critical Airside Strain Rates for Extinction of Hydrogen-Air Counterflow Diffusion Flames

Coaxial tubular opposed jet burners (OJB) were used to form dish shaped counterflow diffusion flames (CFDF), centered by opposing laminar jets of H2, N2 and both clean and contaminated air (O2/N2 mixtures) in an argon bath at 1 atm. Jet velocities for flame extinction and restoration limits are shown versus wide ranges of contaminant and O2 concentrations in the air jet, and also input H2 concentration. Blowoff, a sudden breaking of CFDF to a stable ring shape, occurs in highly stretched stagnation flows and is generally believed to measure kinetically limited flame reactivity. Restore, a sudden restoration of central flame, is a relatively new phenomenon which exhibits a H2 dependent hysteresis from Blowoff. For 25 percent O2 air mixtures, mole for mole replacement of 25 percent N2 contaminant by steam increased U(air) or flame strength at Blowoff by about 5 percent. This result is consistent with laminar burning velocity results from analogous substitution of steam for N2 in a premixed stoichiometric H2-O2-N2 (or steam) flame, shown by Koroll and Mulpuru to promote a 10 percent increase in experimental and calculated laminar burning velocity, due to enhanced third body efficiency of water in: H + O2 + M yields HO2 + M. When the OJB results were compared with Liu and MacFarlane's experimental laminar burning velocity of premixed stoichiometric H2 + air + steam, a crossover occurred, i.e., steam enhanced OJB flame strength at extinction relative to laminar burning velocity.

Pellett, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Evaluation of Delamination Growth Characterization Methods Under Mode I Fatigue Loading

Reliable delamination characterization data for laminated composites are needed for input to analytical models of structures to predict delamination. The double-cantilevered beam (DCB) specimen is used with laminated composites to measure fracture toughness, G(sub Ic), delamination onset strain energy release rate, and growth rate data under cyclic loading. In the current study, DCB specimens of IM7/8552 graphite/epoxy supplied by two different manufacturers were tested in static and fatigue to compare the measured characterization data from the two sources, and to evaluate a proposed ASTM standard for generating Paris Law equations. Static results were used to generate compliance calibration constants for the fatigue data, and a delamination resistance curve, G(sub IR), which was used to determine the effects of fiber-bridging on delamination growth. Specimens were tested in fatigue at a cyclic G(sub Imax) level equal to 50, 40 or 30% of G(sub Ic), to determine a delamination onset curve and delamination growth rate. The delamination onset curve equations had similar exponents and the same trends. Delamination growth rate was calculated by fitting a Paris Law to the da/dN versus G(sub Imax) data. Both a 2-point and a 7-point data reduction method were used and the Paris Law equations were compared. To determine the effects of fiber-bridging, growth rate results were normalized by the delamination resistance curve for each material and compared to the non-normalized results. Paris Law exponents were found to decrease by 31% to 37% due to normalizing the growth data. Normalizing the data also greatly reduced the amount of scatter between the different specimens. Visual data records from the fatigue testing were used to calculate individual compliance calibration constants from the fatigue data for some of the specimens. The resulting da/dN versus G(sub Imax) plots showed much improved repeatability between specimens. Gretchen

Murri, Gretchen B.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Calculation of design load for the MOD-5A 7.3 mW wind turbine system

Design loads are presented for the General Electric MOD-SA wind turbine. The MOD-SA system consists of a 400 ft. diameter, upwind, two-bladed, teetered rotor connected to a 7.3 mW variable-speed generator. Fatigue loads are specified in the form of histograms for the 30 year life of the machine, while limit (or maximum) loads have been derived from transient dynamic analysis at critical operating conditions. Loads prediction was accomplished using state of the art aeroelastic analyses developed at General Electric. Features of the primary predictive tool - the Transient Rotor Analysis Code (TRAC) are described in the paper. Key to the load predictions are the following wind models: (1) yearly mean wind distribution; (2) mean wind variations during operation; (3) number of start/shutdown cycles; (4) spatially large gusts; and (5) spatially small gusts (local turbulence). The methods used to develop statistical distributions from load calculations represent an extension of procedures used in past wind programs and are believed to be a significant contribution to Wind Turbine Generator analysis. Test/theory correlations are presented to demonstrate code load predictive capability and to support the wind models used in the analysis. In addition MOD-5A loads are compared with those of existing machines. The MOD-5A design was performed by the General Electric Company, Advanced Energy Program Department, under Contract DEN3-153 with NASA Lewis Research Center and sponsored by the Department of Energy.

Mirandy, L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

An exactly solvable model for calculating critical misfit and thickness in epitaxial superlattices - Layers of equal elastic constants and thicknesses

A parabolic interaction potential has been used to develop a model for calculating the misfit dislocation (MD) energy in the case of a superlattice of alternating layers of materials with equal elastic constants and thicknesses. The model, which is believed to be a good one for small misfits and to have some merit for covalent bonded materials, is exactly solvable for the critical thickness above which it is energetically favorable to lose coherency by the introduction of MDs into the interfaces. It was found, for a given misfit f, that the critical thickness for epitaxial superlattices free from their substrate is somewhat more than four times that for a single epilayer on a thick substrate. Furthermore, the critical thickness varies almost inversely with misfit to the power 1.22 when Poisson's ratio is 1/3. It was also shown that the critical misfit f(c) obtained by equating maximal misfit strain and MD energies is a significant overestimate of f(c). The results for a superlattice are compared with those of a thin layer on a thick substrate.

Van Der Merwe, Jan H.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite-element analyses of constraint variations in cracked bodies

Three-dimensional elastic-plastic (small-strain) finite-element analyses were used to study the stresses, deformations, and constraint variations around a straight-through crack in finite-thickness plates for an elastic-perfectly plastic material under monotonic and cyclic loading. Middle-crack tension specimens were analyzed for thicknesses ranging from 1.25 to 20 mm with various crack lengths. Three local constraint parameters, related to the normal, tangential, and hydrostatic stresses, showed similar variations along the crack front for a given thickness and applied stress level. Numerical analyses indicated that cyclic stress history and crack growth reduced the local constraint parameters in the interior of a plate, especially at high applied stress levels. A global constraint factor alpha(sub g) was defined to simulate three-dimensional effects in two-dimensional crack analyses. The global constraint factor was calculated as an average through-the-thickness value over the crack-front plastic region. Values of alpha(sub g) were found to be nearly independent of crack length and were related to the stress-intensity factor for a given thickness.

Newman, J. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Tectonic determinations of lithospheric thickness on Ganymede and Callisto

The concept of the Maxwell time of a viscoelastic material (4.5) is used in conjunction with calculated thermal profiles to evaluate the significance of tectonic estimates of lithospheric thickness. Thermal lithospheric thicknesses provide fundamental constraints on planetary thermal histories that complement the constraints provided by dateable surface deposits of endogenic origin. Lithospheric constraints are of particular value on the icy satellites where our understanding of both rheology and surface ages is considerably poorer than it is for the terrestrial planets. Certain extensional tectonic features can and have been used to estimate lithospheric thicknesses on Ganymede and Callisto. These estimates, however, refer to the depth of the elastic lithosphere defined by the zone of brittle failure. The relation between the elastic lithosphere and the thermal lithosphere (generally defined by the zone of conductive heat transport) is not straightforward, because the depth of brittle failure depends not only on the thermal profile, but also on rheology and strain rate (or the characteristic time over which stresses build towards failure). Characteristic time considerations are not trivial in this context because stresses generating brittle failure on the icy satellites may be produced by impacts, with characteristic times of seconds to days, or by geologic processes with time scales of hundreds of millions of years.

Croft, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Results of inphase axial-torsional fatigue experiments on 304 stainless steel

A series of axial-torsional, inphase, strain-controlled, low-cycle fatigue tests were performed at room temperature on tubular specimens of 304 stainless steel. The program was conducted in cooperation with the task group on multiaxial fatigue research of ASTM committee E-09. The objective was to quantify the variability in multiaxial test results among several laboratories. Only included is data which was generated at the NASA Lewis Research Center's High Temperature Fatigue and Structures Laboratory. The experimental equipment and procedures used are described. The tubular specimens were polished on the outer surface to aid in the use of a cellulose film surface replication technique for crack detection. However, cracking initiated predominantly on the internal surface for all specimens. Honing of the bore of the tubular specimens lessened but did not entirely eliminate this problem. The observed fatigue lives are compared with lives calculated from three multiaxial life models. Constants for the life prediction models were obtained from uniaxial and torsional tests performed on the same heat of material. The observed fatigue lives agreed with calculated lives to within a factor of two for all but one of the life prediction models.

Bonacuse, Peter J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Viscosity determinations of some frictionally generated silicate melts: Implications for slip zone rheology during impact-induced faulting

Analytical scanning electron microscopy, using combined energy dispersive and wavelength dispersive spectrometry, was used to determine the major-element compositions of some natural and artificial glasses and their crystalline equivalents derived by the frictional melting of acid to intermediate protoliths. The major-element compositions are used to calculate the viscosities of their melt precursors using the model of Shaw at temperatures of 800-1400 C, with Fe(2+)/Fe(tot) = 0.5 and for 1-3 wt percent H2O. These results are then modified to account for suspension effects in order to determine viscosities. The results have implications for the generation of pseudotachylitic breccias as seen in the basement lithologies of the Sudbury and Vredefort structures and possibly certain dimict lunar breccias. Many of these breccias show similarities with the more commonly developed pseudotachylite fault and injection veins seen in endogenic fault zones that typically occur in thicknesses of a few centimeters or less. The main difference is one of scale: Impact-induced pseudotachylite breccias can attain several meters in thickness. This would suggest that they were generated under exceptionally high slip rates and hence high strain rates and that the friction melts generated possessed extremely low viscosities.

Spray, John G.↗
NASA NTRS1994

A methodology to predict damage initiation, damage growth and residual strength in titanium matrix composites

In this research, a methodology to predict damage initiation, damage growth, fatigue life, and residual strength in titanium matrix composites (TMC) is outlined. Emphasis was placed on micromechanics-based engineering approaches. Damage initiation was predicted using a local effective strain approach. A finite element analysis verified the prevailing assumptions made in the formulation of this model. Damage growth, namely, fiber-bridged matrix crack growth, was evaluated using a fiber bridging (FB) model which accounts for thermal residual stresses. This model combines continuum fracture mechanics and micromechanics analyses yielding stress-intensity factor solutions for fiber-bridged matrix cracks. It is assumed in the FB model that fibers in the wake of the matrix crack are idealized as a closure pressure, and an unknown constant frictional shear stress is assumed to act along the debond length of the bridging fibers. This frictional shear stress was used as a curve fitting parameter to the available experimental data. Fatigue life and post-fatigue residual strength were predicted based on the axial stress in the first intact 0 degree fiber calculated using the FB model and a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

Bakuckas, J. G., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Experimental study of a vortex subjected to imposed strain

An experimental project was undertaken to investigate the character of vortex breakdown with particular regard to the waveguide theories of vortex breakdown. A rectangular wing based on the NACA 0012 airfoil was used to produce a trailing vortex which convected downstream without undergoing breakdown. Dye marked the vortex location. A disturbance was then introduced onto the vortex using a small moving wire to 'cut' the vortex. The development of upstream and downstream propagating disturbance waves was observed and the propagation velocities measured. The downstream traveling wave produced a structure similar in appearance to a vortex breakdown. The upstream wave produced a moving, swirling, turbulent region that was not a vortex breakdown. The waves moving in either direction have the same swirl velocity profiles but quite different axial velocity profiles. The upstream disturbance (turbulence) moved into a flow with an axial velocity profile that had a wake-like defect in the core region. The downstream moving vortex breakdown moved into a flow with a jet-like overshoot in the core region. The fact that no breakdown was observed for the wake-like defect and breakdown was observed for the jet-like overshoot is not consistent with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. Although there are not a lot of examples, CFD results show breakdown for both types of profiles. The longitudinal and swirl velocity profiles were documented by Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) measurement. Wave velocities, swirl angles, and swirl parameters are reported.

Panton, Ronald L.↗
NASA NTRS2017

A Universal Threshold for the Assessment of Load and Output Residuals of Strain-Gage Balance Data

A new universal residual threshold for the detection of load and gage output residual outliers of wind tunnel strain{gage balance data was developed. The threshold works with both the Iterative and Non{Iterative Methods that are used in the aerospace testing community to analyze and process balance data. It also supports all known load and gage output formats that are traditionally used to describe balance data. The threshold's definition is based on an empirical electrical constant. First, the constant is used to construct a threshold for the assessment of gage output residuals. Then, the related threshold for the assessment of load residuals is obtained by multiplying the empirical electrical constant with the sum of the absolute values of all first partial derivatives of a given load component. The empirical constant equals 2.5 microV/V for the assessment of balance calibration or check load data residuals. A value of 0.5 microV/V is recommended for the evaluation of repeat point residuals because, by design, the calculation of these residuals removes errors that are associated with the regression analysis of the data itself. Data from a calibration of a six-component force balance is used to illustrate the application of the new threshold definitions to real{world balance calibration data.

wind tunnel balance↗