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882 records · Page 49
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

A Vertically Resolved Canopy Improves Chemical Transport Model Predictions of Ozone Deposition to North Temperate Forests

Abstract Dry deposition is the second largest tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) sink and occurs through stomatal and nonstomatal pathways. Current O 3 uptake predictions are limited by the simplistic big‐leaf schemes commonly used in chemical transport models (CTMs) to parameterize deposition. Such schemes fail to reproduce observed O 3 fluxes over terrestrial ecosystems, highlighting the need for more realistic treatment of surface‐atmosphere exchange in CTMs. We address this need by linking a resolved canopy model (1D Multi‐Layer Canopy CHemistry and Exchange Model, MLC‐CHEM) to the GEOS‐Chem CTM and use this new framework to simulate O 3 fluxes over three north temperate forests. We compare results with in situ measurements from four field studies and with standalone, observationally constrained MLC‐CHEM runs to test current knowledge of O 3 deposition and its drivers. We show that GEOS‐Chem overpredicts observed O 3 fluxes across all four studies by up to 2×, whereas the resolved‐canopy models capture observed diel profiles of O 3 deposition and in‐canopy concentrations to within 10%. Relative humidity and solar irradiance are strong O 3 flux drivers over these forests, and uncertainties in those fields provide the largest remaining source of model deposition biases. Flux partitioning analysis shows that: (a) nonstomatal loss accounts for 60% of O 3 deposition on average; (b) in‐canopy chemistry makes only a small contribution to total O 3 fluxes; and (c) the CTM big‐leaf treatment overestimates O 3 ‐driven stomatal loss and plant phytotoxicity in these temperate forests by up to 7×. Results motivate the application of fully online vertically explicit canopy schemes in CTMs for improved O 3 predictions.

Vermeuel, Michael P. [Department of Soil, Water, a↗
NASA NTRS1993

Study of the Staebler-Wronski degradation effect in a-Si:H based p-i-n solar cell

Conversion of solar energy into electricity using environmentally safe and clean photovoltaic methods to supplement the ever increasing energy needs has been a cherished goal of many scientists and engineers around the world. Photovoltaic solar cells on the other hand, have been the power source for satellites ever since their introduction in the early sixties. For widespread terrestrial applications, however, the cost of photovoltaic systems must be reduced considerably. Much progress has been made in the recent past towards developing economically viable terrestrial systems, and the future looks highly promising. Thin film solar cells offer cost reductions mainly from their low processing cost, low material cost, and choice of low cost substrates. These are also very attractive for space applications because of their high power densities (power produced per kilogram of solar cell pay load) and high radiation resistance. Amorphous silicon based solar cells are amongst the top candidates for economically viable terrestrial and space based power generation. Despite very low federal funding during the eighties, amorphous silicon solar cell efficiencies have continually been improved - from a low 3 percent to over 13 percent now. Further improvements have been made by the use of multi-junction tandem solar cells. Efficiencies close to 15 percent have been achieved in several labs. In order to be competitive with fossil fuel generated electricity, it is believed that module efficiency of 15 percent or cell efficiency of 20 percent is required. Thus, further improvements in cell performance is imperative. One major problem that was discovered almost 15 years ago in amorphous silicon devices is the well known Staebler-Wronski Effect. Efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells was found to degrade upon exposure to sunlight. Until now their is no consensus among the scientists on the mechanism for this degradation. Efficiency may degrade anywhere from 10 percent to almost 50 percent within the first few months of operation. In order to improve solar cell efficiencies, it is clear that the cause or causes of such degradation must be found and the processing conditions altered to minimize the loss in efficiency. This project was initiated in 1987 to investigate a possible link between metallic impurities, in particular, Ag, and this degradation. Such a link was established by one of the NASA scientists for the light induced degradation of n+/p crystalline silicon solar cells.

Naseem, H. A.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CuAg7As4ClO14 by Materials Project

Ag7CuAs4O14Cl crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are seven inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.94 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.59 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.45 Å) and two longer (2.46 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. In the third Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–3.04 Å. In the fourth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to four O2- and one Cl1- atom to form distorted AgClO4 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with four AsO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one CuO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.39–2.56 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.64 Å. In the fifth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.54 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.84 Å. In the sixth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.37–2.78 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.68 Å. In the seventh Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.47–3.15 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.74 Å. Cu2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CuO6 octahedra that share corners with six AsO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one AgClO4 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.38 Å. There are four inequivalent As5+ sites. In the first As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent CuO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one AsO4 tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 49–63°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.82 Å. In the second As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one AsO4 tetrahedra, and a cornercorner with one AgClO4 trigonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 54°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.71–1.81 Å. In the third As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent CuO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one AsO4 tetrahedra, and a cornercorner with one AgClO4 trigonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–53°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.70–1.83 Å. In the fourth As5+ site, As5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form AsO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one AsO4 tetrahedra, and corners with two equivalent AgClO4 trigonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 54°. There are a spread of As–O bond distances ranging from 1.70–1.80 Å. There are fourteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ag1+ and one As5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag1+ and one As5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OAg3As tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OCuAg2As tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ag1+ and two As5+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ag1+ and two As5+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ag1+ and one As5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ag1+ and one As5+ atom to form distorted corner-sharing OAg3As tetrahedra. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one As5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Ag1+ and one As5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Ag1+ and one As5+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Ag1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AgPO4 by Materials Project

AgPO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Ag3+ sites. In the first Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AgO5 square pyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.38 Å. In the second Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AgO5 square pyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.41 Å. In the third Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AgO5 square pyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.39 Å. In the fourth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.04–2.12 Å. In the fifth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted AgO5 square pyramids that share corners with five PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.40 Å. In the sixth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.51 Å. In the seventh Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.48 Å. In the eighth Ag3+ site, Ag3+ is bonded in a square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.05 Å) and two longer (2.13 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.60 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.60 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.60 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AgO5 square pyramids. There is three shorter (1.54 Å) and one longer (1.60 Å) P–O bond length. In the fifth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.61 Å. In the sixth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.50–1.60 Å. In the seventh P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.60 Å. In the eighth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with three AgO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.59 Å. There are thirty-two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Ag3+ and one P5+ atom. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag3+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of metal/dielectric substrates on photopolymerization of BITh thin films

Abstract We have studied effects of metal–dielectric substrates on photopolymerization of [2,2ʹ-Bi-1H-indene]-1,1ʹ-dione-3,3ʹ-diyl diheptanoate (BITh) monomer. We synthetized BITh and spin-coated it onto a variety of dielectric, metallic, and metal–dielectric substrates. The films were exposed to radiation of a UV–Visible Xe lamp, causing photo-polymerization of monomer molecules. The magnitude and the rate of the photo-polymerization were monitored by measuring the strength of the ~ 480 nm absorption band, which existed in the monomer but not in the polymer. Expectedly, the rate of photo-polymerization changed nearly linearly with the change of the pumping intensity. In contrast with our early study of photo-degradation of semiconducting polymer P3HT, the rate of photo-polymerization of BITh is getting modestly higher if the monomer film is deposited on top of silver separated from the monomer by a thin insulating MgF 2 layer preventing a charge transfer. This effect is partly due to a constructive interference of the incident and reflected light waves, as well as known in the literature effects of metal/dielectric substrates on a variety of spectroscopic and energy transfer parameters. At the same time, the rate of photopolymerization is getting threefold larger if monomer is deposited on Ag film directly and charge transfer is allowed. Finally, Au substrates cause modest (~ 50%) enhancement of both monomer film absorption and the rate of photo-polymerization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AgH10S8N8ClO6 by Materials Project

(AgH8(NS)8)2(H2O)2O2(ClO4)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two hydrogen peroxide molecules, four water molecules, four AgH8(NS)8 clusters, and four ClO4 clusters. In each AgH8(NS)8 cluster, Ag3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.76–3.28 Å. There are eight inequivalent N2+ sites. In the first N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.02 Å. There is one shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.69 Å) N–S bond length. In the second N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.02 Å. There is one shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.69 Å) N–S bond length. In the third N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.03 Å. There is one shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.69 Å) N–S bond length. In the fourth N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.02 Å. There is one shorter (1.67 Å) and one longer (1.68 Å) N–S bond length. In the fifth N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two S2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.62 Å) and one longer (1.69 Å) N–S bond length. In the sixth N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.02 Å. There is one shorter (1.67 Å) and one longer (1.70 Å) N–S bond length. In the seventh N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.04 Å. There is one shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.69 Å) N–S bond length. In the eighth N2+ site, N2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one H1+ and two S2- atoms. The N–H bond length is 1.03 Å. There is one shorter (1.68 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) N–S bond length. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. The H–S bond length is 1.37 Å. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N2+ atom. There are eight inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag3+, two N2+, and one H1+ atom. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the seventh S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In the eighth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Ag3+ and two N2+ atoms. In each ClO4 cluster, there are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.45 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.46 Å. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.47 Å. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.48 Å. Cl1- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cu3Ag2P2O9 by Materials Project

Ag2Cu3P2O9 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.76 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.82 Å. In the third Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.71 Å. In the fourth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ag–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–3.05 Å. There are six inequivalent Cu2+ sites. In the first Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted CuO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one CuO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.49 Å. In the second Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted CuO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.50 Å. In the third Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted CuO5 trigonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid, corners with four PO4 tetrahedra, and an edgeedge with one CuO5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.93–2.41 Å. In the fourth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.00 Å. In the fifth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted CuO5 square pyramids that share corners with three PO4 tetrahedra and corners with three CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.56 Å. In the sixth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.96 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid and corners with two CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.57 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid and corners with four CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.58 Å. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one CuO5 square pyramid and corners with four CuO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.54–1.59 Å. There are eighteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, two Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Cu2+ atoms to form edge-sharing OCu4 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, two Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one P5+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+ and one P5+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Cu2+ atoms to form edge-sharing OCu4 tetrahedra. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Ag1+, one Cu2+, and one P5+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one P5+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, two Cu2+, and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AgBTe4C(OF4)5 by Materials Project

AgBCTe4(OF4)5 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four AgBCTe4(OF4)5 clusters. Ag1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one C4+ and two O2- atoms. The Ag–C bond length is 2.04 Å. There are one shorter (2.31 Å) and one longer (2.45 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. B3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form BO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four TeOF5 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–50°. There are a spread of B–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.53 Å. C4+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one Ag1+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.14 Å. There are four inequivalent Te+5.50+ sites. In the first Te+5.50+ site, Te+5.50+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form TeOF5 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one BO4 tetrahedra. The Te–O bond length is 1.89 Å. There are a spread of Te–F bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.89 Å. In the second Te+5.50+ site, Te+5.50+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form TeOF5 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one BO4 tetrahedra. The Te–O bond length is 1.89 Å. There is three shorter (1.87 Å) and two longer (1.88 Å) Te–F bond length. In the third Te+5.50+ site, Te+5.50+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form TeOF5 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one BO4 tetrahedra. The Te–O bond length is 1.90 Å. There is three shorter (1.87 Å) and two longer (1.88 Å) Te–F bond length. In the fourth Te+5.50+ site, Te+5.50+ is bonded to one O2- and five F1- atoms to form TeOF5 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one BO4 tetrahedra. The Te–O bond length is 1.91 Å. There are a spread of Te–F bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.88 Å. There are five inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one B3+ and one Te+5.50+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one B3+, and one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one B3+ and one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, one B3+, and one Te+5.50+ atom. There are twenty inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the tenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the eleventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the twelfth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the thirteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fourteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the fifteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the sixteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the seventeenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the eighteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the nineteenth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom. In the twentieth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te+5.50+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2000

Exploiting the dynamics of S-phase tracers in developing brain: interkinetic nuclear migration for cells entering versus leaving the S-phase

Two S-phase markers for in vivo studies of cell proliferation in the developing central nervous system, tritiated thymidine ((3)H-TdR) and bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), were compared using double-labeling techniques in the developing mouse cortex at embryonic day 14 (E14). The labeling efficiencies and detectability of the two tracers were approximately equivalent, and there was no evidence of significant tracer interactions that depend on order of administration. For both tracers, the loading time needed to label an S-phase cell to detectability is estimated at <0.2 h shortly after the injection of the label, but, as the concentration of the label falls, it increases to approximately 0.65 h after about 30 min. Thereafter, cells that enter the S-phase continue to become detectably labeled for approximately 5-6 h. The approximate equivalence of these two tracers was exploited to observe directly the numbers and positions of nuclei entering (labeled with the second tracer only) and leaving (labeled with the first tracer only) the S-phase. As expected, the numbers of nuclei entering and leaving the S-phase both increased as the interval between the two injections lengthened. Also, nuclei leaving the S-phase rapidly move towards the ventricular surface during G2, but, unexpectedly, the distribution of the entering nuclei does not differ significantly from the distribution of the nuclei in the S-phase. This indicates that: (1) the extent and rate of abventricular nuclear movement during G1 is variable, such that not all nuclei traverse the entire width of the ventricular zone, and (2) interkinetic nuclear movements are minimal during S-phase. Copyright 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS1999

Estimates of Long Term Surface Soil Moisture in the Midwestern U.S. Derived from Satellite Microwave Observations

Soil moisture is a key component of the water and energy balances of the Earth's surface, and has been identified as a parameter of significant potential for improving the accuracy of large-scale land surface-atmosphere interaction models. However, soil moisture is often somewhat difficult to measure accurately in both space and time, especially at large spatial scales. Soil moisture is highly variable, and while point measurements are typically quite accurate, subsequent areal averaging of these measurements often leads to large errors. Since remotely sensed land surface observations are already a spatially averaged or areally integrated value, they are a logical input parameter to regional or larger scale land process models. A database of long-term soil moisture was compared to satellite microwave observations over test sites in the Midwestern United States. Ground measurements of average volumetric surface soil moisture in the top ten cm were made bimonthly at 19 locations throughout the state of Illinois. Nighttime microwave brightness temperatures were observed at a frequency of 6.6 GHz, by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR), onboard the Nimbus 7 satellite. The life of the SMMR instrument spanned from Nov. 1978 to Aug. 1987. At 6.6 GHz, the instrument provided a spatial resolution of approximately 150 km, and a temporal frequency over the test area of about 3 nighttime orbits per week. Vegetation radiative transfer characteristics, such as the canopy transmissivity, were estimated from vegetation indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the 37 GHz Microwave Polarization Difference Index (MPDI). Because the time of satellite coverage does not always coincide with the ground measurements of soil moisture, the existing ground data were used to calibrate a water balance for the top IO cm surface layer in order to interpolate daily surface moisture values. Such a climate-based approach is often more appropriate for estimating large-area average soil moisture because meteorological data are generally more spatially representative than isolated point measurements of soil moisture, Passive microwave remote sensing presents the greatest potential for providing regular spatially representative estimates of surface soil moisture at global scales. Real time estimates should improve weather and climate modelling efforts, while the development of historical data sets will provide necessary information for simulation and validation of long-term climate and global change studies.

Owe, M.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K3AgO2 by Materials Project

K3AgO2 is Pb (Zr_0.50 Ti_0.48) O_3-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2_12_12_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are twelve inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–2.93 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.54–3.19 Å. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.86 Å. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing KO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.79–2.93 Å. In the fifth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.55–3.26 Å. In the sixth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing KO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.89 Å. In the seventh K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.81–3.11 Å. In the eighth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.74–3.23 Å. In the ninth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.72–3.06 Å. In the tenth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.71–3.37 Å. In the eleventh K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.60–3.32 Å. In the twelfth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.76–3.13 Å. There are four inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. Both Ag–O bond lengths are 2.04 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. In the third Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and one longer (2.07 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. In the fourth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.05 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form distorted edge-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form distorted edge-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to seven K1+ and one Ag1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six K1+ and one Ag1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cu3Ag2Bi7Pb3S16 by Materials Project

Ag2Cu3Pb3Bi7S16 is Orthorhombic Perovskite-derived structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted AgS6 octahedra that share corners with five BiS6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent AgS6 octahedra, and edges with six BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 9–14°. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.45–3.16 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted AgS6 octahedra that share corners with five BiS6 octahedra, edges with four equivalent AgS6 octahedra, edges with six BiS6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent PbS5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 9–16°. There are a spread of Ag–S bond distances ranging from 2.45–3.17 Å. There are three inequivalent Cu1+ sites. In the first Cu1+ site, Cu1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four S2- atoms. There are a spread of Cu–S bond distances ranging from 2.27–2.86 Å. In the second Cu1+ site, Cu1+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form distorted CuS4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two BiS6 octahedra, corners with four CuS4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 15–77°. There are a spread of Cu–S bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.94 Å. In the third Cu1+ site, Cu1+ is bonded to four S2- atoms to form distorted CuS4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two BiS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent PbS5 square pyramids, and corners with four CuS4 trigonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 22–81°. There are a spread of Cu–S bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.72 Å. There are three inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five S2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.93–3.04 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded to five S2- atoms to form distorted PbS5 square pyramids that share corners with three BiS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent CuS4 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, edges with three BiS6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent PbS5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–17°. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and four longer (3.03 Å) Pb–S bond lengths. In the third Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight S2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–S bond distances ranging from 2.91–3.34 Å. There are seven inequivalent Bi3+ sites. In the first Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five S2- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.63–3.03 Å. In the second Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one AgS6 octahedra, and edges with seven BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–9°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.64–3.25 Å. In the third Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one PbS5 square pyramid, edges with three equivalent AgS6 octahedra, and edges with seven BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–16°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.69–3.07 Å. In the fourth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted BiS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one AgS6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one CuS4 trigonal pyramid, edges with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, edges with four BiS6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent CuS4 trigonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 12°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.66–3.19 Å. In the fifth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one AgS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent PbS5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one CuS4 trigonal pyramid, edges with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, edges with four BiS6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one PbS5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 9°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.68–3.12 Å. In the sixth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one CuS4 trigonal pyramid, edges with three equivalent AgS6 octahedra, and edges with seven BiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 7–14°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.76–2.99 Å. In the seventh Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form BiS6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent AgS6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent BiS6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one CuS4 trigonal pyramid, an edgeedge with one AgS6 octahedra, edges with seven BiS6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent PbS5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 3–10°. There are a spread of Bi–S bond distances ranging from 2.78–2.98 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Cu1+, one Pb2+, and two equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to one Pb2+ and five Bi3+ atoms to form SBi5Pb octahedra that share corners with four SAg3Bi3 octahedra and edges with ten SBi5Pb octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–6°. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Cu1+, two equivalent Pb2+, and one Bi3+ atom. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Cu1+ and three Bi3+ atoms. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+, one Pb2+, and three Bi3+ atoms to form SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SAg3Bi3 octahedra, corners with two equivalent SBi5 square pyramids, edges with five SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra, and edges with three equivalent SBi5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, two equivalent Pb2+, and two equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the seventh S2- site, S2- is bonded to three equivalent Ag1+ and three Bi3+ atoms to form distorted SAg3Bi3 octahedra that share corners with four SBi5Pb octahedra, a cornercorner with one SCu3Bi trigonal pyramid, and edges with ten SBi5Pb octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. In the eighth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Ag1+, two equivalent Pb2+, and two equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the ninth S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Cu1+ and one Bi3+ atom to form SCu3Bi trigonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one SAg3Bi3 octahedra, corners with four SCu3Bi trigonal pyramids, and edges with two equivalent SCuBi3Pb2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 14°. In the tenth S2- site, S2- is bonded to three equivalent Ag1+ and three Bi3+ atoms to form distorted SAg3Bi3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra, corners with two equivalent SBi5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one SCu3Bi trigonal pyramid, edges with seven SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra, and an edgeedge with one SBi5 square pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 4°. In the eleventh S2- site, S2- is bonded to one Cu1+, two equivalent Pb2+, and three Bi3+ atoms to form distorted SCuBi3Pb2 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra, a cornercorner with one SCu3Bi trigonal pyramid, edges with six SBi5Pb octahedra, and edges with two equivalent SCu3Bi trigonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 5°. In the twelfth S2- site, S2- is bonded to three Cu1+ and one Bi3+ atom to form distorted SCu3Bi trigonal pyramids that share corners with two SAg3Bi3 octahedra and corners with four SCu3Bi trigonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–93°. In the thirteenth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+, one Pb2+, and three Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing SAg2Bi3Pb octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–6°. In the fourteenth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to one Cu1+, two equivalent Pb2+, and three Bi3+ atoms. In the fifteenth S2- site, S2- is bonded to five Bi3+ atoms to form SBi5 square pyramids that share corners with four SAg3Bi3 octahedra, edges with four SAg3Bi3 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent SBi5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–6°. In the sixteenth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to four Pb2+ and one Bi3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1994

Basic principles of flight test instrumentation engineering, volume 1, issue 2

Volume 1 of the AG 300 series on ´Flight Test Instrumentation´ gives a general introduction to the basic principles of flight test instrumentation. The other volumes in the series provide more detailed treatments of selected topics on flight test instrumentation. Volume 1, first published in 1974, has been used extensively as an introduction for instrumentation courses and symposia, as well as being a reference work on the desk of most flight test and instrumentation engineers. It is hoped that this second edition, fully revised, will be used with as much enthusiasm as the first edition. In this edition a flight test system is considered to include both the data collection and data processing systems. In order to obtain an optimal data flow, the overall design of these two subsystems must be carefully matched; the detail development and the operation may have to be done by separate groups of specialists. The main emphasis is on the large automated instrumentation systems used for the initial flight testing of modern military and civil aircraft. This is done because there, many of the problems, which are discussed here, are more critical. It does not imply, however, that smaller systems with manual data processing are no longer used. In general, the systems should be designed to provide the required results at the lowest possible cost. For many tests which require only a few parameters, relatively simple systems are justified, especially if no complex equipment is available to the user. Although many of the aspects discussed in this volume apply to both small and large systems, aspects of the smaller systems are mentioned only when they are of special interest. The volume has been divided into three main parts. Part 1 defines the main starting points for the design of a flight test instrumentation system, as seen from the points of view of the flight test engineer and the instrumentation engineer. In Part 2 the discussion is concentrated on those aspects which apply to each individual measuring channel, and in Part 3 the main emphasis is on the integration of the individual data channels into one data collection system and on those aspects of the data processing which apply to the complete system.

channels (data transmission)↗
NASA NTRS1999

Thermally Mobile Trace Elements in Carbonaceous Chondrites from Cold and Hot Deserts

Some decades ago, Anders and co-workers used RNAA to classify a number of trace elements as being volatile during nebular condensation and accretion into primitive objects based upon their strong depletion in (equilibrated) ordinary chondrites relative to C1 chondrites. Such elements, e.g. Ag, Bi, Cd, Cs, In, Se, Te, Tl, Zn and others, exhibit nearly constant, C1-normalized atomic abundances in C2 (CM2) and in C3 chondrites. They interpreted the near-constancy of these abundances according to a 2-component model in which volatiles were introduced into carbonaceous (and other) chondrites as Cl material which was diluted with differing proportions of high-temperature (i.e. volatile-free) components. In this view, mean volatile element abundances of 0.48 in C2 and 0.24-0.29 x C1 in C3 chondrites indicated that C2 and C3 chondrites are, respectively, about 1:1 and 1:2-3 mixtures of Cl-like and high temperature materials. More recently, C1 normalized abundances of such volatile elements are nearly constant in most C2-6 chondrites (i.e. 25 non-Antarctic meteorites, nearly all falls, and 36 Antarctic finds) consistent with a 2- component mixing model. However, rather than being quantized, mean volatile element contents in each chondrite define a continuum from 0.92-0.14 x Cl for these 61 chondrites. A few carbonaceous chondrites - the first having been the NIPR consortium samples B-7904, Y-82162 and Y-86720 - show an altered pattern: many of the volatile elements in each exhibit the usual constancy of C1-normalized atomic abundances, but modified by further depletion of Cd and other elements like Tl and Bi. These are the most mobile trace elements, i.e. those most readily vaporized and lost from primitive meteorites during week-long heating at greater than or equal to 400 C under low ambient pressures (initially 10 (exp -5) atm H2), simulating metamorphic conditions in a primitive parent body. Similarities between mobile element data for B-7904, Y-82162 and Y-86720 with those for Murchison heated at 500-700 C suggest that these Antarctic C1 and C2-like chondrites were metamorphosed at temperatures like these in the interiors of their parent bodies. Metamorphic temperatures inferred from RNAA data and textural/mineralogic alterations are internally consistent, agreeing with those evident in heated Murchison samples. These 3 chondrites were also heated late in their histories since all have lost cosmogenic 3-He, presumably during close solar approach, and B-7904 and Y-86720 seem also to have lost substantial proportions of radiogenic He-4 and Ar-40, cf. data. Similarities in spectral reflectance data for C-, G-, B- and F- asteroids, for these meteorites and for heated Murchison samples suggest that thermally metamorphosed interior materials in these asteroids were excavated by impacts and re-deposited on them, forming their present surfaces. Establishment of the thermal metamorphic histories of carbonaceouis chondrites, then, is essential to establishing the evolution and present-day nature of C-type and related asteroids.

Lipschutz, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Thermally Mobile Trace Elements in Carbonaceous Chondrites From Cold and Hot Deserts

Some decades ago, Anders and co-workers used RNAA to classify a number of trace elements as being volatile during nebular condensation and accretion into primitive objects based upon their strong depletion in (equilibrated) ordinary chondrites relative to C1 chondrites. Such elements, e.g. Ag, Bi, Cd, Cs, In, Se, Te, Tl, Zn and others, exhibit nearly constant, C1-normalized atomic abundances in C2 (CM2) and in C3 chondrites. They interpreted the near-constancy of these abundances according to a 2-component model in which volatiles were introduced into carbonaceous (and other) chondrites as C1 material which was diluted with differing proportions of high-temperature (i.e. volatile-free) components. In this view, mean volatile element abundances of 0.48 in C2 and 0.24-0.29 x C1 in C3 chondrites indicated that C2 and C3 chondrites are, respectively, about 1:1 and 1:2-3 mixtures of C1-like and high temperature materials. More recently, Xiao and Lipschutz found that C-normalized abundances of such volatile elements are nearly constant in most C2-6 chondrites (i.e. 25 non-Antarctic meteorites, nearly all falls, and 36 Antarctic finds) consistent with a 2-component mixing model. However, rather than being quantized, mean volatile element contents in each chondrite define a continuum from 0.92-0.14 x C1 for these 61 chondrites. A few carbonaceous chondrites, the first having been the NIPR consortium samples B-7904, Y-82162 and Y-86720, show an altered pattern: many of the volatile elements in each exhibit the usual constancy of C1-normalized atomic abundances, but modified by further depletion of Cd and other elements like Tl and Bi. These are the most mobile trace elements, i.e. those most readily vaporized and lost from primitive meteorites during week-long heating at greater than or equal to 400 C under low ambient pressures (initially 10(exp -5) atm H2), simulating metamorphic conditions in a primitive parent body. Similarities between mobile element data for B-7904, Y-82162 and Y-86720 with those for Murchison heated at 500-700 C, suggest that these Antarctic C1 - and C2-like chondrites were metamorphosed at temperatures like these in the interiors of their parent bodies. Metamorphic temperatures inferred from RNAA data and textural/mineralogic alterations are internally consistent, agreeing., with those evident in heated Murchison samples. These 3 chondrites were also heated late in their histories since all have lost cosmogenic He-3, presumably during close solar approach, and B-7904 and Y-86720 seem also to have lost substantial proportions of radiogenic He-4 and Ar-40 cf. data in. Similarities in spectral reflectance data for C-, G-, B- and F- asteroids, for these meteorites and for heated Murchison samples suggest that thermally metamorphosed interior materials in these asteroids were excavated by impacts and re-deposited on them, forming their present surfaces. Establishment of the thermal metamorphic histories of carbonaceous chondrites, then, is essential to establishing the evolution and present-day nature of C-type and related asteroids.

Lipschutz, M. E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

MIBiG 4.0: advancing biosynthetic gene cluster curation through global collaboration

Specialized or secondary metabolites are small molecules of biological origin, often showing potent biological activities with applications in agriculture, engineering and medicine. Usually, the biosynthesis of these natural products is governed by sets of co-regulated and physically clustered genes known as biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). To share information about BGCs in a standardized and machine-readable way, the Minimum Information about a Biosynthetic Gene cluster (MIBiG) data standard and repository was initiated in 2015. Since its conception, MIBiG has been regularly updated to expand data coverage and remain up to date with innovations in natural product research. Here, we describe MIBiG version 4.0, an extensive update to the data repository and the underlying data standard. In a massive community annotation effort, 267 contributors performed 8304 edits, creating 557 new entries and modifying 590 existing entries, resulting in a new total of 3059 curated entries in MIBiG. Particular attention was paid to ensuring high data quality, with automated data validation using a newly developed custom submission portal prototype, paired with a novel peer-reviewing model. MIBiG 4.0 also takes steps towards a rolling release model and a broader involvement of the scientific community. MIBiG 4.0 is accessible online at https://mibig.secondarymetabolites.org/.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K5Ag(NO)2 by Materials Project

K5Ag(NO)2 is Pb (Zr_0.50 Ti_0.48) O_3-derived structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are ten inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.00 Å) and one longer (3.13 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.60 Å) and one longer (2.72 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.12 Å) and one longer (3.13 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.58 Å) and one longer (2.72 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.12 Å) and one longer (3.13 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.59 Å) and one longer (2.72 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two equivalent N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.00 Å) and one longer (3.13 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.59 Å) and one longer (2.73 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the fifth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two N1- and two equivalent O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.01 Å) and one longer (3.14 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.63 Å) and one longer (2.64 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the sixth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two N1- and two equivalent O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (3.33 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.64 Å) and one longer (2.66 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the seventh K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two N1- and two equivalent O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (3.33 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.64 Å) and one longer (2.66 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the eighth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two N1- and two equivalent O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.01 Å) and one longer (3.14 Å) K–N bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.63 Å) and one longer (2.64 Å) K–O bond lengths. In the ninth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.28 Å) and one longer (3.32 Å) K–N bond lengths. Both K–O bond lengths are 2.74 Å. In the tenth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two N1- and two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (3.27 Å) and one longer (3.30 Å) K–N bond lengths. Both K–O bond lengths are 2.74 Å. There are two inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. Both Ag–O bond lengths are 2.05 Å. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.04 Å) and one longer (2.06 Å) Ag–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent N1- sites. In the first N1- site, N1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five K1+ atoms. In the second N1- site, N1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five K1+ atoms. In the third N1- site, N1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five K1+ atoms. In the fourth N1- site, N1- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five K1+ atoms. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form corner-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–36°. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form corner-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–36°. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form corner-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–36°. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to five K1+ and one Ag1+ atom to form corner-sharing OK5Ag octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–36°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Combined Mesonet and Tracker

Title: Combined Mesonet and Trackers (UNL Mobile Mesonets) Authors University of Nebraska PI: Adam Houston, UNL Professor (ahouston2@unl.edu) Mailing Address: 126 Bessey Hall P.O. Box 880340 Lincoln, NE 68588-0340 CoMeT Overview The University of Nebraska-Lincoln operates three Combined Mesonet and Tracker (CoMeTs). CoMeTs are Ford Explorers (model years 2015, 2017, and 2019) with forward-mounted suites of meteorological sensors and dual moonroofs, combining the capability of a mobile mesonet to collect near-surface observations with the capability of an unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) tracker vehicle, which enables an observer in the second row of seats to see the aircraft and maintain compliance with Federal Aviation Administration policies on UAS operation. The CoMeTs collect observations of slow temperature and humidity at ~2 m above ground level (AGL) using a Vaisala HMP155A, fast temperature at ~2 m AGL using a Campbell Scientific 109SS-L thermistor, pressure at ~2.5 m AGL using a Vaisala PTB210, wind speed and direction at ~3.25 m AGL using an R.M. Young 05103 propeller anemometer, and vehicle heading using a KVH Industries C-100 fluxgate compass (Barbieri et al. 2019). The HMP155A and 109SS-L thermistor are shielded and aspirated within a U-tube (Waugh and Frederickson 2010; Houston et al. 2016). This list of sensors is also included in the CoMeT data file metadata. Manufacturer specifications for these instruments are given in Table 1 of Hanft and Houston (2018). The reported measured quantities are summarized below.CoMeT-3 was funded through an equipment allocation included in the NSF TORUS award (AGS-1824649). Instrument Description The specific sensors included on each CoMeT are summarized in the table at the end of this section. In general each CoMeT collects observations of slow temperature and humidity at ~2 m above ground level (AGL) using a Vaisala HMP155, fast temperature at ~2 m AGL using a Campbell Scientific 109SS-L thermistor, pressure at ~2.5 m AGL using a Vaisala PTB210 barometer with a Gill pressure port, wind speed and direction at ~3.25 m AGL using an R.M. Young 05103 propeller anemometer, position using a Garmin 19x HVS receiver, and vehicle heading using a KVH Industries C-100 fluxgate compass. The HMP155 and 109SS are shielded and aspirated within a U-tube (Waugh and Frederickson 2010; Houston et al. 2016). Fast temperature and corrected RH measurements (using sensors housed within the U-tube) have a time constant of 10-12 s based on data collected across a temperature and RH shock during the CLOUD-MAP 2017 calibration/validation tests on June 26, 2017. Vehicle speed was < 10 kts for this test. CoMeT-1 CoMeT-2 CoMeT-3 Slow Temperature Slow RH Vaisala HMP155A-L20-PT Part #: 22280-7 Vaisala HMP155E Part #: E1AA11A0B1A1A0A Vaisala HMP155E Part #: E1AA11A0B1A1A0A Fast temperature Campbell Scientific 109SS-L20-PT Part #: 21448-3 Campbell Scientific 109SS-L12-PW Part #: 21448-109 Campbell Scientific 109SS-L12-PW Part #: 21448-150 Pressure Vaisala PTB-210 Part #: A1A1B Gill Pressure Port Part #: 61002 Vaisala PTB-210 Part #: A1A1B Gill Pressure Port Part #: 61002 Vaisala PTB-210 Part #: A1A1B Gill Pressure Port Part #: 61002 Wind RM Young 05103-L20-PT Part #: 18435-310 RM Young 05103-L20-PW Part #: 18435-244 RM Young 05103-L20-PW Part #: 18435-244 GPS Garmin GPS 19x HVS (NMEA 0183) Part #: 010-01010-00 Garmin GPS 19x HVS (NMEA 0183) Part #: 010-01010-00 Garmin GPS 19x HVS (NMEA 0183) Part #: 010-01010-00 Compass KVH C-100 Part #: 01-0177-15 KVH C-100 Part #: 01-0177-15 KVH C-100 Part #: 01-0177-15 Logger Campbell Scientific CR6-NA-XT-SW Part #: 28385-9 Campbell Scientific CR6-WIFI-XT-SW Part #: 28385-6 Campbell Scientific CR6-WIFI-XT-SW Part #: 28385-6 Data Collection and Real-Time Processing The reported measured quantities are summarized in the table below. Quantity Units Source Epoch time Seconds GPS Latitude and longitude Degrees GPS Altitude m GPS Pressure hPa PTB210 Temperature (fast) deg C 109SS-L Temperature (slow) deg C HMP155 RH (slow) % HMP155 Vehicle speed m/s GPS Vehicle heading deg C-100 and GPS In addition to the measured variables, several derived variables are calculated. Corrected/fast relative humidity (%) Relative humidity is adjusted to the fast temperature following Richardson et al. (1998) and Houston et al. (2016). Water vapor mixing ratio (g/kg) Dew point temperature (&deg;C) Potential temperature (Kelvin) Virtual potential temperature (Kelvin) Equivalent potential temperature (Kelvin) Regular intercomparisons between all three CoMeTs were performed during TORUS 2019. Comparisons were also conducted between CoMeT-1 and CoMeT-2 during LAPSE-RATE (2018) on 14 July. In these intercomparisons, the vehicles were parked adjacent to each other aligned perpendicular to (and facing into) the wind. To minimize engine heating effects, intercomparisons were only conducted when the wind speed was >10 kts. Data Format Original data files for each deployment are saved as text files and then converted to NetCDF. NetCDF versions have units that are CF compliant and may not match the original units in the txt files. The naming convention for the NetCDF files is as follows: UNL.CoMeT3.{deployment date YYYYMMDD}.{start time of observation collection in UTC HHMM}.L2.{post-processing codes}.cdf example: UNL.CoMeT3.20190627.1931.L2.g1.f1.cdf Post-processing codes are included to track modifications to the raw data. These codes are closely connected to error flags associated with each record. Each letter corresponds to a particular instrument: g: GPS p: Barometer tf: Fast temperature ts: Slow temperature rh: Relative humidity f: Compass w: Wind monitor a: All instruments Each number corresponds to a particular post-processing action described more below. Measured and derived variables are included in the following table. Variable Heading Standard Name Units time Time seconds since 00:00:00, 01-01-1970 Alt Altitude meters lat Latitude degrees north lon Longitude degrees east fast_temp Air Temperature kelvin slow_temp Air Temperature kelvin pressure Air Pressure pascals logger_RH Relative Humidity percent calc_corr_RH Relative Humidity percent wind_speed Wind Speed meters per second wind_dir Wind From Direction degrees vehicle_dir Vehicle Direction degrees dewpoint Dew Point Temperature kelvin mixing_ratio Humidity Mixing Ratio g/g theta Air Potential Temperature kelvin theta_v Virtual Potential Temperature kelvin theta_e Equivalent Potential Temperature Kelvin error_flag The error_flag variable is a string that matches the post-processing codes listed above. All instruments will have an associated code, but will have a &ldquo;0&rdquo; if the datum is unchanged from the initial processed value. Error Codes The following table summarizes the error codes for data collected before 2020: Error Code Relevant CoMeT Description g1 1,2,3 Exact correction. GPS position and time reprocessed from raw data g2 1 As far as we can tell this is an exact correction to an error in the GPS time. During the correct time periods the time suddenly went backwards ~250s and stayed at this offset for 750s when it corrected itself. The offset was applied to the &ldquo;time warp&rdquo; period. p1 2 Approximate correction. Hole in the pressure tube connecting the pressure port to the barometer. Resulted in erroneously low air pressure measurements when the vehicle was in motion. Derived variables recalculated (dew point temperature [e depends on qv and p], water vapor mixing ratio, potential temperature, virtual potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature) a1 3 Exact correction. Missing data reprocessed from raw data a2 1 Bug fix to bias correction for ts1, ts2, and rh1: water vapor mixing ratio was off by a factor of 10 and virtual potential temperature was wrong because of this. f1 3 No correction, missing data. Fluxgate compass inoperable. Wind speed and direction calculated using GPS-derived vehicle heading instead. rh1 1 Approximate correction. Constant bias of +1.7% removed from relative humidity. Derived variables recalculated (corrected/fast relative humidity, dew point temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, virtual potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature) ts1 1 Approximate correction. Constant bias of +0.6 K removed from slow temperature. Derived variables recalculated (corrected/fast relative humidity, dew point temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, virtual potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature) ts2 1 Approximate correction. Constant bias of +1.0 K removed. Derived variables recalculated (corrected/fast relative humidity, dew point temperature, water vapor mixing ratio, virtual potential temperature, equivalent potential temperature) References Bolton, D., 1980: The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1046&ndash;1053, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1046:TCOEPT>2.0.CO;2. Hanft, W., and A. L. Houston, 2018: An Observational and Modeling Study of Mesoscale Air Masses with High Theta-E. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 2503&ndash;2524, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0389.1.Wexler Houston, A. L., R. J. Laurence III, T. W. Nichols, S. Waugh, B. Argrow, and C. L. Ziegler, 2016: Intercomparison of unmanned aircraft-borne and mobile mesonet atmospheric sensors. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 33, 1569-1582, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0178.1. Lowe, P. R., 1977: An Approximating Polynomial for the Computation of Saturation Vapor Pressure. J. Applied Meteorology, 16, 100&ndash;103. Richardson, S. J., S. E. Frederickson, F. V. Brock, and J. A. Brotzge, 1998: Combination temperature and relative humidity probes: Avoiding large air temperature errors and associated relative humidity errors. Preprints, 10th Symp. On Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation, Phoenix, AZ, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 278&ndash;283. Waugh, S., and S. E. Frederickson, 2010: An improved aspirated temperature system for mobile meteorological observations, especially in severe weather. 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., P5.2. [Available online at https://ams.confex.com/ams/25SLS/techprogram/paper_176205.htm.]

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗