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At least 883 records · Page 49

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-T-570: New Quality Assurance Method Using Motion Tracking for 6D Robotic Couches

Purpose: To accommodate geometrically accurate patient positioning, a robotic couch that is capable of 6-degrees of freedom has been introduced. However, conventional couch QA methods are not sufficient to enable the necessary accuracy of tests. Therefore, we have developed a camera based motion detection and geometry calibration system for couch QA. Methods: Employing a Visual-Tracking System (VTS, BonitaB10, Vicon, UK) which tracks infrared reflective(IR) markers, camera calibration was conducted using a 5.7 × 5.7 × 5.7 cm{sup 3} cube attached with IR markers at each corner. After positioning a robotic-couch at the origin with the cube on the table top, 3D coordinates of the cube’s eight corners were acquired by VTS in the VTS coordinate system. Next, positions in reference coordinates (roomcoordinates) were assigned using the known relation between each point. Finally, camera calibration was completed by finding a transformation matrix between VTS and reference coordinate systems and by applying a pseudo inverse matrix method. After the calibration, the accuracy of linear and rotational motions as well as couch sagging could be measured by analyzing the continuously acquired data of the cube while the couch moves to a designated position. Accuracy of the developed software was verified through comparison with measurement data when using a Laser tracker (FARO, Lake Mary, USA) for a robotic-couch installed for proton therapy. Results: VTS system could track couch motion accurately and measured position in room-coordinates. The VTS measurements and Laser tracker data agreed within 1% of difference for linear and rotational motions. Also because the program analyzes motion in 3-Dimension, it can compute couch sagging. Conclusion: Developed QA system provides submillimeter/ degree accuracy which fulfills the high-end couch QA. This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning. (2013M2A2A7043507 and 2012M3A9B6055201)

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Pxl

The code consists of several scripts. The image is fetched from a predefined URL, downloaded, and is displayed in the virtual environment at a predefined location. The image is also dynamically scaled to fit in the virtual environment depending on its size. The image is sent to have each pixel's value written to a CSV file. While the CSV is being written, a dictionary is populated with values that map each pixel to a temperature reading. The image's height, width, position and references to its corners are sent to make a button that is the same size as the image and placed right behind the image in the virtual scene. The button defines behavior that should be triggered when the user pushes the image. Unity provides visual cues that alert the user when they are about to touch something in the virtual environment. The code holds references to the cues for the left and right hands. The button queries the cue tracker and receives the position of the active cue in the form of a 3D vector. The 3D vector is compared to the bottom left corner of the image to transform the world space coordinates of the cue to the pixel space of the image. The specific pixel is approximated relative to how far left and up the user touched from the bottom left corner of the image. The approximated pixel value, which is represented as a coordinate in 2D space, is used to retrieve the temperature value associated with the approximated pixel. A window of text is then updated to display the temperature reading.

. Otis, KrystianeS [Idaho National Laboratory (INL↗

NASA NTRS1993

Pre- and postprocessing techniques for determining goodness of computational meshes

Research in error estimation, mesh conditioning, and solution enhancement for finite element, finite difference, and finite volume methods has been incorporated into AUDITOR, a modern, user-friendly code, which operates on 2D and 3D unstructured neutral files to improve the accuracy and reliability of computational results. Residual error estimation capabilities provide local and global estimates of solution error in the energy norm. Higher order results for derived quantities may be extracted from initial solutions. Within the X-MOTIF graphical user interface, extensive visualization capabilities support critical evaluation of results in linear elasticity, steady state heat transfer, and both compressible and incompressible fluid dynamics.

Oden, J. Tinsley↗

NASA NTRS2017

Osiris-REx Spacecraft Current Status and Forward Plans

The NASA New Frontiers OSIRIS-REx spacecraft executed a flawless launch on September 8, 2016 to begin its 23-month journey to near-Earth asteroid (101955). The primary objective of the OSIRIS-REx mission is to collect and return to Earth a pristine sample of regolith from the asteroid surface. The sampling event will occur after a two-year period of remote sensing that will ensure a high probability of successful sampling of a region on the asteroid surface having high science value and within well-defined geological context. The OSIRIS-REx instrument payload includes three high-resolution cameras (OCAMS), a visible and near-infrared spectrometer (OVIRS), a thermal imaging spectrometer (OTES), an X-ray imaging spectrometer (REXIS), and a laser altimeter (OLA). As the spacecraft follows its nominal outbound-cruise trajectory, the propulsion, power, communications, and science instruments have undergone basic functional tests, with no major issues. Outbound cruise science investigations include a search for Earth Trojan asteroids as the spacecraft approaches the Sun-Earth L4 Lagrangian point in February 2017. Additional instrument checkouts and calibrations will be carried out during the Earth gravity assist maneuver in September 2017. During the Earth-moon flyby, visual and spectral images will be acquired to validate instrument command sequences planned for Bennu remote sensing. The asteroid Bennu remote sensing campaign will yield high resolution maps of the temperature and thermal inertia, distributions of major minerals and concentrations of organic matter across the asteroid surface. A high resolution 3d shape model including local surface slopes and a high-resolution gravity field will also be determined. Together, these data will be used to generate four separate maps that will be used to select the sampling site(s). The Safety map will identify hazardous and safe operational regions on the asteroid surface. The Deliverability map will quantify the accuracy with which the navigation team can deliver the spacecraft to and from specific sites on the asteroid surface. The Sampleability map quantifies the regolith properties, providing an estimation of how much material would be sampled at different points on the surface. The final Science Value map synthesizes the chemical, mineralogical, and geological, observations to identify the areas of the asteroid surface with the highest science value. Here, priority is given to organic, water-rich regions that have been minimally altered by surface processes. Asteroid surface samples will be acquired with a touch-and-go sample acquisition system (TAGSAM) that uses high purity pressurized N2 gas to mobilize regolith into a stainless steel canister. Although the mission requirement is to collect at least 60 g of material, tests of the TAGSAM routinely exceeded 300 g of simulant in micro-gravity tests. After acquiring the sample, the spacecraft will depart Bennu in 2021 to begin its return journey, with the sample return capsule landing at the Utah Test and Training Range on September 23, 2023. The OSIRIS-REx science team will carry out a series of detailed chemical, mineralogical, isotopic, and spectral studies that will be used to determine the origin and history of Bennu and to relate high spatial resolution sample studies to the global geological context from remote sensing. The outline of the sample analysis plan is described in a companion abstract.

Messenger, Scott↗

DOE OSTI2016

SU-G-JeP2-04: Comparison Between Fricke-Type 3D Radiochromic Dosimeters for Real-Time Dose Distribution Measurements in MR-Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To assess MR signal contrast for different ferrous ion compounds used in Fricke-type gel dosimeters for real-time dose measurements for MR-guided radiation therapy applications. Methods: Fricke-type gel dosimeters were prepared in 4% w/w gelatin prior to irradiation in an integrated 1.5 T MRI and 7 MV linear accelerator system (MR-Linac). 4 different ferrous ion (Fe2?) compounds (referred to as A, B, C, and D) were investigated for this study. Dosimeter D consisted of ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS), which is conventionally used for Fricke dosimeters. Approximately half of each cylindrical dosimeter (45 mm diameter, 80 mm length) was irradiated to ∼17 Gy. MR imaging during irradiation was performed with the MR-Linac using a balanced-FFE sequence of TR/TE = 5/2.4 ms. An approximate uncertainty of 5% in our dose delivery was anticipated since the MR-Linac had not yet been fully commissioned. Results: The signal intensities (SI) increased between the un-irradiated and irradiated regions by approximately 8.6%, 4.4%, 3.2%, and 4.3% after delivery of ∼2.8 Gy for dosimeters A, B, C, and D, respectively. After delivery of ∼17 Gy, the SI had increased by 24.4%, 21.0%, 3.1%, and 22.2% compared to the un-irradiated regions. The increase in SI with respect to dose was linear for dosimeters A, B, and D with slopes of 0.0164, 0.0251, and 0.0236 Gy{sup −1} (R{sup 2} = 0.92, 0.97, and 0.96), respectively. Visually, dosimeter A had the greatest optical contrast from yellow to purple in the irradiated region. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using Fricke-type dosimeters for real-time dose measurements with the greatest optical and MR contrast for dosimeter A. We also demonstrated the need to investigate Fe{sup 2+} compounds beyond the conventionally utilized FAS compound in order to improve the MR signal contrast in 3D dosimeters used for MR-guided radiation therapy. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. LH- 102SPS.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

No more active galactic nuclei in clumpy disks than in smooth galaxies at z ∼ 2 in CANDELS/3D-HST

We use CANDELS imaging, 3D-HST spectroscopy, and Chandra X-ray data to investigate if active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are preferentially fueled by violent disk instabilities funneling gas into galaxy centers at 1.3 < z < 2.4. We select galaxies undergoing gravitational instabilities using the number of clumps and degree of patchiness as proxies. The CANDELS visual classification system is used to identify 44 clumpy disk galaxies, along with mass-matched comparison samples of smooth and intermediate morphology galaxies. We note that despite being mass-matched and having similar star formation rates, the smoother galaxies tend to be smaller disks with more prominent bulges compared to the clumpy galaxies. The lack of smooth extended disks is probably a general feature of the z ∼ 2 galaxy population, and means we cannot directly compare with the clumpy and smooth extended disks observed at lower redshift. We find that z ∼ 2 clumpy galaxies have slightly enhanced AGN fractions selected by integrated line ratios (in the mass-excitation method), but the spatially resolved line ratios indicate this is likely due to extended phenomena rather than nuclear AGNs. Meanwhile, the X-ray data show that clumpy, smooth, and intermediate galaxies have nearly indistinguishable AGN fractions derived from both individual detections and stacked non-detections. The data demonstrate that AGN fueling modes at z ∼ 1.85—whether violent disk instabilities or secular processes—are as efficient in smooth galaxies as they are in clumpy galaxies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Supercooled liquid sulfur maintained in three-dimensional current collector for high-performance Li-S batteries

In lithium-sulfur (Li-S) chemistry, the electrically/ionically insulating nature of sulfur and Li 2 S leads to sluggish electron/ion transfer kinetics for sulfur species conversion. Sulfur and Li 2 S are recognized as solid at room temperature, and solid-liquid phase transitions are the limiting steps in Li-S batteries. Here, we visualize the distinct sulfur growth behaviors on Al, carbon, Ni current collectors and demonstrate that (i) liquid sulfur generated on Ni provides higher reversible capacity, faster kinetics, and better cycling life compared to solid sulfur; and (ii) Ni facilitates the phase transition (e.g., Li 2 S decomposition). Accordingly, light-weight, 3D Ni-based current collector is designed to control the deposition and catalytic conversion of sulfur species toward high-performance Li-S batteries. This work provides insights on the critical role of the current collector in determining the physical state of sulfur and elucidates the correlation between sulfur state and battery performance, which will advance electrode designs in high-energy Li-S batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRS2005

Solar System Visualization (SSV) Project

The Solar System Visualization (SSV) project aims at enhancing scientific and public understanding through visual representations and modeling procedures. The SSV project's objectives are to (1) create new visualization technologies, (2) organize science observations and models, and (3) visualize science results and mission Plans. The SSV project currently supports the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), and Cassini. In support of the these missions, the SSV team has produced pan and zoom animations of large mosaics to reveal details of surface features and topography, created 3D animations of science instruments and procedures, formed 3-D anaglyphs from left and right stereo pairs, and animated registered multi-resolution mosaics to provide context for microscopic images.

Todd, Jessida L.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Rhorix: An interface between quantum chemical topology and the 3D graphics program blender

Not Available

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2015

Full-physics 3D heterogeneous simulations of electromagnetic induction fields on level and deformed sea ice

In this article we explore simulated responses of electromagnetic (EM) signals relative to in situ field surveys and quantify the effects that different values of conductivity in sea ice have on the EM fields. We compute EM responses of ice types with a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-volume discretization of Maxwell's equations and present 2-D sliced visualizations of their associated EM fields at discrete frequencies. Several interesting observations result: First, since the simulator computes the fields everywhere, each gridcell acts as a receiver within the model volume, and captures the complete, coupled interactions between air, snow, sea ice and sea water as a function of their conductivity; second, visualizations demonstrate how 1-D approximations near deformed ice features are violated. But the most important new finding is that changes in conductivity affect EM field response by modifying the magnitude and spatial patterns (i.e. footprint size and shape) of current density and magnetic fields. These effects are demonstrated through a visual feature we define as 'null lines'. Null line shape is affected by changes in conductivity near material boundaries as well as transmitter location. Our results encourage the use of null lines as a planning tool for better ground-truth field measurements near deformed ice types.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Comparison of Visual and LiDAR SLAM Algorithms using NASA Flight Test Data

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a promising technique that provides localization information and precise mapping of the physical environment without having much prior knowledge of the surroundings. SLAM may have a vital role in aeronautics and aerospace, where vehicles and aircraft must operate in complex environments with traditional localization services that may be degraded or unavailable. This paper compares several pre-canned 3D SLAM algorithms based on vision and LiDAR, namely ORB-SLAM, ORB-SLAM2, LOAM, A-LOAM, and F-LOAM on NASA UAS (Unmanned Aircraft System) flight test data. The NASA ARC UAS flight test demonstrates preliminary SLAM algorithm results, which serve as a stepping stone to simulated AAM (Advanced Air Mobility) concepts. Conducting AFRC UAS flight test for simulated AAM approach and landing with SLAM algorithms provides an Alternative Precision Navigation and Timing solution based on distributed landmarks and fiducials in the landing zone. These algorithms use the telemetry data as ground truth for a baseline comparison. The criteria of the performance comparison include robustness, accuracy, re-localization, response to environmental changes, and real-time effectiveness, which are currently qualitative but to be quantitative in the future.

computer vision↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Comparison of Visual and LiDAR SLAM Algorithms using NASA Flight Test Data

computer vision↗

DOE OSTI2019

The Northwest Geysers Enhanced Geothermal System Demonstration Project, The Geysers, California (Final Report)

An Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) Demonstration Project was completed in the northwest portion of The Geysers geothermal field in Northern California. The goal was to demonstrate the feasibility of stimulating a deep, high temperature reservoir (HTR) with measured temperatures up to 750 °F (400 °C). We note that while some of the traditional Hot Dry Rock EGS concepts involves one or a few repeated hydraulically pressurized stimulations, our concept involves continuous injection over a periods of years at relatively low injection flows and at low pressures. Important measures of success are a sustained steam production rate and decreasing noncondensible gas (NCG) concentrations within the EGS Demonstration area. The project was completed in three phases and this Final Report characterizes the EGS reservoir and documents the successful stimulation of the HTR by the continuous injection of treated wastewater under only a gravity pressure head.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Project Fringe, Testing and Validation on Metal Additive Manufacturing

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) worked with Additive Monitoring Systems (AMS) to demonstrate the real-time inspection of additive manufacturing (AM) binder jet fusion 3D printing (BJF). Test coupons on the ExOne Innovent were printed and monitored using AMS’s Project Fringe structured light system. Anomalies were detected automatically and classified post build as recoater powder layer non-uniformities, binder powder interaction, depressions, and sub optimal print area. These anomalies were not apparent in the visual spectrum, which suggests that the structured light system has advanced the monitoring techniques state-of-the-art for BJF.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1994

Applied virtual reality at the Research Triangle Institute

Virtual Reality (VR) is a way for humans to use computers in visualizing, manipulating and interacting with large geometric data bases. This paper describes a VR infrastructure and its application to marketing, modeling, architectural walk through, and training problems. VR integration techniques used in these applications are based on a uniform approach which promotes portability and reusability of developed modules. For each problem, a 3D object data base is created using data captured by hand or electronically. The object's realism is enhanced through either procedural or photo textures. The virtual environment is created and populated with the data base using software tools which also support interactions with and immersivity in the environment. These capabilities are augmented by other sensory channels such as voice recognition, 3D sound, and tracking. Four applications are presented: a virtual furniture showroom, virtual reality models of the North Carolina Global TransPark, a walk through the Dresden Fraunenkirche, and the maintenance training simulator for the National Guard.

Montoya, R. Jorge↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

In-situ Imaging of Pyrolyzing Aerospace Materials

Tracking morphological changes of materials during heating is crucial to understand its response in fire protection, biofuel production, thermal protection systems (TPS) for hypersonic flight. As materials are heated, they undergo physical and chemical changes due to water loss, stretching or shrinking, pyrolysis and chemical reactions in the ambient environment. The effects of these changes can have a profound impact on the material’s performance, indicated by changes in on the porosity and volume. While materials such as wood shrink as they pyrolyze and lose mass, others swell due to their inherent characteristics when exposed to heat [1]. This study focuses on experiments conducted at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) beamline 8.3.2, where in situ micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) is performed on materials as they are being pyrolyzed. Through in situ µ-CT, the change in total volume and porosity can be obtained in real-time, allowing for better understanding of the underlying thermophysical and chemical processes as a function of temperature. This study also focuses on the implementation of the Porous Microstructure Analysis software (PuMA) [2] to obtain thermal conductivity, permeability, and other properties of the material from the 3D tomographies. The information gained from these tomographies will supplement microscale model development of material morphological change and will aid macroscale modeling for high-temperature applications. For this study, Room Temperature Vulcanizing silicone (RTV) [3-5] is heated from room temperature to 1000°C using an infrared lamp heating system, and tomographies are continuously collected as the sample is heated. The tomographies are then segmented to obtain solid and void phases, from which estimates of pore size, porosity and total volume are extracted as a function of temperature. PuMA is deployed on the segmented tomographies to obtain thermal conductivity, permeability, and other properties as a function of temperature. Preliminary results show that RTV first intumesces (swells) as pyrolysis begins, due to build-up of pyrolysis gases in closed pores, and then shrinks significantly as more open pores are formed and the pyrolysis gases outgas. Pore network visualization of the tomographies using OpenPNM [6] showed the increase in pore connectivity with increase in temperature. Future work will focus on using PuMA to obtain macroscopic properties of RTV as a function of temperature.

Tomography↗

DOE OSTI2024

Installation protocol for charge transfer dissociation mass spectrometry on ion trapping mass spectrometers

Abstract Rationale Charge transfer dissociation (CTD) is a novel fragmentation technique that demonstrates enhanced structural characterization for a wide variety of molecules compared to standard fragmentation techniques like collision‐induced dissociation (CID). Alternative fragmentation techniques, such as electron transfer dissociation, electron capture dissociation, and ultraviolet photodissociation, also overcome many of the shortfalls of CID, but none of them are a silver bullet that can adequately characterize a wide variety of structures and charge states of target compounds. Given the diversity of structural classes and their occasional obstinance towards certain activation techniques, alternative fragmentation techniques are required that rely on novel or alternative modes of activation. Methods Herein, we present a step‐by‐step protocol for the installation of CTD on a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer and best practices for optimizing the signal‐to‐noise ratio and acquisition times for CTD mass spectra. Results In addition to two CTD installations in the Jackson laboratory, CTD has also been installed, and is currently in operation, on two 3D ion trap mass spectrometers in France: one in the laboratory of Dr. David Ropartz and Dr. Hélène Rogneaux at INRAE in Nantes, and the other in the laboratory of Dr. Jean‐Yves Salpin at Université d'Évry Val‐d'Essonne, part of the Paris‐Saclay University system. Conclusions Here, we provide a visual protocol to help others accomplish the instrument modification.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS2015

Software Development: 3D Animations and Creating User Interfaces for Realistic Simulations

My fall 2015 semester was spent at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center working in the Integrated Graphics, Operations, and Analysis Laboratory (IGOAL). My first project was to create a video animation that could tell the story of OMICS. OMICS is a term being used in the field of biomedical science to describe the collective technologies that study biological systems, such as what makes up a cell and how it functions with other systems. In the IGOAL I used a large 23 inch Wacom monitor to draw storyboards, graphics, and line art animations. I used Blender as the 3D environment to sculpt, shape, cut or modify the several scenes and models for the video. A challenge creating this video was to take a term used in biomedical science and describe it in such a way that an 8th grade student can understand. I used a line art style because it would visually set the tone for what we thought was an educational style. In order to get a handle on the perspective and overall feel for the animation without overloading my workspace, I split up the 2 minute animation into several scenes. I used Blender's python scripting capabilities which allowed for the addition of plugins to add or modify tools. The scripts can also directly interact with the objects to create naturalistic patterns or movements. After collecting the rendered scenes, I used Blender's built-in video editing workspace to output the animation. My second project was to write software that emulates a physical system's interface. The interface was to simulate a boat, ROV, and winch system. Simulations are a time and cost effective way to test complicated data and provide training for operators without having to use expensive hardware. We created the virtual controls with 3-D Blender models and 2-D graphics, and then add functionality in C# using the Unity game engine. The Unity engine provides several essential behaviors of a simulator, such as the start and update functions. A framework for Unity, which was developed in the lab, provided a way to place the different widgets on the virtual console dock and have them resize correctly based on the window dimensions.. My task in this project was to create the controls and visualizations for the data coming in from the simulator for the boat portion of the project. I wrote a class for each control window to handle the functionality of that widget. I implemented 11 widgets that make up the ship portion of the simulator. The members of the lab were each masters of their craft and I'm glad I had the opportunity to learn from them. I learned to plan strategically so I could finish this project on time. I allotted time for storyboarding, development, and refinement. In regards to animating I learned to use modifiers like lattice, boolean and build deformers. I also learned how to animate with drivers, how to use the dope sheet, and how to use the graph editor. In coding I learned to limit the chances for bugs by privatizing functions that should be exclusive to their class. I learned how to use the GIT repository to commit, stash and pull the latest build. I learned a bit of everything because I had the chance to see the entire application development process from the artwork, to the implementation.

Gordillo, Orlando Enrique↗