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DOE OSTI2021

Influence of the Kuroshio Intrusion on Deep Flow Intraseasonal Variability in the Northern South China Sea

Abstract Interactions between the open ocean and marginal seas have been suggested to be critical to the redistribution and dissipation of global energy. Here, we propose a mechanism for the upper open ocean influencing the deep flow in marginal seas that hinges on the formation and propagation of topographic Rossby waves (TRWs). Observations and high‐resolution simulations suggest substantial intraseasonal variability with periods of 5–60 days associated with the deep flow over continental slopes of the northern South China Sea (NSCS). These fluctuations generally account for over 40% of the total deep kinetic energy variability and the number can reach 70% over the slopes to the west of the Luzon Strait, southwest of the Dongsha Islands, and northeast of the Xisha Islands. By examining the spatiotemporal features of the fluctuations, we demonstrate that the intraseasonal variability of the deep flow in the NSCS is closely associated with TRWs. Using a recently developed multiscale energetics analysis in combination with a ray tracing model, we show that the energy sources of TRWs can be traced back to the east of the Dongsha Islands, where the Kuroshio intrusion and related eddies energize the TRWs primarily through pressure work. These waves propagate westward across the NSCS and drive the intraseasonal variability of the deep flow over continental slopes. Our findings highlight an energy pathway from the open ocean western boundary current to the abyssal marginal sea that could modulate regional circulation as well as exchanges between major ocean basins.

Quan, Qi↗

NASA NTRS2016

Multispacecraft Observations and Modeling of the 22/23 June 2015 Geomagnetic Storm

The magnetic storm of 22-23 June 2015 was one of the largest in the current solar cycle. We present in situ observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) and the Van Allen Probes (VAP) in the magnetotail, field-aligned currents from AMPERE (Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response), and ionospheric flow data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). Our real-time space weather alert system sent out a "red alert," correctly predicting Kp indices greater than 8. We show strong outflow of ionospheric oxygen, dipolarizations in the MMS magnetometer data, and dropouts in the particle fluxes seen by the MMS Fast Plasma Instrument suite. At ionospheric altitudes, the AMPERE data show highly variable currents exceeding 20 MA. We present numerical simulations with the Block Adaptive Tree-Solarwind - Roe - Upwind Scheme (BATS-R-US) global magnetohydrodynamic model linked with the Rice Convection Model. The model predicted the magnitude of the dipolarizations, and varying polar cap convection patterns, which were confirmed by DMSP measurements.

Reiff, P. H.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

The cosmic web contains filamentary structure on a wide range of scales. On the largest scales, superclustering aligns multiple galaxy clusters along intercluster bridges, visible through their thermal Sunyaev–Zel'dovich signal in the cosmic microwave background. We demonstrate a new, flexible method to analyze the hot gas signal from multiscale extended structures. We use a Compton y-map from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) stacked on redMaPPer cluster positions from the optical Dark Energy Survey (DES). Cutout images from the y-map are oriented with large-scale structure information from DES galaxy data such that the superclustering signal is aligned before being overlaid. We find evidence of an extended quadrupole moment of the stacked y signal at the 3.5σ level, demonstrating that the large-scale thermal energy surrounding galaxy clusters is anisotropically distributed. We compare our ACT × DES results with the Buzzard simulations, finding broad agreement. Using simulations, we highlight the promise of this novel technique for constraining the evolution of anisotropic, non-Gaussian structure using future combinations of microwave and optical surveys.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS2022

Superclustering with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope and Dark Energy Survey. I. Evidence for Thermal Energy Anisotropy Using Oriented Stacking

M. Lokken↗

DOE OSTI2021

Modeling the Nonlinear Rheology of Polymer Additive Manufacturing

This report summarizes molecular and continuum simulation studies focused on developing physics - based predictive models for the evolution of polymer molecular order during the nonlinear processing flows of additive manufacturing. Our molecular simulations of polymer elongation flows identified novel mechanisms of fluid dissipation for various polymer architectures that might be harnessed to enhance material processability. In order to predict the complex thermal and flow history of polymer realistic additive manufacturing processes, we have developed and deployed a high - performance mesh - free hydrodynamics module in Sandia's LAMMPS software. This module called RHEO – short for Reproducing Hydrodynamics and Elastic Objects – hybridizes an updated - Lagrange reproducing - kernel method for complex fluids with a bonded particle method (BPM) to capture solidification and solid objects in multiphase flows. In combination, our two methods allow rapid, multiscale characterization of the hydrodynamics and molecular evolution of polymers in realistic processing geometries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Offshore wind energy forecasting sensitivity to sea surface temperature input in the Mid-Atlantic

Abstract. As offshore wind farm development expands, accurate wind resource forecasting over the ocean is needed. One important yet relatively unexplored aspect of offshore wind resource assessment is the role of sea surface temperature (SST). Models are generally forced with reanalysis data sets, which employ daily SST products. Compared with observations, significant variations in SSTs that occur on finer timescales are often not captured. Consequently, shorter-lived events such as sea breezes and low-level jets (among others), which are influenced by SSTs, may not be correctly represented in model results. The use of hourly SST products may improve the forecasting of these events. In this study, we examine the sensitivity of model output from the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) 4.2.1 to different SST products. We first evaluate three different data sets: the Multiscale Ultrahigh Resolution (MUR25) SST analysis, a daily, 0.25∘ × 0.25∘ resolution product; the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis (OSTIA), a daily, 0.054∘ × 0.054∘ resolution product; and SSTs from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 16 (GOES-16), an hourly, 0.02∘ × 0.02∘ resolution product. GOES-16 is not processed at the same level as OSTIA and MUR25; therefore, the product requires gap-filling using an interpolation method to create a complete map with no missing data points. OSTIA and GOES-16 SSTs validate markedly better against buoy observations than MUR25, so these two products are selected for use with model simulations, while MUR25 is at this point removed from consideration. We run the model for June and July of 2020 and find that for this time period, in the Mid-Atlantic, although OSTIA SSTs overall validate better against in situ observations taken via a buoy array in the area, the two products result in comparable hub-height (140 m) wind characterization performance on monthly timescales. Additionally, during hours-long flagged events (< 30 h each) that show statistically significant wind speed deviations between the two simulations, both simulations once again demonstrate similar validation performance (differences in bias, earth mover's distance, correlation, and root mean square error on the order of 10−1 or less), with GOES-16 winds validating nominally better than OSTIA winds. With a more refined GOES-16 product, which has been not only gap-filled but also assimilated with in situ SST measurements in the region, it is likely that hub-height winds characterized by GOES-16-informed simulations would definitively validate better than those informed by OSTIA SSTs.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS2012

Expected Navigation Flight Performance for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission consists of four formation-flying spacecraft placed in highly eccentric elliptical orbits about the Earth. The primary scientific mission objective is to study magnetic reconnection within the Earth s magnetosphere. The baseline navigation concept is the independent estimation of each spacecraft state using GPS pseudorange measurements (referenced to an onboard Ultra Stable Oscillator) and accelerometer measurements during maneuvers. State estimation for the MMS spacecraft is performed onboard each vehicle using the Goddard Enhanced Onboard Navigation System, which is embedded in the Navigator GPS receiver. This paper describes the latest efforts to characterize expected navigation flight performance using upgraded simulation models derived from recent analyses.

Olson, Corwin↗

DOE OSTI2022

Multiscale modeling and nonlinear model predictive control for flue gas desulfurization

The primary source of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) emissions is flue gas from fossil fuels-based power plants. SO 2 emissions are known to not only cause health issues, but also have an adverse effect on the environment in various ways. Several Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) technologies have been incorporated in power plants. The most popular technology is Wet FGD, where a limestone slurry is used to absorb SO 2 from the flue gas. A detailed droplet scale model describing the instantaneous and finite rate chemistry is developed. The ill-posed Differential-Algebraic Equation (DAE) droplet model is reformulated to a well-posed index-1 DAE through index reduction. The droplet model is integrated with the bulk phase by incorporating gas-liquid mass transfer, and an oxidation reactor model to simulate the dynamic operation of the counter-current spray scrubber. As a result, the model has a well-conditioned Jacobian and overcomes the modeling challenges of previous works and enables numerical solution without requiring carefully selected initialization or specialized solution procedures. The model is successfully validated using power plant measurements, and nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) studies are demonstrated to optimize recycle stream flowrates to minimize pumping costs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Multiscale Richtmyer-Meshkov instability experiments to isolate the strain rate dependence of strength

Theoretical analysis of Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) experiments for solid strength shows that the strain rate for a given shock should be inversely proportional to the length scale of the sine wave perturbations when η 0 k , the nondimensional amplitude to wavelength ratio, is held fixed. To isolate the effect of strain rate on strength, free-surface RMI specimens of annealed copper were prepared with three perturbation regions with the same η 0 k but different length scales, characterized by the wavelength λ varying by a factor of 4.9 from 65 to 130 to 320 µ m . Three such targets with different fixed η 0 k ′ s were impacted to a shock pressure of 25 GPa, and the instability evolution was measured with photon Doppler velocimetry. Strengths estimated by comparing hydrocode simulation to the data increased from 700 to 1200 MPa as λ decreased. The different η 0 k targets exercised increasing amounts of plastic strain yet showed no evidence of strain hardening. Physical regime sensitivity analysis determined that for 320 − 65 µ m wavelength perturbations, the effective strain rates increased from 8.7 × 10 6 to 3.3 × 10 7 s − 1 , a factor of 3.8. Thus, the predicted strain rate scaling was mostly achieved but slightly suppressed by increased strength at higher rates. The RMI strength estimates were plotted against constitutive testing data on copper from the literature to show striking evidence of the strength upturn at higher strain rates. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2021

Mineral Dust Cycle in the Multiscale Online Nonhydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry Model (Monarch) Version 2.0

We present the dust module in the Multiscale Online Non-hydrostatic AtmospheRe CHemistry model (MONARCH) version 2.0, a chemical weather prediction system that can be used for regional and global modeling at a range of resolutions. The representations of dust processes in MONARCH were upgraded with a focus on dust emission (emission parameterizations, entrainment thresholds, considerations of soil moisture and surface cover), lower boundary conditions (roughness, potential dust sources), and dust–radiation interactions. MONARCH now allows modeling of global and regional mineral dust cycles using fundamentally different paradigms, ranging from strongly simplified to physics-based parameterizations. We present a detailed description of these updates along with four global benchmark simulations, which use conceptually different dust emission parameterizations, and we evaluate the simulations against observations of dust optical depth. We determine key dust parameters, such as global annual emission/deposition flux, dust loading, dust optical depth, mass-extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and direct radiative effects. For dust-particle diameters up to 20 µm, the total annual dust emission and deposition fluxes obtained with our four experiments range between about 3500 and 6000 Tg, which largely depend upon differences in the emitted size distribution. Considering ellipsoidal particle shapes and dust refractive indices that account for size-resolved mineralogy, we estimate the global total (longwave and shortwave) dust direct radiative effect (DRE) at the surface to range between about −0.90 and −0.63 W m−2 and at the top of the atmosphere between −0.20 and −0.28 W m−2. Our evaluation demonstrates that MONARCH is able to reproduce key features of the spatiotemporal variability of the global dust cycle with important and insightful differences between the different configurations.

Dust cycle↗

DOE OSTI2023

Examining the effects of soil entrainment during nuclear cloud rise on fallout predictions using a multiscale atmospheric modeling framework

Current operational models for nuclear cloud rise over land were developed and validated using observations from shallow-buried or surface detonations, where lofted soil quickly mixed with fission products from the detonation. These models poorly predict fallout from elevated detonations near the fallout-free height of burst (FFHOB), where interactions with the ground are limited and the mixing of fission products and lofted soil is incomplete. Fallout-free is a misnomer at this HOB, as fallout was observed in these cases, but was below the levels of concern, especially off-grounds of the nuclear test site. To correctly characterize and model fallout from detonations near the FFHOB, models must be developed which can capture the stratified nature of the particle and activity-size distributions within the cloud. Previously, it was shown that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model can accurately simulate nuclear cloud rise for airbursts with little to no ground interactions (Arthur et al., 2021). That work is expanded here by (1) using a radiation-hydrodynamics code to improve the fireball initialization in WRF, (2) further developing an aerosol package from WRF-Chem to simulate lofted soil, and (3) combining the WRF cloud rise simulations with the operational models used at the National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center (NARAC) for fallout modeling. Using this combination of codes, the Upshot-Knothole Grable detonation, which was just below the FFHOB, is simulated from seconds after detonation through cloud rise and fallout, and results are compared to historical test data. Here, the results show improved prediction of dose rate and highlight the need to correctly characterize the entrainment of material into the cloud and the subsequent mixing of fission products with entrained material.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2020

Multiscale-Informed Modeling of High Temperature Component Response with Uncertainty Quantification

This report summarizes a joint effort between Argonne National Laboratory, Idaho National Laboratory, and Los Alamos National Laboratory to develop and deploy constitutive models targeted at predicting the life of Grade 91 alloy components subjected to high temperature environments typical of those that structural components in advanced nuclear reactors would experience. Two distinct, but complementary constitutive modeling approaches have been taken here. The first employs a phenomenological viscoplastic model for which parameters have been calibrated based on experimental data for a wide range of Grade 91 alloy that has undergone a variety of processing. A Bayesian approach was used to derive distributions of uncertain parameters for this model based on this data set. The second approach is a reduced order model suitable for engineering-scale analysis that is based on the results of a large set of mesoscale simulations. Mesoscale models allow for the microstructure and composition of a particular alloy to be directly taken into account in the computation of the viscoplastic response, but are computationally expensive, which makes it impractical to directly call those models for the material constitutive response in an engineering-scale simulation. The reduced-order representation of the response of the underlying model used here allows for an engineering-scale model to take into account the characteristics of the underlying microstructure, while only incurring a reasonable computational expense. Both of these approaches have different strengths, and are applicable for different parts of the design/analysis process. The phenomenological models can be readily parameterized based on a set of experimental data for a given class of materials and used for scoping calculations. Once a specific material is chosen and adequately characterized, the reduced order models can accurately predict the response of that specific alloy, and because the models are based on predictive models of the underlying microstructure, they can be used to more confidently predict the response under conditions in regions where there is limited experimental data. Both of these models have been integrated in the Grizzly code, which is used here to perform proof-of-concept uncertainty quantification analyses of a simple component under prototypical conditions. The built- in stochastic analysis capabilities in the MOOSE framework that Grizzly is built on are used here to run large sets of simulations for this uncertainty quantification analysis. As would be expected, because the reduced order models are developed for a much more tightly defined alloy, they predict tighter distributions of the time to failure than the phenomenological models, which are calibrated to a broader set of data. Also important is that these simulations demonstrate that a reduced order modeling approach can be successfully deployed to propagate uncertainties from the material scale to practical engineering-scale component simulations.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS2016

Ion-Scale Secondary Flux Ropes Generated by Magnetopause Reconnection as Resolved by MMS

New Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations of small-scale (approx. 7 ion inertial length radius) flux transfer events (FTEs) at the dayside magnetopause are reported. The 1O km MMS tetrahedron size enables their structure and properties to be calculated using a variety of multispacecraft techniques, allowing them to be identified as flux ropes, whose flux content is small (approx. 22 kWb).The current density, calculated using plasma and magnetic field measurements independently, is found to be filamentary. lntercomparison of the plasma moments with electric and magnetic field measurements reveals structured non-frozen-in ion behavior. The data are further compared with a particle-in-cell simulation. It is concluded that these small-scale flux ropes, which are not seen to be growing, represent a distinct class of FTE which is generated on the magnetopause by secondary reconnection.

Eastwood, J. P.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Advancing Organized Convection Representation in the Unified Model: Implementing and Enhancing Multiscale Coherent Structure Parameterization

To address the effect of stratiform latent heating on meso- to large-scale circulations, an enhanced implementation of the Multiscale Coherent Structure Parameterization (MCSP) is developed for the Met Office Unified Model. MCSP represents the top-heavy stratiform latent heating from under-resolved organized convection in general circulation models. We couple the MCSP with a mass-flux convection scheme (CoMorph-A) to improve storm lifecycle continuity. The improved MCSP trigger is specifically designed for mixed-phase deep convective cloud, combined with a background vertical wind shear, both known to be crucial for stratiform development. We also test a cloud top temperature dependent convective-stratiform heating partitioning, in contrast to the earlier fixed partitioning. Assessments from ensemble weather forecasts and decadal simulations demonstrate that MCSP directly reduces cloud deepening and precipitation areas by moderating mesoscale circulations. Indirectly, it amends tropical precipitation biases, notably correcting dry and wet biases over India and the Indian Ocean, respectively. Remarkably, the scheme outperforms a climate model ensemble by improving seasonal precipitation cycle predictions in these regions. The scheme also improves Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) spectra, achieving better alignment with observational and reanalysis data by intensifying the simulated MJO over the Indian Ocean during phases 4 to 5. However, the scheme increases precipitation overestimation over the Western Pacific. Shifting from fixed to temperature-dependent convective-stratiform partitioning reduces the Pacific precipitation overestimation and further improves the seasonal cycle in India. Spatially correlated biases highlight the necessity for advances beyond deterministic approaches to align MCSP with environmental conditions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

MAS: A versatile Landau-fluid eigenvalue code for plasma stability analysis in general geometry

We have developed a new global eigenvalue code, Multiscale Analysis for plasma Stabilities (MAS), for studying plasma problems with wave toroidal mode number (n) and frequency (ω) in a broad range of interest in general tokamak geometry, based on a five-field Landau-fluid description of thermal plasmas. Beyond keeping the necessary plasma fluid response, we further retain the important kinetic effects including diamagnetic drift, ion finite Larmor radius, finite parallel electric field (E||), ion and electron Landau resonances in a self-consistent and non-perturbative manner without sacrificing the attractive efficiency in computation. The physical capabilities of the code are evaluated and examined in the aspects of both theory and simulation. In theory, the comprehensive Landau-fluid model implemented in MAS can be reduced to the well-known ideal MHD model, electrostatic ion-fluid model, and drift-kinetic model in various limits, which clearly delineates the physics validity regime. In simulation, MAS has been well benchmarked with theory and other gyrokinetic and kinetic-MHD hybrid codes in a manner of adopting the unified physical and numerical framework, which covers the kinetic Alfv\'en wave (KAW), ion sound wave (ISW), low-n kink, high-n ion temperature gradient mode (ITG) and kinetic ballooning mode (KBM). Moreover, MAS is successfully applied to model the Alfv\'en eigenmode (AE) activities in DIII-D discharge #159243, which faithfully captures the frequency sweeping of reversed shear Alfv\'en eigenmode (RSAE), the tunneling damping of toroidal Alfv\'en eigenmode (TAE), as well as the polarization characteristics of kinetic beta-induced Alfv\'en eigenmode (KBAE) and beta-induced Alfv\'en-acoustic eigenmode (BAAE) being consistent with former gyrokinetic theory and simulation. With respect to the key progress contributed to the community, MAS has the advantage of combining rich physics ingredients, realistic global geometry and high computation efficiency together for plasma stability analysis in linear regime.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS2018

MMS Extended Mission Design: Evaluation of a Lunar Gravity Assist Option

This paper will describe a study that was carried out on the design of a set of maneuvers that were considered for the later stages of an extended mission of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. The goal of these maneuvers was to put MMS into a significantly different orbit from those flown heretofore, so allowing science collection in a different region of the magnetosphere. This study was made feasible by the fact that the rate at which fuel is being consumed to maintain small formations on the MMS high-apogee orbit is less than expected pre-flight: the current consumption rate is only about 2 kg/yr/spacecraft. In addition, the spacecraft finished the prime mission with a significant amount of fuel remaining: this was about 1-sigma above the mean when compared with pre-launch Monte Carlo simulations. The resulting situation is similar to that of a libration orbit mission, where station-keeping requires so little fuel that any margin at all will lead to an extensive mission lifetime. In the case of MMS, the spacecraft could, if desired, perform formation flying in the current orbit for several decades. Alternatively, the spacecraft could use a significant fraction of the remaining fuel to perform major orbit modifications, while still leaving enough to conduct formation flying for on the order of a decade. The extended mission maneuvers studied here are further apogee-raises, with the goal of setting up one or more lunar gravity assists. Geometry dictates that a lunar encounter is only achievable when the MMS apogee vector lies approximately in the lunar orbit plane: this limits the possible dates to mid-2021 or early 2027.

Design↗

NASA NTRS2019

Mechanism of Reconnection on Kinetic Scales Based on Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Observations

We examine the role that ions and electrons play in reconnection using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on kinetic ion and electron scales, which are much shorter than magnetohydrodynamic scales. This study reports observations with unprecedented high resolution that MMS provides for magnetic ﬁeld (7.8 ms) and plasma (30 ms for electrons and 150 ms for ions). We analyze and compare approaches to the magnetopause in 2016 November, to the electron diffusion region in the magnetotail in 2017 July followed by a current sheet crossing in 2018 July. Besides magnetic ﬁeld reversals, changes in the direction of the ﬂow velocity, and ion and electron heating, MMS observed large ﬂuctuations in the electron ﬂow speeds in the magnetotail. As expected from numerical simulations, we have veriﬁed that when the ﬁeld lines and plasma become decoupled a large reconnecting electric ﬁeld related to the Hall current (1–10 mV/m) is responsible for fast reconnection in the ion diffusion region. Although inertial accelerating forces remain moderate (1–2 mV/m), the electric ﬁelds resulting from the divergence of the full electron pressure tensor provide the main contribution to the generalized Ohm’s law at the neutral sheet (as large as 200 mV/m). In our view, this illustrates that when ions decouple electron physics dominates. The results obtained on kinetic scales may be useful for better understanding the physical mechanisms governing reconnection processes in various magnetized laboratory and space plasmas.

W. M. Macek↗

DOE OSTI2022

Quantum-Accurate Multiscale Modeling of Shock Hugoniots, Ramp Compression Paths, Structural and Magnetic Phase Transitions, and Transport Properties in Highly Compressed Metals

Fully characterizing high energy density (HED) phenomena using pulsed power facilities (Z machine) and coherent light sources is possible only with complementary numerical modeling for design, diagnostic development, and data interpretation. The exercise of creating numerical tests, that match experimental conditions, builds critical insight that is crucial for the development of a strong fundamental understanding of the physics behind HED phenomena and for the design of next generation pulsed power facilities. The persistence of electron correlation in HED materials arising from Coulomb interactions and the Pauli exclusion principle is one of the greatest challenges for accurate numerical modeling and has hitherto impeded our ability to model HED phenomena across multiple length and time scales at sufficient accuracy. An exemplar is a ferromagnetic material like iron, while familiar and widely used, we lack a simulation capability to characterize the interplay of structure and magnetic effects that govern material strength, kinetics of phase transitions and other transport properties. Herein we construct and demonstrate the Molecular-Spin Dynamics (MSD) simulation capability for iron from ambient to earth core conditions, all software advances are open source and presently available for broad usage. These methods are multi-scale in nature, direct comparisons between high fidelity density functional theory (DFT) and linear-scaling MSD simulations is done throughout this work, with advancements made to MSD allowing for electronic structure changes being reflected in classical dynamics. Main takeaways for the project include insight into the role of magnetic spins on mechanical properties and thermal conductivity, development of accurate interatomic potentials paired with spin Hamiltonians, and characterization of the high pressure melt boundary that is of critical importance to planetary modeling efforts.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗