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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 883 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Friction and wear behavior of single-crystal silicon carbide in sliding contact with various metals

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with single-crystal silicon carbide in contact with various metals. Results indicate the coefficient of friction is related to the relative chemical activity of the metals. The more active the metal, the higher the coefficient of friction. All the metals examined transferred to silicon carbide. The chemical activity of the metal and its shear modulus may play important roles in metal-transfer, the form of the wear debris and the surface roughness of the metal wear scar. The more active the metal, and the less resistance to shear, the greater the transfer to silicon carbide and the rougher the wear scar on the surface of the metal. Hexagon-shaped cracking and fracturing formed by cleavage of both prismatic and basal planes is observed on the silicon carbide surface.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Liquid-solid equilibria involving spinel, ilmenite, and ferropseudobrookite in the system 'FeO'-Al2O3-TiO2 in contact with metallic iron

Phase relations in the liquidus temperature region of the system 'FeO'-Al2O3-TiO2 in contact with metallic iron, at a total pressure below 1 atm, have been determined by the quenching technique. Four invariant points have been located, with phase assemblages and temperatures as follows; wuestite, ulvoespinel, nercynite and liquid, 1306 C; ulvoespinel, ilmenite, ferropseudobrookite and liquid, 1340 C; ulvoespinel, hercynite, ferropseudobrookite and liquid, 1367 C; hercynite, ferropseudobrookite, corundum and liquid, 1465 C. The data obtained confirm the presence of a miscibility gap between titanate and aluminate spinels, and provide quantitative data for the effect of Al2O3 on mutual stability relations among spinel, ilmenite, and ferropseudobrookite phases in the presence of liquid at high temperatures and strongly reducing conditions. It is shown that Al2O3 has a strong stabilizing effect on the phase assemblage ferropseudobrookite and spinel relative to ilmenite.

Schreifels, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Ohmic contact to p-type indium phosphide

Low-Series-resistance ohmic contact to p-type InP semiconductor material is achieved in technique utilizing Au-Ge-Zn eutectic alloy. Alloy sets and adheres well to semiconductor surface with higher acceptor concentration at metal semiconductor interface. Technique has provided satisfactory for pn junction LED's and lasers.

Hawrylo, F. Z.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Anisotropic friction and wear of single-crystal manganese-zinc ferrite in contact with itself

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with manganese-zinc ferrite (100), (110), (111), and (211) planes in contact with themselves. Mating the highest-atomic-density directions, (110), of matched crystallographic planes resulted in the lowest coefficients of friction. Mating matched (same) high-atomic-density planes and matched (same)crystallographic directions resulted in low coefficients of friction. Mating dissimilar crystallographic planes, however, did not give significantly different friction results from those with matched planes. Sliding caused cracking and the formation of hexagonal- and rectangular-platelet wear debris on ferrite surfaces, primarily from cleavage of the (110) planes.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Friction and wear characteristics of iron-chromium alloys in contact with themselves and silicon carbide

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with various iron-chromium alloys in contact with (1) themselves, (2) single crystal silicon carbide disks, and (3) single crystal abrasive grit of silicon carbide. Results indicate the coefficients of friction for the alloys sliding against themselves are between those for pure iron and pure chromium, and are only slightly different with 1, 5, 9, 14, and 19 weight percent chromium in iron. The wear is due, primarily, to shearing, or tearing fracture, of the cohesive bonds in the bulk metal and plowing of the bulk by lumps of wear debris. There are only slight differences in the coefficients of friction for the various alloys when sliding on silicon carbide. The coefficient of friction for the alloys are higher than those for pure iron and pure chromium. Alloy hardening observed in the alloys plays a dominant role in controlling the abrasive friction and wear behavior of the alloys.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Study of polyphenyl ether fluid /5P4E/ in operating elastohydrodynamic contacts by infrared emission spectroscopy

Infrared emission spectra of 5P4E polyphenyl ether were obtained from an operating elastohydrodynamic sliding contact at different speeds and loads by Fourier emission microspectrophotometry. The spectra were found to be polarized with respect to the direction of the conjunction line, especially at high shear rates. Film and metal surface temperatures were calculated from the spectra, and film thicknesses were determined under various operating conditions. Changes of polarized band structure above a critical shear rate, at which the slope of the film temperature versus shear curve changes abruptly and at which the film thickness assumes a minimum value, are consistent with a transition of the lubricant from a viscous liquid to a viscoelastic liquid or to an elastic solid.

Lauer, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of elliptical contacts for materials of low elastic modulus. II - Starved conjunction

The study evaluates the effect of lubricant starvation on minimum film thickness in starved elliptical elastohydrodynamic conjunctions for materials of low elastic modulus. Lubricant starvation is studied simply by moving the inlet boundary closer to the center of the conjunction. A simple expression is presented for the dimensionless inlet boundary distance; this inlet boundary distance defines whether a fully flooded or a starved condition exists in the conjunction. A formula for the minimum film thickness under the starvation condition is derived. Contour plots of the pressure and film thickness in and around the contact are presented for both the fully flooded and starved lubrication conditions. It is shown that the inlet pressure contours become less circular and that the film thickness decreases substantially with increasing starvation severity.

Hamrock, B. J.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Optimization of tapered busses for solar cell contacts

Some fraction of the power produced by a solar cell is necessarily lost by series resistance associated with the metallized contact grid and by shadowing of cell active area by the grid. There are several approaches to reducing these losses, such as choosing a more efficient pattern, optimizing line spacing, and using tapered buses. The present paper analyzes tapered lines and derives from this analysis a theoretical lower bound to metallization power loss, independent of pattern chosen.

Landis, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

A two dimensional analysis of sheet resistance and contact resistance effects in solar cells

A computer model is developed to study the two-dimensional nature of the sheet resistance and contact resistance effects in solar cells. A major result is the demonstration that the distributed nature of the semiconductor sheet resistance causes the terminal dark I-V characteristics to exhibit an exp(qV/2kT) type dependence even when the one-dimensional characteristics of the cell exhibit an exp(qV/kT) type voltage dependence. The analytical model which is developed provides an easy method for estimating the sheet resistance of a solar cell from the terminal I-V data.

Fang, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Back contacts for silicon-on-ceramic solar cells

Grooved substrate exposes back surface of photovoltaic cells, allowing dopant diffusion into surface and electrical contact. When substrate is coated successively with carbon and molten silicon, polycrystalline-silicon bridges form over grooves, but leave channels open. Best adhesion results when substrate grooves run perpendicular to direction of liquid-silicon layer and are closely spaced.

Schuller, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Adhesion and friction of iron-base binary alloys in contact with silicon carbide in vacuum

Single pass sliding friction experiments were conducted with various iron base binary alloys (alloying elements were Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Rh, and W) in contact with a single crystal silicon carbide /0001/ surface in vacuum. Results indicate that atomic size and concentration of alloying elements play an important role in controlling adhesion and friction properties of iron base binary alloys. The coefficient of friction generally increases with an increase in solute concentration. The coefficient of friction increases linearly as the solute to iron atomic radius ratio increases or decreases from unity. The chemical activity of the alloying elements was also an important parameter in controlling adhesion and friction of alloys, as these latter properties are highly dependent upon the d bond character of the elements.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Development of improved wraparound contacts for silicon

A developmental process for fabricating 2 X 4 cm back surface field silicon solar cells featuring wraparound contacts and screen printed dielectric isolation is described. The process was then used to fabricate a number of cells for evaluation and study, as well as to establish the validity of the process sequence. While a number of cells exhibiting relatively good conversion efficiencies were produced, nearly all had low I-V curve factors for the level of efficiencies attained. Cells with conversion efficiencies of more than 15 percent (air mass zero and 25 C) had fill factors of only 0.76. Evidence as to the cause of this has not been conclusive, but is most probably linked to isolation failure in the wraparound dielectric and associated shunting problems.

Thornhill, J. W.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Adhesion, friction, and wear of binary alloys in contact with single-crystal silicon carbide

Sliding friction experiments, conducted with various iron base alloys (alloying elements are Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Rh and W) in contact with a single crystal silicon carbide /0001/ surface in vacuum are discussed. Results indicate atomic size misfit and concentration of alloying elements play a dominant role in controlling adhesion, friction, and wear properties of iron-base binary alloys. The controlling mechanism of the alloy properties is as an intrinsic effect involving the resistance to shear fracture of cohesive bonding in the alloy. The coefficient of friction generally increases with an increase in solute concentration. The coefficient of friction increases as the solute-to-iron atomic radius ratio increases or decreases from unity. Alloys having higher solute concentration produce more transfer to silicon carbide than do alloys having low solute concentrations. The chemical activity of the alloying element is also an important parameter in controlling adhesion and friction of alloys.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Friction and wear of iron-base binary alloys in sliding contact with silicon carbide in vacuum

Multipass sliding friction experiments were conducted with various iron base binary alloys in contact with a single crystal silicon carbide surface in vacuum. Results indicate that the atomic size and concentration of alloy elements play important roles in controlling the transfer and friction properties of iron base binary alloys. Alloys having high solute concentration produce more transfer than do alloys having low solute concentration. The coefficient of friction during multipass sliding generally increases with an increase in the concentration of alloying element. The change of friction with succeeding passes after the initial pass also increases as the solute to iron, atomic radius ratio increases or decreases from unity.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1979

High resolution, low cost solar cell contact development

The experimental work demonstrating the feasibility of the MIDFILM process as a low cost means of applying solar cell collector metallization as reported. Cell efficiencies of above 14% (AMl, 28 C) were achieved with fritted silver metallization. Environmental tests suggest that the metallization is slightly humidity sensitive and degradation is observed on cells with high series resistance. The major yield loss in the fabrication of cells was due to discontinuous grid lines, resulting in high series resitance. Standard lead-tin solder plated interconnections do not appear compatible with the MIDFILM contact. Copper, nickel and molybdemun base powder were investigated as low cost metallization systems. The copper based powder degraded the cell response. The nickel and molybdenum base powders oxidized when sintered in the oxidizing atmosphere necessary to ash the photoresin.

Mardesich, N.↗
NASA NTRS1979

The friction and wear of metals and binary alloys in contact with an abrasive grit of single-crystal silicon carbide

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with various metals and iron-base binary alloys (alloying elements Ti, Cr, Mn, Ni, Rh, and W) in contact with single-crystal silicon carbide riders. Results indicate that the coefficient of friction and groove height (corresponding to the wear volume) decrease linearly as the shear strength of the bulk metal increases. The coefficient of friction and groove height generally decrease with an increase in solute content of binary alloys. A separate correlation exists between the solute to iron atomic radius ratio and the decreasing rates of change of coefficient of friction and groove height with increasing solute content. These rates of change are minimum at a solute to iron radius ratio of unity. They increase as the atomic ratio increases or decreases linearly from unity. The correlations indicate that atomic size is an important parameter in controlling friction and wear of alloys.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Significance of thermal contact resistance in two-layer, thermal-barrier-coated turbine vanes

The paper studies calculated and measured metal wall temperatures of uncoated vanes and the same vanes coated with a thermal barrier coating system of NiCrAlY bond and yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic. It is shown that thermal contact between layers is negligible. The significance of data scatter and of published ceramic thermal conductivity values is discussed.

Liebert, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Multilayer, Front-Contact Grid for Solar Cells

Proposed multilayer, front-contact grid structure for solar cells optimizes collection of photogenerated current with minimum power losses. It is constructed of several layers of conducting grids. With multilayer concept, peak efficiency can occur at higher output-power levels. Because of this, higher solar concentrations can be applied to solar-cell arrays.

Milnes, A. G.↗