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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2004

Thermal performance of a multi-evaporator loop heat pipe with thermal masses and thermal electrical coolers

This paper describes thermal performance of a loop heat pipe (LHP) with two evaporators and two condensers in ambient testing. Each evaporator has an outer diameter of 15mm and a length of 76mm, and has an integral compensation chamber (CC). An aluminum mass of 500 grams is attached to each evaporator to simulate the instrument mass. A thermal electric cooler (TEC) is installed on each CC to provide heating as well as cooling for CC temperature control. A flow regulator is installed in the condenser section to prevent vapor from going back to the evaporators in the event that one of condenser is fully utilized. Ammonia was used ad the working fluid. Tests conducted included start-up, power cycle, heat load sharing, sink temperature cycle, operating temperature control with TECs, and capillary limit tests. Experimental data showed that the loop could start with a heat load of less than 1OW even with added thermal masses. The loop operated stably with even and uneven evaporator heat loads, and even and uneven condenser sink temperatures. The operating temperature could be controlled within +/-0.5K of the set point temperature using either or both TECs, and the required TEC control heater power was less than 2W under most test conditions. Heat load sharing between the two evaporators was also successfully demonstrated. The loop had a heat transport capability of 120W to 140W, and could recover from a dry-out when the heat load was reduced. The 500-gram aluminum mass on each evaporator had a negligible effect on the loop operation. Existing LHPs servicing the orbiting spacecraft have a single evaporator with an outer diameter of about 25mm. Important performance characteristics demonstrated by this LHP included: 1) Operation of an LHP with 15mm diameter evaporators; 2) Robustness and reliability of an LHP with multiple evaporators and multiple condensers under various test conditions; 3) Heat load sharing among LHP evaporators; 4) Effectiveness of TECs in controlling the LHP operating temperature; and 5) Effectiveness of the flow regulator in preventing vapor from going back the evaporators.

loop heat pipes↗
DOE OSTI2015

Hanford site asbestos management lessons learned - 15183

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for the environmental cleanup of the Hanford Site central plateau. As part of this responsibility, DOE contractors conduct deactivation, decommissioning, decontamination, and demolition (D4) of retired/inactive facilities, including very large chemical processing facilities. To date, DOE contractors have demolished hundreds of facilities, reducing baseline site maintenance costs and reducing the environmental threats and hazards that the degrading buildings present. Many of these Hanford facilities include asbestos-containing materials (as well as other hazardous components), which must be managed in compliance with applicable regulations and standards. In most cases, the facilities are demolished as Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) removal or remedial actions. In an effort to streamline cleanup operations and to utilize site cleanup funding more efficiently, while still being protective of personnel and the environment, agreements were reached between the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Hanford Project Office, the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology), the Benton Clean Air Agency (BCAA) and the US Department of Energy Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL) on approaches to be utilized for demolition. One of these approaches would involve leaving cement asbestos board siding (e.g. transite), an EPA National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) Category II non-friable asbestos-containing material, in place during demolition using heavy equipment, employing a set of controls that would maintain protection of personnel and the environment. This agreement was documented in a number of formal communications, including Notices of Intent issued as required by the asbestos NESHAP regulation, letters between the various agencies, CERCLA work plans, and the approved contractor baselines. A large number of buildings were demolished with transite siding in place, using the agreed upon controls and approaches. Personnel breathing zone and work area perimeter monitoring verified that the controls employed were protective in that there were no exceedances of permissible exposure limits during or after the demolition operations. EPA later reconsidered their previous concurrence with demolishing transite materials in place and issued a joint letter with Ecology revoking concurrence on any of the aforementioned CERCLA decision documents and associated work plans. DOE and their contractors took action to comply with the approach to demolition preferred by EPA for future demolitions, and initiated a series of actions to modify asbestos management practices in their operations accordingly. This paper will discuss both the actions taken to address EPA concerns with sites where transite materials were left in place for demolition and actions taken to ensure that the central plateau D4 program complies with the 40 CFR 61 Subpart M, National Emission Standard for Asbestos, (Asbestos NESHAP) methods for asbestos management. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

CRP-Mediated Carbon Catabolite Regulation of Yersinia pestis Biofilm Formation Is Enhanced by the Carbon Storage Regulator Protein, CsrA

The natural transmission of Yersinia pestis is reliant upon biofilm blockage of the flea vector. However, the environmentally-responsive adaptive regulators which facilitate Y. pestis biofilm production in accordance with the flea midgut milieu are not well understood. We seek to establish the impact of available carbon source metabolism and storage upon Y. pestis biofilm production. Our findings demonstrate that Y. pestis biofilm production is subject to carbon catabolite regulation in which the presence of glucose impairs biofilm production; whereas, the sole metabolism of alternate carbon sources promotes robust biofilm formation. This observation is facilitated by the cAMP receptor protein, CRP. In accordance with a stark growth defect, deletion of crp in both CO92 and KIM6+ Y. pestis strains significantly impaired biofilm production when solely utilizing alternate carbon sources. Media supplementation with cAMP, a small-molecule activator of CRP, did not significantly alter Y. pestis biofilm production. Furthermore, CRP did not alter mRNA abundance of previously-characterized hms biofilm synthesis and regulation factors. Therefore, our findings indicate CRP does not confer a direct stimulatory effect, but may indirectly promote Y. pestis biofilm production by facilitating the alternate carbon source expression profile. Additionally, we assessed the impact of the carbon storage regulator protein, CsrA, upon Y. pestis biofilm production. Contrary to what has been described for E. coli, Y. pestis biofilm formation was found to be enhanced by CsrA. Regardless of media composition and available carbon source, deletion of csrA significantly impaired Y. pestis biofilm production. CsrA was found to promote Y. pestis biofilm production independent of glycogen regulation. Loss of csrA did not significantly alter relative hmsH, hmsP ,or hmsT mRNA abundance. However, deletion of hmsP in the csrA -deficient mutant enabled excessive biofilm production, suggesting CsrA enables potent Y. pestis biofilm production through cyclic diguanylate regulation.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transcription Factors Controlling the Rhizobium–Legume Symbiosis: Integrating Infection, Organogenesis and the Abiotic Environment

Abstract Legume roots engage in a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, leading to the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. Nodule development is a sophisticated process and is under the tight regulation of the plant. The symbiosis initiates with a signal exchange between the two partners, followed by the development of a new organ colonized by rhizobia. Over two decades of study have shed light on the transcriptional regulation of rhizobium–legume symbiosis. A large number of transcription factors (TFs) have been implicated in one or more stages of this symbiosis. Legumes must monitor nodule development amidst a dynamic physical environment. Some environmental factors are conducive to nodulation, whereas others are stressful. The modulation of rhizobium–legume symbiosis by the abiotic environment adds another layer of complexity and is also transcriptionally regulated. Several symbiotic TFs act as integrators between symbiosis and the response to the abiotic environment. In this review, we trace the role of various TFs involved in rhizobium–legume symbiosis along its developmental route and highlight the ones that also act as communicators between this symbiosis and the response to the abiotic environment. Finally, we discuss contemporary approaches to study TF-target interactions in plants and probe their potential utility in the field of rhizobium–legume symbiosis.

Cell Biology↗
DOE OSTI2013

Fulvestrant radiosensitizes human estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells

Highlights: ► Fulvestrant radiosensitizes MCF-7 cells. ► Fulvestrant increases G1 arrest and decreases S phase in MCF-7 cells. ► Fulvestrant down-regulates DNA-PKcs and RAD51 in MCF-7 cells. -- Abstract: The optimal sequencing for hormonal therapy and radiation are yet to be determined. We utilized fulvestrant, which is showing promise as an alternative to other agents in the clinical setting of hormonal therapy, to assess the cellular effects of concomitant anti-estrogen therapy (fulvestrant) with radiation (F + RT). This study was conducted to assess the effects of fulvestrant alone vs. F + RT on hormone-receptor positive breast cancer to determine if any positive or negative combined effects exist. The effects of F + RT on human breast cancer cells were assessed using MCF-7 clonogenic and tetrazolium salt colorimetric (MTT) assays. The assays were irradiated with a dose of 0, 2, 4, 6 Gy ± fulvestrant. The effects of F + RT vs. single adjuvant treatment alone on cell-cycle distribution were assessed using flow cytometry; relative expression of repair proteins (Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, Rad51) was assessed using Western Blot analysis. Cell growth for radiation alone vs. F + RT was 0.885 ± 0.013 vs. 0.622 ± 0.029 @2 Gy, 0.599 ± 0.045 vs. 0.475 ± 0.054 @4 Gy, and 0.472 ± 0.021 vs. 0.380 ± 0.018 @6 Gy RT (p = 0.003). While irradiation alone induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, the combination of F + RT induced cell redistribution in the G1 phase and produced a significant decrease in the proportion of cells in G2 phase arrest and in the S phase in breast cancer cells (p < 0.01). Furthermore, levels of repair proteins DNA-PKcs and Rad51 were significantly decreased in the cells treated with F + RT compared with irradiation alone. F + RT leads to a decrease in the surviving fraction, increased cell cycle arrest, down regulating of nonhomologous repair protein DNA-PKcs and homologous recombination repair protein RAD51. Thus, our findings suggest that F + RT increases breast cancer cell radiosensitivity compared with radiation alone. These findings have salient implications for designing clinical trials using fulvestrant and radiation therapy.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

An ensemble model of QSAR tools for regulatory risk assessment

Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) are theoretical models that relate a quantitative measure of chemical structure to a physical property or a biological effect. QSAR predictions can be used for chemical risk assessment for protection of human and environmental health, which makes them interesting to regulators, especially in the absence of experimental data. For compatibility with regulatory use, QSAR models should be transparent, reproducible and optimized to minimize the number of false negatives. In silico QSAR tools are gaining wide acceptance as a faster alternative to otherwise time-consuming clinical and animal testing methods. However, different QSAR tools often make conflicting predictions for a given chemical and may also vary in their predictive performance across different chemical datasets. In a regulatory context, conflicting predictions raise interpretation, validation and adequacy concerns. To address these concerns, ensemble learning techniques in the machine learning paradigm can be used to integrate predictions from multiple tools. By leveraging various underlying QSAR algorithms and training datasets, the resulting consensus prediction should yield better overall predictive ability. We present a novel ensemble QSAR model using Bayesian classification. The model allows for varying a cut-off parameter that allows for a selection in the desirable trade-off between model sensitivity and specificity. The predictive performance of the ensemble model is compared with four in silico tools (Toxtree, Lazar, OECD Toolbox, and Danish QSAR) to predict carcinogenicity for a dataset of air toxins (332 chemicals) and a subset of the gold carcinogenic potency database (480 chemicals). Leave-one-out cross validation results show that the ensemble model achieves the best trade-off between sensitivity and specificity (accuracy: 83.8 % and 80.4 %, and balanced accuracy: 80.6 % and 80.8 %) and highest inter-rater agreement [kappa (κ): 0.63 and 0.62] for both the datasets. The ROC curves demonstrate the utility of the cut-off feature in the predictive ability of the ensemble model. In conclusion, this feature provides an additional control to the regulators in grading a chemical based on the severity of the toxic endpoint under study.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Development of a Field Demonstration for Cost-Effective Low-Grade Heat Recovery and Use Technology Designed to Improve Efficiency and Reduce Water Usage Rates for a Coal-Fired Power Plant

Coal-based power generation systems provide reliable, low-cost power to the domestic energy sector. These systems consume large amounts of fuel and water to produce electricity and are the target of pending regulations that may require reductions in water use and improvements in thermal efficiency. While efficiency of coal-based generation has improved over time, coal power plants often do not utilize the low-grade heat contained in the flue gas and require large volumes of water for the steam cycle make-up, environmental controls, and for process cooling and heating. Low-grade heat recovery is particularly challenging for coal-fired applications, due in large part to the condensation of acid as the flue gas cools and the resulting potential corrosion of the heat recovery materials. Such systems have also not been of significant interest as recent investments on coal power plants have primarily been for environmental controls due to more stringent regulations. Also, in many regions, fuel cost is still a pass-through to the consumer, reducing the motivation for efficiency improvements. Therefore, a commercial system combining low-grade heat-recovery technologies and associated end uses to cost effectively improve efficiency and/or reduce water consumption has not yet been widely applied. However, pressures from potential new regulations and from water shortages may drive new interest, particularly in the U.S. In an effort to address this issue, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has sought to identify and promote technologies to achieve this goal.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Regulating the growth of aluminum electrodeposits: towards anode-free Al batteries

The high earth abundance and large specific capacity of aluminum on either a volume (8040 mA h cm -3 ) or mass (2980 mA h g -1 ) basis continues to drive interest in electrochemical cells that utilize metallic Al as the anode. At practical anode capacities, uneven and non-planar deposition of Al during battery recharge combined with the high Young's modulus (EAl = 70 Ga) of the metal limits the electrode lifetime in all known electrolytes. Here we study the effect of a thin, textured coating composed of two-dimensional gold nanosheets with strong diffraction from (111) facets and low lattice mismatch for Al, as a substrate for regulating the Al electrodeposit morphology. We report that these coatings are not only effective in preventing Al deposition in non-planar morphologies, but have a large beneficial effect on the reversibility of Al electrodes. In Al plating/stripping studies, the textured Au coatings sustain stable cell operations for 500 cycles or more with a high coulombic efficiency of over 99%. Full cell Al batteries composed of the Au nanosheets as the anode substrate and graphene as the cathode are reported to exhibit capacity retention of 80% after 1000 charge–discharge cycles, and 74% at the 2000th cycle, exceeding the lifetimes (~200 cycles) of comparable Al batteries in which a standard stainless steel material is used as the anode substrate. Our results demonstrate that through rational design of the substrate for Al deposition, both the electrodeposit morphology and cycle life of Al-based batteries can be markedly improved.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

The crystal structure of Klebsiella pneumoniae FeoA reveals a site for protein-protein interactions

In order to establish infection, pathogenic bacteria must obtain essential nutrients such as iron. Under acidic and/or anaerobic conditions, most bacteria utilize the Feo system in order to acquire ferrous iron (Fe 2+ ) from their host environment. The mechanism of this process, including its regulation, remains poorly understood. In this work, we have determined the crystal structure of FeoA from the nosocomial agent Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpFeoA). Our structure reveals an SH3-like domain that mediates interactions between neighboring polypeptides via hydrophobic intercalations into a Leu-rich surface ridge. Using docking of a small peptide corresponding to a postulated FeoB partner binding site, we demonstrate that KpFeoA can assume both “open” and “closed” conformations, controlled by binding at this Leu-rich ridge. We propose a model in which a “C-shaped” clamp along the FeoA surface mediates interactions with its partner protein, FeoB. Overall, these findings are the first to demonstrate atomic-level details of FeoA-based protein-protein interactions and provide a framework for testing FeoA-FeoB interactions, which could be exploited for future antibiotic developments.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Life-cycle analysis of soybean meal, distiller-dried grains with solubles, and synthetic amino acid-based animal feeds for swine and poultry production

Swine and poultry meat production are two important sectors in the U.S. economy. They play an important role in environmental sustainability because they contribute to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as the result of agricultural and production activities. To improve the sustain ability of swine and poultry meat production, it is important to understand the environmental effects and identify the key drivers of the production activities. In this work, we presented an environmental assessment of the production of swine (i.e., pork) and poultry (i.e., broiler chicken). We conducted a life-cycle analysis of formulating animal feeds using soybean meal, corn, distiller-dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and synthetic amino acids as candidate ingredients to produce swine and poultry. We evaluated GHG emissions, fossil fuel consumption, and water consumption from formulating and utilizing a variety of animal feeds based on these ingredients for swine and poultry production, using an expanded version of the Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET (R)) model. With pork and broiler chicken as the finished products, the functional unit was defined as one kg of live-weight animal at the farm gate. Feed production was the major contributor to the life-cycle GHG emissions (88 % and 91 % of the total GHG emissions for swine and poultry production, respectively) and fossil fuel consumption (79 % and 84 % of the total fossil fuel consumption for swine and poultry process, respectively). Among the four ingredient types, amino acids had the biggest GHG emission footprint; however, DDGS had the largest effect on increasing GHG emissions of swine and poultry production.

animal feed production↗
DOE OSTI2017

Structure-toxicity relationship of cefoperazone and its impurities to developing zebrafish by transcriptome and Raman analysis

Cefoperazone (CFP) is a potent antibacterial agent that is widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections. Previously, we found that both the C-7 and C-3 substituents of CFP are toxic functional groups, and two groups could affect gene expression in zebrafish embryos, thereby resulting in variable abnormal phenotypes. (6R, 7S)-cefoperazone (7S-CFP) is the 7-epimer of CFP and 1-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (MTT) is the C-3 substituent of CFP. Both molecules are impurities isolated from CFP that can induce adverse effects. Transcriptome analysis was performed in the present study to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), coupled with Raman mapping of individual organ regions to detect changes in the biochemical composition of zebrafish embryos, which reflect the differences in distribution of the compounds. CFP, 7S–CFP, and MTT exposure altered the expression of 254, 368, and 1153 genes, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed that various processes related to development, growth, and morphology of tissues were significantly enriched with DEGs. We integrated seven co-DEGs with protein-protein interaction networks and identified various developmental processes that were regulated by the three compounds, including vasodilation, eye, brain, melanogenesis, and heart looping. Our findings suggested that Calca and Ptger4a may be potentially utilized as novel biomarkers for CFP, which causes bleeding. Raman analysis indicated that CFP, 7S-CFP, and MTT exhibited abnormal maps in tissues, which coincided with changes in their expression and morphological features. This study may provide bioinformatics and spectral information that may be used in further investigations on the relationship between structure and toxicity of drugs and impurities. - Highlights: • We studied the relationship between the structure and toxicity of cefoperazone. • Transcriptome strategy was performed to identify differentially expressed genes. • We integrated seven co-DEGs with protein-protein interaction networks. • Our results founded the novel biomarkers for cefoperazone, which causes bleeding. • Raman analysis indicated that three compounds exhibited abnormal maps in tissues.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1980

Engineering test facility design definition

The Engineering Test Facility (ETF) is the major focus of the Department of Energy (DOE) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Program to facilitate commercialization and to demonstrate the commercial operability of MHD/steam electric power. The ETF will be a fully integrated commercial prototype MHD power plant with a nominal output of 200 MW sub e. Performance of this plant is expected to meet or surpass existing utility standards for fuel, maintenance, and operating costs; plant availability; load following; safety; and durability. It is expected to meet all applicable environmental regulations. The current design concept conforming to the general definition, the basis for its selection, and the process which will be followed in further defining and updating the conceptual design.

Bercaw, R. W.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Wnt6 regulates the homeostasis of the stem cell niche via Rac1-and Cdc42-mediated noncanonical Wnt signalling pathways in Drosophila testis

The homeostasis of the stem cell niche is regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the complex and ordered molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms need to be further explored. In Drosophila testis, germline stem cells (GSCs) rely on hub cells for self-renewal and physical attachment. GSCs are also in contact with somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). Utilizing genetic manipulation in Drosophila, we investigated the role of Wnt6 in vivo and in vitro. In Drosophila testis, we found that Wnt6 is required for GSC differentiation and CySC self-renewal. In Schneider 2 (S2) cells, we found that Wnt6 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Wnt6 can downregulate the expression levels of Arm, Rac1 and Cdc42 in S2 cells. Notably, Rac1 and Cdc42, which act downstream of the noncanonical Wnt signalling pathway, imitated the phenotypes of Wnt6 in Drosophila testis. Thus, the newly discovered Wnt6-Rac1/Cdc42 signal axis is required for the homeostasis of the stem cell niche in the Drosophila testis.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Building a Comprehensive Mill-Level Database for the Industrial Sectors Integrated Solutions (ISIS) Model of the U.S. Pulp and Paper Sector

Air emissions from the U.S. pulp and paper sector have been federally regulated since 1978; however, regulations are periodically reviewed and revised to improve efficiency and effectiveness of existing emission standards. The Industrial Sectors Integrated Solutions (ISIS) model for the pulp and paper sector is currently under development at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and can be utilized to facilitate multi-pollutant, sectorbased analyses that are performed in conjunction with regulatory development. The model utilizes a multi-sector, multi-product dynamic linear modeling framework that evaluates the economic impact of emission reduction strategies for multiple air pollutants. The ISIS model considers facility-level economic, environmental, and technical parameters, as well as sector-level market data, to estimate the impacts of environmental regulations on the pulp and paper industry. Specifically, the model can be used to estimate U.S. and global market impacts of new or more stringent air regulations, such as impacts on product price, exports and imports, market demands, capital investment, and mill closures. One major challenge to developing a representative model is the need for an extensive amount of data. This article discusses the collection and processing of data for use in the model, as well as the methods used for building the ISIS pulp and paper database that facilitates the required analyses to support the air quality management of the pulp and paper sector.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Proposed guidance for preparing and reviewing a molten salt non-power production or utilization facility application

Development of non-power molten salt reactors (MSRs) are under consideration to further establish an MSR experience base, support the requirements of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR) Section 50.43(e), and provide any additional analyses needed for development of a full-scale MSR. Guidance provided in this report is based on MSRs operating with liquid fuel (i.e., fuel dissolved within a molten salt). These reactors, unless owned by the DOE or DOD, will require licensing by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff. Standard review plan (SRP) guidance for large light water reactors (LWRs) is available in NUREG-0800, Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants; Light Water Reactor (LWR) Edition. However, NRC staff observed that NUREG-0800 is very cumbersome to apply to non-power reactors “because of the great differences in complexity and hazards between non-power reactors and nuclear power plants.” Therefore, a program to develop performance-based guidance applicable to non-power reactors was initiated. In 1996, NUREG-1537, Parts 1 and 2, Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications for the Licensing of Non-Power Reactors, was published. Part 1, the format and content guide, suggests a uniform format for presenting information in non-power reactor applications that is acceptable to the NRC staff, but conformance with the format and content is not required. Part 2, the SRP, ensures the quality and uniformity of the staff review of an application. Unfortunately, the application guidelines and SRP do not provide adequate guidance for all advanced non-LWR technologies and applications. This discrepancy eventually led to the 2012 development of interim staff guidance (ISG) for NUREG-1537, which includes criteria for describing and reviewing aqueous homogeneous reactors (AHRs). Specifically, NUREG-1537 ISG, 2012 expanded the original document to address three areas: 1. updated criteria for heterogeneous non-power reactors, 2. criteria for licensing AHRs, and 3. criteria for licensing a Part 50-licensed isotope production facility. In 2015, the US Department of Energy (DOE) opted to build on the AHR NUREG-1537 ISG experience by performing a gap analysis of the guidance that would be used to license a non-power MSR. MSRs represent one of the advanced non-LWR technologies selected by DOE for development through a multiyear cost share award with Southern Company Services. Under this Advanced Reactor Concepts 2015 (DOE Advanced Reactor Concepts [ARC] 15) award program, the DOE tasked Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to evaluate the guidance changes that the NRC may need to consider when licensing an MSR non-power reactor. ORNL staff, with support from Boston Government Services, LLC, focused on five system-related chapters in NUREG-1537 that were considered most relevant to inform the effort that would be required for a non-power MSR applicant. ORNL documented this review in a technical report, ORNL/TM-2018/834, Proposed Guidance for Preparing and Reviewing Molten Salt Non-Power Reactor License Applications (NUREG-1537). The report was subsequently shared with industry and the NRC. The 2018 review was limited in scope, focusing on key system chapters based on the expected significance of each chapter relative to expected differences in addressing advanced non-LWR technologies, specifically non-power MSRs, compared with heterogeneously fueled non-power reactors. In the ORNL report, proposed generic adaptations were suggested for the following NUREG-1537 chapters: Chapter 4, “Reactor Description”; Chapter 5, “Reactor Coolant Systems”; Chapter 6, “Engineered Safety Features”; Chapter 9, “Auxiliary Systems”; Chapter 11, “Radiation Protection Program and Waste Management” The inclusion of Chapter 11 in the previous review effort was intended to provide guidance for categorizing the waste-handling process for an MSR operating with homogenous fuel. The introductions from Parts 1 and 2 of the 2012 NUREG-1537 ISG provide guidance for the application and review of production facilities. After a period of operation, non-power MSRs with homogenous fuel will include gaseous and soluble fission products. The gaseous fission products will be collected and held for decay in an off-gas system. There might also be an initiative to polish or filter the soluble fission products in the fuel salt by some mechanical or chemical means. The treatment and handling of fission products in the non-power MSR fuel salt and the description of this process in the safety analysis report (SAR) must be very precise to avoid the waste treatment facility being construed as a co-located special nuclear material (SNM) fuel cycle facility (see Section 2.3 of this report). Subsequent to the release of ORNL/TM-2018/834, NRC staff expressed a desire to continue the regulatory gap analysis that was begun in that report. This would provide additional clarity and information addressed in certain sections of the original report, while also providing new guidance on certain topics not addressed in the original report. This revision would benefit the NRC staff reviewing applications involving non-power MSR designs and would help developers understand how the NRC staff might approach the review of such applications. The focus of this report is to provide infrastructure support to the NRC staff for the regulatory review of non-power MSRs.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Anaerobic benzene oxidation in Geotalea daltonii involves activation by methylation and is regulated by the transition state regulator AbrB

ABSTRACT Benzene is a widespread groundwater contaminant that persists under anoxic conditions. The aim of this study was to more accurately investigate anaerobic microbial degradation pathways to predict benzene fate and transport. Preliminary genomic analysis of Geotalea daltonii strain FRC-32, isolated from contaminated groundwater, revealed the presence of putative aromatic-degrading genes. G. daltonii was subsequently shown to conserve energy for growth on benzene as the sole electron donor and fumarate or nitrate as the electron acceptor. The hbs gene, encoding for 3-hydroxybenzylsuccinate synthase (Hbs), a homolog of the radical-forming, toluene-activating benzylsuccinate synthase (Bss), was upregulated during benzene oxidation in G. daltonii , while the bss gene was upregulated during toluene oxidation. Addition of benzene to the G. daltonii whole-cell lysate resulted in toluene formation, indicating that methylation of benzene was occurring. Complementation of σ 54 - (deficient) E. coli transformed with the bss operon restored its ability to grow in the presence of toluene, revealing bss to be regulated by σ 54 . Binding sites for σ 70 and the transition state regulator AbrB were identified in the promoter region of the σ 54 -encoding gene rpoN, and binding was confirmed. Induced expression of abrB during benzene and toluene degradation caused G. daltonii cultures to transition to the death phase. Our results suggested that G. daltonii can anaerobically oxidize benzene by methylation, which is regulated by σ 54 and AbrB. Our findings further indicated that the benzene, toluene, and benzoate degradation pathways converge into a single metabolic pathway, representing a uniquely efficient approach to anaerobic aromatic degradation in G. daltonii . IMPORTANCE The contamination of anaerobic subsurface environments including groundwater with toxic aromatic hydrocarbons, specifically benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, has become a global issue. Subsurface groundwater is largely anoxic, and further study is needed to understand the natural attenuation of these compounds. This study elucidated a metabolic pathway utilized by the bacterium Geotalea daltonii capable of anaerobically degrading the recalcitrant molecule benzene using a unique activation mechanism involving methylation. The identification of aromatic-degrading genes and AbrB as a regulator of the anaerobic benzene and toluene degradation pathways provides insights into the mechanisms employed by G. daltonii to modulate metabolic pathways as necessary to thrive in anoxic contaminated groundwater. Our findings contribute to the understanding of novel anaerobic benzene degradation pathways that could potentially be harnessed to develop improved strategies for bioremediation of groundwater contaminants.

Bullows, James E.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Integrative Multi-PTM Proteomics Reveals Dynamic Global, Redox, Phosphorylation, and Acetylation Regulation in Cytokine-treated Pancreatic Beta Cells

Studying regulation of protein function at a systems level necessitates an understanding of the interplay among diverse post-translational modifications (PTMs). A variety of proteomics sample processing workflows are currently used to study specific PTMs but rarely characterize multiple types of PTMs from the same sample inputs. Method incompatibilities and laborious sample preparation steps complicate large-scale physiological investigations and can lead to variations in results. The single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3) method for sample cleanup is compatible with different lysis buffers and amenable to automation, making it attractive for high-throughput multi-PTM profiling. Herein, we describe an integrative SP3 workflow for multiplexed quantification of protein abundance, cysteine thiol oxidation, phosphorylation, and acetylation. The broad applicability of this approach is demonstrated using cell and tissue samples, and its utility for studying interacting regulatory networks is highlighted in a time-course experiment of cytokine-treated ß-cells. We observed a swift response in global regulation of protein abundances consistent with rapid activation of JAK-STAT and NF-?B signaling pathways. Regulators of these pathways as well as proteins involved in their target processes displayed multi-PTM dynamics indicative of a complex cellular response stages: acute, adaptation, and chronic (prolonged stress). PARP14, a negative regulator of JAK-STAT, had multiple co-localized PTMs that may be involved in intraprotein regulatory crosstalk. Our workflow provides a high-throughput platform that can profile multi-PTMomes from the same sample set, which is valuable in unraveling the functional roles of PTMs and their co-regulation.

proteomics, PTM, automation, SP3, cysteine thiol o↗
NASA NTRS2004

Thermal Performance of a Multi-Evaporator Loop Heat Pipe with Thermal Masses and Thermoelectric Coolers

This paper describes thermal performance of a loop heat pipe (LHP) with two evaporators and two condensers in ambient testing. Each evaporator has an outer diameter of 15mm and a length of 76mm, and has an integral compensation chamber (CC). An aluminum mass of 500 grams is attached to each evaporator to simulate the instrument mass. A thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is installed on each CC to provide heating as well as cooling for CC temperature control. A flow regulator is installed in the condenser section to prevent vapor from going back to the evaporators in the event that one of the condensers is fully utilized. Ammonia was used as the working fluid. Tests conducted included start-up, power cycle, heat load sharing, sink temperature cycle, operating temperature control with TECs, and capillary limit tests. Experimental data showed that the loop could start with a heat load of less than 10W even with added thermal masses. The loop operated stably with even and uneven evaporator heat loads, and even and uneven condenser sink temperatures. The operating temperature could be controlled within +/- 0.5K of the set point temperature using either or both TECs, and the required TEC control heater power was less than 2W under most test conditions. Heat load sharing between the two evaporators was also successfully demonstrated. The loop had a heat transport capability of 120W to 140W, and could recover from a dry-out when the heat load was reduced. The 500-gram aluminum mass on each evaporator had a negligible effect on the loop operation. Existing LHPs servicing orbiting spacecraft have a single evaporator with an outer diameter of about 25mm. Important performance characteristics demonstrated by this LHP included: 1) Operation of an LHP with 15mm diameter evaporators; 2) Robustness and reliability of an LHP with multiple evaporators and multiple condensers under various test conditions; 3) Heat load sharing among LHP evaporators; 4) Effectiveness of TECs in controlling the LHP operating temperature; and 5 ) Effectiveness of the flow regulator in preventing vapor from going back the evaporators.

Ku, Jen-Tung↗