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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

High-resolution Spectroscopic Study of Dwarf Stars in the Northern Sky: Lithium, Carbon, and Oxygen Abundances

Abundances of lithium, carbon, and oxygen have been derived using spectral synthesis for a sample of 249 bright F, G, and K Northern Hemisphere dwarf stars from the high-resolution spectra acquired with the VUES spectrograph at the $Mol\dot{e}tai$ Astronomical Observatory of Vilnius University. The sample stars have metallicities, effective temperatures, and ages between (–0.7 ÷ 0.4) dex, (5000 ÷ 6900) K, (1 ÷ 12) Gyr, accordingly. We confirm a so far unexplained lithium abundance decrease at supersolar metallicities—A(Li) in our sample stars, which drop by 0.7 dex in the [Fe/H] range from +0.10 to +0.55 dex. Furthermore, we identified stars with similar ages, atmospheric parameters, and rotational velocities, but with significantly different lithium abundances, which suggests that additional specific evolutionary factors should be taken into account while interpreting the stellar lithium content. Nine stars with predominantly supersolar metallicities, i.e., about 12% among 78 stars with C and O abundances determined, have the C/O number ratios larger than 0.65, thus may form carbon-rich rocky planets. Ten planet-hosting stars, available in our sample, do not show a discernible difference from the stars with no planets detected regarding their lithium content.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Mapping of Benthic Habitats at Marine Renewable Energy Sites Using Multibeam Echosounder and Sediment Profile Imaging Technologies

Objectives/Scope: The goal of this work was to develop a consistent and semi-automated seafloor survey method for generating high-resolution, benthic habitat maps for environmental assessments and monitoring of marine renewable energy sites. Sediment profile and plan view imaging (SPI/PV) technology was combined with multibeam bathymetry and acoustic backscatter methods to demonstrate a rapid, cost-effective benthic mapping protocol. A key technical innovation of this project was the development of an image processing platform that automatically measures key features from the images. Methods: Multibeam echosounder (MBES) acoustic and SPI/PV surveys were conducted at three coastal areas off the U.S. west coast, including the PacWave South energy test site off of Newport, Oregon. Point data on physical and biological sediment conditions obtained from the SPI/PV imagery were used to efficiently ground-truth the high-resolution MBES bathymetry and backscatter mosaics. The SPI camera is an optical corer that obtains an undisturbed 21 by 15 cm, high-resolution, cross-sectional image of the sediment–water interface and upper sediment column. The plan view camera attached to the SPI camera frame captures a downward looking view of the seabed immediately before the SPI image is obtained. As part of this project, we developed a computer vision image processing platform (iSPI) that uses deep convolutional neural networks and other approaches to automatically identify and measure key features in the images, such as grain size and surface relief. Results: Detailed benthic habitat maps were generated using this mapping approach for three different marine settings. The sites mapped included a silt-dominated embayment; a sloping, nearshore, transitional very fine to coarse sand bottom; and a medium, sand-dominated continental shelf marine energy test site. In each case, acoustic and imaging surveys were completed in less than week, and detailed benthic habitat maps were generated within 60 days. The results were placed within the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) habitat mapping framework, and various combinations of the bathymetry, backscatter, and SPI and PV data were used to generate CMECS component maps. Novel Information: This project developed and demonstrated a repeatable and cost-effective approach for efficiently mapping benthic habitat conditions over broad areas of the seafloor by combining state-of-the-art acoustic and imaging techniques. The primary survey tools used in this project have been used previously in both the offshore renewable (wind) and oil and gas sectors to map and monitor benthic environments. This project’s innovations include 1) the focused use of high-resolution SPI/PV imagery to ground-truth acoustic mosaics, and 2) the development of a computer automated image analysis processing tool that both streamlines and standardizes the generation of data from the imagery and makes the data extraction process more cost-effective and repeatable.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effective Opacity of the Intergalactic Medium from Galaxy Spectra Analysis

We measure the effective opacity (τ{sub eff}) of the intergalactic medium from the composite spectra of 281 Lyman-break galaxies in the redshift range 2 ≲ z ≲ 3. Our spectra are taken from the COSMOS Lyα Mapping And Tomographic Observations survey derived from the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer on the W.M. Keck I telescope. We generate composite spectra in two redshift intervals and fit them with spectral energy distribution (SED) models composed of simple stellar populations. Extrapolating these SED models into the Lyα forest, we measure the effective Lyα opacity (τ{sub eff}) in the 2.02 ≤ z ≤ 2.44 range. At z = 2.22, we estimate τ{sub eff} =0.159±0.001 from a power-law fit to the data. These measurements are consistent with estimates from quasar analyses at z < 2.5 indicating that the systematic errors associated with normalizing quasar continua are not substantial. We provide a Gaussian processes model of our results and previous τ{sub eff} measurements that describes the steep redshift evolution in τ{sub eff} from z = 1.5–4.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Photoelectron spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled NiO 2 – via slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging

In this work, high-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of cryogenically cooled NiO 2 – anions, obtained using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging (cryo-SEVI), are presented in tandem with coupled cluster electronic structure calculations including relativistic effects. The experimental spectra encompass the $\tilde{\text{X}}^1Σ_{\text{g}}^+ ← \tilde{\text{X}}^2Π_{\text{g}}, ã^3Π{\text{g}} ← \tilde{\text{X}}^2Π_{\text{g}}$, and $\tilde{\text{A}}^1Π_{\text{g}} ← \tilde{\text{X}}^2Π_{\text{g}}$ photodetachment transitions of linear ONiO 0/– , revealing previously unobserved vibrational structure in all three electronic bands. The high-resolution afforded by cryo-SEVI allows for the extraction of vibrational frequencies for each state, consistent with those previously measured in the ground state and in good agreement with scalar-relativistic coupled-cluster calculations. Previously unobserved vibrational structure is observed in the $ã^3Π_{\text{g}}$ and $Ã^1Π_{\text{g}}$ states and is tentatively assigned. Further, a refined electron affinity of 3.0464(7) eV for NiO 2 is obtained as well as precise term energies for the ã and à states of NiO 2 of 0.3982(7) and 0.7422(10) eV, respectively. Numerous Franck–Condon forbidden transitions involving the doubly degenerate $ν_2$ bending mode are observed and ascribed to Herzberg-Teller coupling to an excited electronic state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision for Cost-Effective Benthic Habitat Characterizations

Machine learning applied to computer vision and pattern recognition is a type of artificial intelligence that has advanced rapidly in the last 10 to 15 years, spurred forward by breakthroughs in deep convolutional neural networks. These state-of-the-art methods are poised to become widely used in environmental monitoring applications as a result of the increasing abundance of data available from different imaging platforms (e.g., fixed-point cameras, drone surveys, high-resolution satellite data) that can be analyzed to observe, model, and understand environmental conditions. Computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR) tools advance our ability to use imagery and camera-based tools in cost-effective ways for environmental monitoring. Although these techniques offer great potential, some challenges remain, such as the need for large sets of labeled images for model training and validation and optimized hardware and software to ensure that the models can be trained effectively and in a reasonable amount of time. Here, we have overcome many of these rate-limiting challenges by using a diverse image library built across multiple projects coupled with staff expertise and onsite computing resources. We are working toward a fully automated SPI processing system and also are moving to develop CVPR analytical tools for other imaging platforms and data sets.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying vertical wind shear effects in shallow cumulus clouds over Amazonia

Abstract. This study analyses and quantifies the effects of vertical wind shear (VWS) on the properties of shallow cumulus cloud fields over Central Amazonia. We perform idealised simulations with high resolution (50 m horizontally and 20 m vertically) using the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) model, changing the initial conditions and large-scale forcing of VWS. The resulting cloud field is analysed by applying a cloud tracking algorithm to generate Lagrangian datasets of the life cycle of individual clouds as well as their time-varying core and margin dimensions. The reference run has no wind speed or directional shear and represents a typical day in the local dry season. Numerical experiments with moderate and high wind speed shear are simulated by adding linear increases in the wind speed of 1.2 and 2.4 m s−1 km−1, respectively. Three additional runs are made by adding 90∘ of wind rotation between the surface and the top of the domain (5 km) on top of the three wind speed shear conditions. We find that clouds developing in a sheared environment have horizontal equivalent diameter increased by up to 100 m on average, but the cloud depth is reduced. Our quantification shows that VWS tends to increase the size of the cloud cores but reduces their relative area, volume, and mass fractions compared to the overall cloud dimensions. The addition of 2.4 m s−1 km−1 of VWS decreases the relative core area by about 0.03 (about 10 % of the overall average) and its volume and mass ratios by about 0.05 (10 %–25 % in relative terms). Relevant for the cloud transport properties is that the updraught speed and the liquid water content are lower within the cores, and consequently so is the upward mass flux. All quantifications of mean cloud properties point to the inhibition of convective strength by VWS, therefore hampering the shallow-to-deep transition. However, open questions still remain given that the individually deepest clouds were simulated under high environmental shear, even though they occur in small numbers. This could indicate other indirect effects of VWS that have opposite effects on cloud development if found to be significant in the future.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nanoscale Phase Separation and Large Refrigerant Capacity in Magnetocaloric Material LaFe 11.5 Si 1.5

Here, ferromagnetic transitions, the magnetocaloric effect, and the atomic-scale microstructure in an annealed bulk material of LaFe 11.5 Si 1.5 were investigated using magnetic measurements, Mössbauer spectroscopy, high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The results provide evidence of the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases with different Curie temperatures. The phase with a Curie temperature of 216 K corresponds to a Si-rich phase of a NaZn 13 -type structure with a small lattice volume, whereas the phase with a Curie temperature of 185 K corresponds to a Si-poor phase of a NaZn 13 -type structure with a large lattice volume. This phase coexistence is observed on a nanometer scale and it can account for inverse thermal hysteresis of the ferromagnetic transition in the Si-rich phase during warming. Furthermore, the phase coexistence helps the bulk material achieve a refrigeration capacity of 170 J kg -1 due to a combination of the magnetocaloric effect in each phase. It is determined that the magnetocaloric effect in the Si-rich and the Si-poor phase brings about a maximum of the total entropy change of -3.55 and -6.80 and J kg -1 K -1 at respective Curie temperatures, respectively. Fundamentally, the phase coexistence indicates coloring of Si atoms in the lattice of a NaZn 13 -type structure and can be attributed to nanoscale phase separation of a disordered precursor during annealing of the bulk material. The nanoscale phase separation may occur in other magnetocaloric materials, thus allowing for improvement of their refrigeration capacity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Radiation effects induced by the energetic protons in 8x8x32 mm3 CdZnTe detectors

We report CdZnTe (CZT) detectors have been used in the past and are being actively considered for future gamma-ray space telescopes. One of the challenges of operating CZT detectors in low Earth orbit is radiation damage caused by energetic protons. Previous studies concluded that fluences of 10 8 -10 9 p/cm 2 are sufficient to cause shifting of peak positions and degradations of energy resolution. Degradation of detectors after proton irradiation has been extensively investigated to determine their radiation resistance limits and performance recovering procedures for their applications in space and nuclear nonproliferation. Here we present the study of radiation effects induced by 100 MeV protons in 3-cm long CdZnTe detectors that we recently proposed for the gamma-ray telescope GECCO. The goal this study is to evaluate the feasibility of using such long CZT detectors in future space missions.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-resolution (30-m) urban land cover projections for Los Angeles California Urban Area: 2010 to 2100 under SSP3 and SSP5 [Updated simulations based on population-driven urban intensity transitions]

These data (v3) are updated from previous versions (1 and 2) in that they include consider the effects of population on transitions in urban land intensity. This leads to more reasonable differences in urban land projections under variant SSPs. For the present dataset, both SSP3 and SSP5 are provided. These data represent simulations of future land use and land cover (LULCC) for Los Angeles urban area (U.S. Census Bureau defined area) as raster tiff images at a 30-m pixel resolution and at decadal time steps from 2010 to 2100. LULCC classes in this product follow the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) classification. NLCD 21-24 correspond to open developed, low developed, medium developed, and high developed urban land classes, respectively. Only urban land cover classes (NLCD class 21, 22, 23, and 24) are dynamic over time; however, all NLCD classes are included in the final product. Therefore, NLCD classes that do not convert to an urban class will be similar to year 2000. The products were developed using a hybridized statistical and cellular automata approach. Linear mixed models (LMMs) were used to estimate future urban land budgets based on 1-km urban land fraction projections from Gao and Pesaresi (2021), whereas separate generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to estimate shifts in urban land intensities based on retrospective shifts in NLCD urban class intensities over a 20- year period. Based on urban land allocations from the statistical models, a cellular-automata and downscaling routine was used to simulate dynamic urban land expansion at a 30-m resolution based on suitability criteria. Scenarios of future urban landcover change projections include variant solutions for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5 (SSP5) and SSP 3 based on different population assumptions, different land use intensification assumptions, variable land zoning constraints, and iterative adjustments to correct for over allocation of urban expansion across decadal time periods from 2010 to 2100. This results in 320 raster products.

Land↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulation of a High-Confinement Tidal Energy Array (Abstract)

When the projected area of a current turbine array occupies a substantial fraction of a tidal or river channel cross-sectional area, the confinement associated with the channel boundaries substantially increases turbine efficiency. This effect can be exploited to substantially reduce the levelized cost of energy for current turbine arrays. However, the presence of such an array will affect inflow velocity, water depth, and circulation in the surrounding area. This has implications for array performance and environmental impacts. This project combines existing numerical modeling capability from PNNL with an understanding of confined array performance from UW. The work will 1) Simulate tidal currents and water surface elevation in a regional circulation model that includes the Knik Arm site at appropriate resolution; 2) Incorporate a varying thrust coefficient into this model that reflects the outcomes of tidal hydrodynamic simulations of confined turbine arrays; 3) Use the model to determine the effects of array operation on water levels and inflow conditions as a function of different blockage ratios and control strategies; and 4) Identify the “far field” environmental implications of operating an array of this type. UW will use the outputs from this model to evaluate the implications of “feedback effects” and variable inflow conditions on levelized cost of energy estimates for a confinement exploiting array of cross-flow turbines.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sulphur variations in annually layered stalagmites using benchtop micro-XRF

Variation of sulphur in annually laminated stalagmites can be used to infer the impact of past volcanic activities, anthropogenic pollution, and climate change due to increased bushfire activity. The synchrotron radiation micro-X-Ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) microprobe is a powerful tool to analyse and image sulphur recorded in stalagmites with micrometre resolution. However, access to SR-XRF beamlines can be limited, so researchers must select the most promising stalagmites for imaging. Benchtop micro-XRF is an effective tool for trace elemental analysis of speleothem samples and is a candidate for routine laboratory measurement of sulphur along stalagmite laminae and screening for SR-XRF. Here, this study describes a protocol using matrix-matched standards to measure annual variations of sulphur at trace to percent level along the laminae of two Western Australian stalagmites, one of which already having been analysed using SR-XRF. Parameters that affected quantitation include X-ray tube voltage and current, spot size of the X-ray beam and stalagmite surface roughness and porosity. The use of a 20 μm X-ray spot size provides sub-annual spatial resolution that can be completed in an overnight scan. The features in a 1000 point micro-XRF analysis of sulphur along a 20 mm transect show good consistency with SR-XRF microprobe data. Micro-XRF mapping was also performed to produce chemical images on the stalagmite and compared with Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm that the stalagmite is exclusively calcite, with no aragonite, and that the source of sulphur in the samples was gypsum and anhydrite. Regions of very high sulphur in the micro-XRF maps were found to be artefacts due to diffraction of the incident beam but these could be efficiently removed by using a multiple point statistics approach to produce a clean image suitable for analysis of the laminae. This work shows the potential of micro-XRF for routine analysis of sulphur in stalagmites, and to streamline sample characterisation before SR-XRF imaging.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-resolution characterization of ceramic-metal interface of TiN coating on ferritic-steels for nuclear application

Advanced fuel cladding is critical for fast reactors, offering sufficient thermal conductivity, mechanical and dimensional stability and radiation tolerance of the cladding base material. Additionally, it must provide corrosion resistance and high temperature coolant compatibility on the cladding outer surface, as well as chemical stability on the cladding inner wall against fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI). TiN ceramic coating has been considered an effective diffusion barrier for inner and outer cladding-walls for enhanced performance. The TiN-metal interface microstructure and chemistry play a critical role in coating bond strength and integrity under harsh conditions. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy characterization of ceramic-metal interface at atomic resolution in unirradiated, irradiated and thermal cycled conditions were performed. The interface remained intact after irradiation up to 200 dpa or thermal cycling five times up to 550 °C. In conclusion, this work discusses the potential impact of these results on coating performance and design for advanced claddings.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Detecting multi‐scale riverine topographic variability and its influence on Chinook salmon habitat selection

Abstract Quantifying geomorphic conditions that impact riverine ecosystems is critical in river management due to degraded riverine habitat, changing flow and thermal conditions, and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Geomorphic complexity at different scales directly impacts habitat heterogeneity and affects aquatic biodiversity resilience. Here we showed that the combination of continuous spatial survey at high resolution, topobathymetric light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and continuous wavelet analysis can help identify and characterize that complexity. We used a continuous wavelet analysis on 1‐m resolution topobathymetry in three rivers in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho (USA), to identify different scales of topographic variability and the potential effects of this variability on salmonid redd site selection. On each river, wavelet scales characterized the topographic variability by portraying repeating patterns in the longitudinal profile. We found three major representative spatial wavelet scales of topographic variability in each river: a small wavelet scale associated with local morphology such as pools and riffles, a mid‐wavelet scale that identified larger channel unit features, and a large wavelet scale related to valley‐scale controls. The small wavelet scale was used to identify pools and riffles along the entire lengths of each river as well as areas with differing riffle‐pool development. Areas along the rivers with high local topographic variability (high wavelet power) at all wavelet scales contained the largest features (i.e., deepest or longest pools) in the systems. By comparing the wavelet power for each wavelet scale to Chinook salmon redd locations, we found that higher small‐scale wavelet power, which is related to pool‐riffle topography, is important for redd site selection. The continuous wavelet methodology objectively identified scales of topographic variability present in these rivers, performed efficient channel‐unit identification, and provided geomorphic assessment without laborious field surveys.

Duffin, Jenna↗
DOE OSTI2020

Photocaged functional nucleic acids for spatiotemporal imaging in biology

Imaging of species in living organisms with high spatiotemporal resolution is essential for understanding biological processes. While functional nucleic acids (FNAs), such as catalytic nucleic acids and aptamers, have emerged as effective sensors for a wide range of molecules, photocaged control of these FNAs has played a key role in translating them into bioimaging agents with high spatiotemporal control. In this paper, we summarize methods and results of photocaged FNAs based on photolabile modifications, photoisomerization, and photothermal activation. Future directions, including strategies to improve the performance of these photocaged FNAs, are also described.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sea-level rise in Southwest Greenland as a contributor to Viking abandonment

The first records of Greenland Vikings date to 985 CE. Archaeological evidence yields insight into how Vikings lived, yet drivers of their disappearance in the 15th century remain enigmatic. Research suggests a combination of environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the climatic shift from the Medieval Warm Period (~900 to 1250 CE) to the Little Ice Age (~1250 to 1900 CE) may have forced them to abandon Greenland. Glacial geomorphology and paleoclimate research suggest that the Southern Greenland Ice Sheet readvanced during Viking occupation, peaking in the Little Ice Age. Counterintuitively, the readvance caused sea-level rise near the ice margin due to increased gravitational attraction toward the ice sheet and crustal subsidence. We estimate ice growth in Southwestern Greenland using geomorphological indicators and lake core data from previous literature. We calculate the effect of ice growth on regional sea level by applying our ice history to a geophysical model of sea level with a resolution of ~1 km across Southwestern Greenland and compare the results to archaeological evidence. The results indicate that sea level rose up to ~3.3 m outside the glaciation zone during Viking settlement, producing shoreline retreat of hundreds of meters. Sea-level rise was progressive and encompassed the entire Eastern Settlement. Moreover, pervasive flooding would have forced abandonment of many coastal sites. These processes likely contributed to the suite of vulnerabilities that led to Viking abandonment of Greenland. Sea-level change thus represents an integral, missing element of the Viking story.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of “GaSb-on-silicon” metamorphic substrates for optoelectronic device growth

The epitaxial development and characterization of metamorphic “GaSb-on-silicon” buffers as substrates for antimonide devices is presented. The approach involves the growth of a spontaneously and fully relaxed GaSb metamorphic buffer in a primary epitaxial reactor, and use of the resulting “GaSb-on-silicon” wafer to grow subsequent layers in a secondary epitaxial reactor. The buffer growth involves four steps—silicon substrate preparation for oxide removal, nucleation of AlSb on silicon, growth of the GaSb buffer, and finally capping of the buffer to prevent oxidation. This approach on miscut silicon substrates leads to a buffer with negligible antiphase domain density. The growth of this buffer is based on inducing interfacial misfit dislocations between an AlSb nucleation layer and the underlying silicon substrate, which results in a fully relaxed GaSb buffer. A 1 μm thick GaSb layer buffer grown on silicon has ~9.2 × 10 7 dislocations/cm 2 . The complete lack of strain in the epitaxial structure allows subsequent growths to be accurately lattice matched, thus making the approach ideal for use as a substrate. Here we characterize the GaSb-on-silicon wafer using high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The concept’s feasibility is demonstrated by growing interband cascade light emitting devices on the GaSb-on-silicon wafer. The performance of the resulting LEDs on silicon approaches that of counterparts grown lattice matched on GaSb.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-Order Hybrid RANS-LES Study of NACA0012 Wing Sections

We develop hybrid RANS-LES strategies within Nek5000 for application to airfoil sections at small flight configurations. We present a validation and verification study of $k \space – \space \tau$ SST applied to a NACA 0012 wing section in a pure RANS and in a hybrid RANS-LES setup. The study shows good corroboration with existing experimental and numerical datasets. We also analyze some of the observed discrepancies with the experiments by evaluating the side wall “blocking” effect. We demonstrate that for the hybrid turbulence modeling approach a high-order spectral- element discretization converges faster (i.e., with less resolution) than a representative low-order finite-volume-based approach.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

ESMs Latent Space Exploration for Uncertainty Quantification and Spatiotemporal Downscaling

This final report for DOE Award DE-SC0023044 presents advances in two key areas of climate modeling: (1) representative climate model selection and (2) Earth System Model (ESM) downscaling using hybrid AI methods. The first section introduces a reordered, three-stage workflow to select representative GCM runs that more effectively balance historical skill with ensemble spread, validated across Texas, Bihar, and New York. The second section introduces two novel super-resolution frameworks, ViSIR and ViFOR, that integrate Vision Transformers with sinusoidal and Fourier-based implicit neural representations. These models achieve state-of-the-art reconstruction accuracy for ESM variables including surface temperature and heat fluxes. The report includes detailed methodology, benchmarks, and results, demonstrating significant gains in uncertainty quantification, spatial fidelity, and scalability for climate-impact studies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗