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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Magnetic nanoparticles for medical applications: Progress and challenges

Magnetic nanoparticles present unique properties that make them suitable for applications in biomedical field such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia and drug delivery systems. Magnetic hyperthermia involves heating the cancer cells by using magnetic particles exposed to an alternating magnetic field. The cell temperature increases due to the thermal propagation of the heat induced by the nanoparticles into the affected region. In order to increase the effectiveness of the treatment hyperthermia can be combined with drug delivery techniques. As a spectroscopic technique MRI is used in medicine for the imaging of tissues especially the soft ones and diagnosing malignant or benign tumors. For this purpose Zn{sub x}Co{sub 1−x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} ferrite nanoparticles with x between 0 and 1 have been prepared by co-precipitation method. The cristallite size was determined by X-ray diffraction, while the transmission electron microscopy illustrates the spherical shape of the nanoparticles. Magnetic characterizations of the nanoparticles were carried out at room temperature by using a vibrating sample magnetometer. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured by calorimetric method at different frequencies and it has been observed that this value depends on the chemical formula, the applied magnetic fields and the frequency. The study consists of evaluating the images, obtained from an MRI facility, when the nanoparticles are dispersed in agar phantoms compared with the enhanced ones when Omniscan was used as contrast agent. Layer-by-layer technique was used to achieve the necessary requirement of biocompatibility. The surface of the magnetic nanoparticles was modified by coating it with oppositely charged polyelectrolites, making it possible for the binding of a specific drug.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Magnetic behavior of erbium-zinc-borate glasses and glass ceramics

Glasses of the system (Er{sub 2}O{sub 3}){sub x}⋅(B{sub 2}O{sub 3}){sub (60−x)}⋅(ZnO){sub 40} (3 ≤ x ≤ 15 mol%) were prepared by conventional melt quenching and subsequently converted to glass ceramics by heat treatment of glass samples at 860 °C for 2 h. The magnetic behaviour of the studied glasses and glass ceramics were investigated using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and a Faraday-type magnetic balance. Magnetic data show that erbium ions are involved in negative superexchange interactions in all the investigated samples, being antiferromagnetically coupled. For all studied samples the experimental values obtained for the effective magnetic moments are lower than the value corresponding to free Er{sup 3+} ions and decrease with the increasing of Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} content. The decrease is more pronounced in heat treated samples than untreated ones.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic susceptibility measurement of solid oxygen at pressures up to 3.3 GPa

The magnetic susceptibility of solid oxygen had long been observed only in the restricted pressure region below 0.8 GPa. We succeeded in extending the pressure region up to 3.3 GPa by clamping condensed oxygen in the sample chamber of a miniature diamond anvil cell and measuring the dc magnetic susceptibility using a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer. In this experiment, the well-known α–β and β–γ transitions are observed in the phase diagram, suggesting consistency with the previous results of X-ray and Raman studies. In addition, a new magnetic anomaly is observed in the β phase.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Stress-induced martensitic transformation during tensile test of full-size TF conductor jacket tube at 4.2 K

The toroidal-field (TF) conductor jacket of International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is made of modified 316LN stainless steel, which is influenced by heat treatment at approximately 650 °C for 200 h to produce Nb{sub 3}Sn superconducting materials at the final stage. Due to the high electromagnetic forces arising during magnet operation, higher mechanical properties of the jacket materials at cryogenic temperatures are required. In our work, mechanical properties of the full-size TF conductor jacket tube were investigated, which satisfied the ITER requirements. Stress-induced martensitic transformation mechanism during tensile test of the conductor jacket material at 4.2 K was characterized by means of in-situ temperature dependent XRD, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tensile behavior related to the amount of stress-induced phase transformation at cryogenic temperature was also discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic properties of Ni substituted Y-type barium ferrite

Y-type barium hexaferrite is attractive material for various applications, such as high frequency antennas and RF devices, because of its interesting magnetic properties. Especially, Ni substituted Y- type hexaferrites have higher magnetic ordering temperature than other Y-type. We have investigated macroscopic and microscopic properties of Y-type barium hexaferrite. Ba{sub 2}Co{sub 2−x}Ni{sub x}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22} (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) samples are prepared by solid-state reaction method and studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer, and Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as a network analyzer for high frequency characteristics. The XRD pattern is analyzed by Rietveld refinement method and confirms the hexagonal structure with R-3m. The hysteresis curve shows ferrimagnetic behavior. Saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) decreases with Ni contents. Ni{sup 2+}, which preferentially occupies the octahedral site with up-spin sub-lattice, has smaller spin value S of 1 than Co{sup 2+} having S = 3/2. The zero-field-cooled (ZFC) measurement of Ba{sub 2}Co{sub 1.5}Ni{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22} shows that Curie and spin transition temperatures are found to be 718 K and 209 K, respectively. The Curie temperature T{sub C} is increased with Ni contents, while T{sub S} is decreased with Ni. The Mössbauer spectra were measured at various temperatures and fitted by using a least-squares method with six sextet of six Lorentzian lines for Fe sites, corresponding to the 3b{sub VI}, 6c{sub IV}*, 6c{sub VI}, 18h{sub VI}, 6c{sub IV}, and 3a{sub IV} sites at below T{sub C}. From Mössbauer measurements, we confirmed the spin state of Fe ion to be Fe{sup 3+} and obtained the isomer shift (δ), magnetic hyperfine field (H{sub hf}), and the occupancy ratio of Fe ions at six sub-lattices. The complex permeability and permittivity are measured between 100 MHz and 4 GHz, suggesting that Y-type barium hexaferrite is promising for antenna applications in UHF band.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Sm{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub x} nanoflakes prepared by surfactant assisted cryomilling

Hard magnetic Sm{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub x} nanoflakes were prepared by surfactant assisted ball milling (SABM) at low temperature using liquid nitrogen cooling (surfactant assisted cryomilling). 2-methyl pentane was used as a milling medium and oleylamine as a surfactant. The morphology, structure, and magnetic properties of Sm{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub x} were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. By comparing Sm{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub x} nanoflakes produced by SABM at low temperature and at room temperature, we found that the former has many interesting features: more homogeneous morphology, smaller size, especially markedly increased remanent magnetization (M{sub r}), saturation magnetization (M{sub s}), and remanent magnetization ratio (M{sub r}/M{sub s}). These Sm{sub 2}Fe{sub 17}N{sub x} nanoflakes have great potential to be used for preparing high performance bonded permanent magnets.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Influence of the interface on the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic ultrathin films with various adjacent copper thicknesses

The interface and magnetic properties of two series of films with Ta(5 nm)/Fe{sub 20}Ni{sub 80}Nd{sub 0.017}(3 nm)/Cu(t nm) and Ta(5 nm)/Cu(t nm)/Fe{sub 50}Co{sub 50}Gd{sub 0.07}(3 nm)/Cu(2 nm) structures have been investigated by atomic force microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). The roughness of all films increases with increasing copper thickness, which causes the different grain sizes in the surface of films. The coercivity of FeCo-Gd films increases with increasing thickness of inserted Cu layer while decreases with increasing thickness of Cu capping layer for FeNi-Nd films. FMR linewidth exhibits huge dependence on the thickness of inserted Cu layer for FeCo-Gd films, increasing from 2270 to 3680 Oe, which comes from the additional contribution of effect of the two-magnon scattering. And the thickness of Cu capping layer shows also an influence on FMR linewidth of FeNi-Nd films, increasing from 190 to 320 Oe, which mainly comes from intrinsic FMR linewidth and plus minor inhomogeneous broadening. All of these extrinsic linewidth broadening are related to the interface roughness.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Investigation of site preference of Zn doped Ba{sub 3}Co{sub 2−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 24}O{sub 41} by Mössbauer spectroscopy

The polycrystalline Ba{sub 3}Co{sub 2−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 24}O{sub 41} (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) samples were prepared by using solid-state-reaction method. The crystal structures and magnetic properties of samples were investigated with x-ray diffractometer, vibrating sample magnetometer, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The crystal structure of Ba{sub 3}Co{sub 2−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 24}O{sub 41} (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) samples was determined to be a hexagonal structure with P6{sub 3}/mmc space group at 295 K, and the saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) of Ba{sub 3}Co{sub 2−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 24}O{sub 41} (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) samples were found to be M{sub s} = 50.9, 53.1, 55.0 emu/g, respectively. From the temperature dependence of magnetization curves under 100 Oe between 4.2 and 740 K, we were able to observe the spin transition, and both spin transition temperature (T{sub s}) and Curie temperature (T{sub C}) decrease with increasing Zn concentration. Mössbauer spectra of all samples were obtained and analyzed at various temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 295 K. With ten-sextets for Fe sites corresponding to the Z-type hexagonal crystallographic sites, all spectra below T{sub C} were fitted by least-square method. In addition, from the site occupation numbers of Fe, calculated from the relative areas fitted to the Mössbauer spectra, we find that Zn ions preferentially occupy the tetrahedral sublattices of down sites.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural and magnetic properties of chromium doped zinc ferrite

Zinc chromium ferrites with chemical formula ZnCr{sub x}Fe{sub 2−x}O{sub 4} (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) were prepared by Sol - Gel technique. The structural as well as magnetic properties of the synthesized samples have been studied and reported here. The structural characterizations of the samples were analyzed by using X – Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The single phase spinel cubic structure of all the prepared samples was tested by XRD and FTIR. The particle size was observed to decrease from 18.636 nm to 6.125 nm by chromium doping and induced a tensile strain in all the zinc chromium mixed ferrites. The magnetic properties of few samples (x = 0.0, 0.4, 1.0) were investigated using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Double dumbbell shaped AgNi alloy by pulsed electrodeposition

Silver-Nickel is the well-known thermally immiscible system that makes them quite complex for the formation of alloy. This kind of alloy can be attained from electrodeposition method. In the present work, AgNi alloy was synthesized by pulsed electrodeposition in a single bath two electrode system with the use of anodic alumina membrane. The prepared AgNi alloy and pure Ag were characterized with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for structural confirmation, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphological, and magnetic properties by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, respectively. The X-ray Diffraction study shows the formation of cubic structure for pure Ag. SEM analysis reveals the double dumbbell morphology for AgNi alloy and spherically agglomeration for pure silver. Hysteresis behaviour from VSM measurement indicates that the AgNi alloy have good ferro-magnetic properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Experimental investigation of magnetic anisotropy in spin vortex discs

We present experimental 2D vector vibrating sample magnetometer measurements to demonstrate the shape anisotropy effects occurring in micrometer-diameter supermalloy spin vortex discs. Measurements made for different disc sizes and orientations confirm the out-of-plane susceptibility is several orders of magnitude smaller than the in-plane susceptibility. These results validate with a high certitude that spin vortices with high diameter to thickness ratio retain in-plane-only magnetization, even when subjected to fields in the out-of-plane direction. These results contribute to further computational simulations of the dynamics of spin vortex structures in colloidal suspensions where external fields may be applied in any arbitrary direction.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis of multiferroic Er-Fe-O thin films by atomic layer and chemical vapor deposition

R-Fe-O (R = rare earth) compounds have recently attracted high interest as potential new multiferroic materials. Here, we report a method based on the solid-state reaction between Er{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Fe layers, respectively grown by atomic layer deposition and chemical vapor deposition, to synthesize Er-Fe-O thin films. The reaction is induced by thermal annealing and evolution of the formed phases is followed by in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Dominant ErFeO{sub 3} and ErFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} phases develop following subsequent thermal annealing processes at 850 °C in air and N{sub 2}. Structural, chemical, and morphological characterization of the layers are conducted through X-ray diffraction and reflectivity, time-of-flight secondary ion-mass spectrometry, and atomic force microscopy. Magnetic properties are evaluated by magnetic force microscopy, conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer, being consistent with the presence of the phases identified by X-ray diffraction. Our results constitute a first step toward the use of cost-effective chemical methods for the synthesis of this class of multiferroic thin films.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Magnetic properties of Zn doped Co{sub 2}Y hexaferrite by using high-field Mössbauer spectroscopy

The polycrystalline samples of Ba{sub 2}Co{sub 2−x}Zn{sub x}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22} (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) were synthesized by using solid-state-reaction method. From the XRD patterns, analyzed by Rietveld refinement, the prepared samples are found to be single-phased with rhombohedral structure (R-3m). The magnetic properties of samples were investigated with vibrating sample magnetometer, and high-field Mössbauer spectrometer. From the zero-field-cooled curves under 100 Oe between 4.2 and 740 K, we observe that the samples show spin transition from helicalmagnetic to ferrimagnetic order. With increasing Zn ion concentration, the spin transition temperature (T{sub s}) and Curie temperature (T{sub C}) decrease linearly. We have obtained Zero-field Mössbauer spectra of all samples at various temperatures ranging from 4.2 to 650 K, and analyzed the spectra below T{sub C} as six-sextets for Fe sites. From the temperature dependence of hyperfine field (H{sub hf}), we have noticed an abrupt change in H{sub hf} at T{sub s}. In addition, Mössbauer spectra of all samples at 4.2 K were taken with applied field ranging from 0 to 50 kOe, indicating the canting angle between applied field and H{sub hf} decreased with increasing Zn concentration.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

A multi-functional testing instrument for heat assisted magnetic recording media

With recent developments in heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR), characterization of HAMR media is becoming very important. We present a multi-functional instrument for testing HAMR media, which integrates HAMR writing, reading, and a micro-magneto-optic Kerr effect (μ-MOKE) testing function. A potential application of the present instrument is to make temperature dependent magnetic property measurement using a pump-probe configuration. In the measurement, the media is heated up by a heating (intense) beam while a testing (weak) beam is overlapped with the heating beam for MOKE measurement. By heating the media with different heating beam power, magnetic measurements by MOKE at different temperatures can be performed. Compared to traditional existing tools such as the vibrating sample magnetometer, the present instrument provides localized and efficient heating at the measurement spot. The integration of HAMR writing and μ-MOKE system can also facilitate a localized full investigation of the magnetic media by potential correlation of HAMR head independent write/read performance to localized magnetic properties.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structure and magnetic properties of low-temperature phase Mn-Bi nanosheets with ultra-high coercivity and significant anisotropy

The microstructure, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of low-temperature phase (LTP) Mn-Bi nanosheets, prepared by surfactant assistant high-energy ball milling (SA-HEBM) with oleylamine and oleic acid as the surfactant, were examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometer, respectively. Effect of ball-milling time on the coercivity of LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets was systematically investigated. Results show that the high energy ball milling time from tens of minutes to several hours results in the coercivity increase of Mn-Bi powders and peak values of 14.3 kOe around 10 h. LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets are characterized by an average thickness of tens of nanometers, an average diameter of ∼1.5 μm, and possess a relatively large aspect ratio, an ultra-high room temperature coercivity of 22.3 kOe, a significant geometrical and magnetic anisotropy, and a strong (00l) crystal texture. Magnetization and demagnetization behaviors reveal that wall pinning is the dominant coercivity mechanism in these LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets. The ultrafine grain refinement introduced by the SA-HEBM process contribute to the ultra-high coercivity of LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets and a large number of defects put a powerful pinning effect on the magnetic domain movement, simultaneously. Further magnetic measurement at 437 K shows that a high coercivity of 17.8 kOe and a strong positive temperature coefficient of coercivity existed in the bonded permanent magnet made by LTP Mn-Bi nanosheets.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

The crystal structure and magnetic properties of Ba{sub 2−x}Sr{sub x}Co{sub 2}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22}

We have synthesized the Ba{sub 2−x}Sr{sub x}Co{sub 2}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22} samples (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) by the solid-state reaction method and investigated their crystalline and magnetic properties by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Mössbauer spectrometer, vibrating sample magnetometer, and network analyzer. XRD patterns show that all samples are rhombohedral with space group R-3m. The lattice constants a{sub 0} and c{sub 0} decrease with Sr substitution due to smaller ion radius of Sr{sup 2+} (1.27 Å) than that of Ba{sup 2+} (1.43 Å). The Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements show that the relative area ratios of Fe ion were maintained constant regardless of the Sr concentration. However, average magnetic hyperfine field slightly increased with the Sr concentration. This observation agrees with the fact that the saturation magnetization (M{sub s}) linearly increases due to the increasing super-exchange interaction, originated from the difference in the ionic radius between Ba{sup 2+} and Sr{sup 2+}. To investigate its properties at high frequency range, all samples were sintered at 1100 °C, and complex permeability and permittivity were measured by network analyzer between 100 MHz and 4 GHz. For x below 0.3, the initial permeability at 100 MHz increases, at higher values of x, its value decreases. Our study shows that magnetic properties of Sr{sup 2+} substitution for Ba{sup 2+} in Y-type hexaferrite as well as low magnetic loss less than 0.1 in 1 GHz band, indicating the potential application of Ba{sub 2−x}Sr{sub x}Co{sub 2}Fe{sub 12}O{sub 22} samples for RF and antenna devices in ultra high frequency band.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Study of polyvinyl alcohol nanofibrous membrane by electrospinning as a magnetic nanoparticle delivery approach

Electrospinning technique was used to fabricate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based magnetic biodegradable nanofibers. PVA solution was mixed with ferrofluid or magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) powder and formed two individual nanofibrous membranes (PVA/ferrofluid and PVA/MNPs powder) by electrospinning. The surface morphology of the nanofibrous membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and the magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer. Macrophages (RAW 264.7) were co-cultured with the nanofibrous membranes for 12, 24, and 48 h and exhibited good cell viability (>95%). Results showed that the PVA fibers would be degraded and the embedded Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles would be released and delivered to cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Phase structure and magnetic properties of Mn{sub 3}Ga{sub 2} alloy

In this paper, Mn{sub 3}Ga{sub 2} alloys with high saturation magnetization and high Curie temperatures were prepared by levitation melting high pure Mn and Ga elements followed by annealing. The effect of annealing temperature on phase structure and magnetic properties was investigated by means of x-ray diffraction and a vibrating sample magnetometer. A single phase alloy Mn{sub 3}Ga{sub 2}, which has tetragonal P4/mmm structure, was obtained with an annealing temperature of 773 K and annealing time of 24 h. The hysteresis curve of its easy axis for this single phase alloy shows that the room temperature coercivity and saturation magnetization are 4.18 kOe and 50.81 emu/g, respectively. The thermomagnetic curves indicate that the Curie temperature is about 650 K and a phase transformation occurs above 823 K.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗