Degradation mechanisms of Platinum Nanoparticle Catalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: The Role of Particle Size
Five membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with different average sizes of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles (2.2, 3.5, 5.0, 6.7, and 11.3 nm) in the cathode were analyzed before and after potential cycling (0.6 to 1.0 V, 50 mV/s) by transmission electron microscopy. Cathodes loaded with 2.2 nm and 3.5 nm catalyst nanoparticles exhibit the following changes during electrochemical cycling: (i) substantial broadening of the size distribution relative to the initial size distribution, (ii) presence of coalesced particles within the electrode, and (iii) precipitation of sub-micron-sized particles with complex shapes within the membrane. In contrast, cathodes loaded with 5.0 nm, 6.7 nm and 11.3 nm size catalyst nanoparticles are significantly less prone to the aforementioned effects. As a result, the electrochemically-active surface area (ECA) of MEA cathodes loaded with 2.2 nm and 3.5 nm nanoparticle catalysts degrades dramatically within 1,000 cycles of operation, while the electrochemically-active surface area of MEA cathodes loaded with 5.0 nm, 6.7 nm and 11.3 nm nanoparticle catalysts appears to be stable even after 10,000 cycles. The loss in MEA performance for cathodes loaded with 2.2 nm and 3.5 nm nanoparticle catalysts appears to be due to the loss in electrochemically-active surface area concomitant with the observed morphological changes in these nanoparticle catalysts