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At least 865 records · Page 48
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Intrinsic Berry curvature driven anomalous Nernst thermopower in the semimetallic Heusler alloy CoFeVSb

Understanding of spin-heat coupling mechanisms and magnetothermoelectric phenomena, including the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE), in emergent quaternary Heusler alloys is of practical importance for applications in thermal management and energy harvesting. Here, we demonstrate an intrinsic Berry curvature mediated anomalous Nernst thermopower in CoFeVSb, which orders magnetically at high temperature ( T C ≈ 850 K ) with a large saturation magnetization of ≈ 2.2 μ B / f . u . at room temperature. We show that the electron-electron elastic and electron-magnon inelastic scattering dominate longitudinal electrical transport at low temperatures ( T ≤ 50 K ), whereas the electron-phonon and electron-magnon scatterings govern it at higher T . The longitudinal thermopower is resulted mainly from the diffusive contribution with a very large longitudinal Seebeck coefficient ( 42 μ V K - 1 at 395 K). The value of the anomalous Nernst coefficient ( S ANE ) for CoFeVSb at room temperature is 0.039 μ V K - 1 which is higher than the compressively strained SrRu O 3 film ( 0.03 μ V K - 1 ) as well as the spin gapless semiconductor CoFeCrGa ( 0.018 μ V K - 1 ). On lowering T , both the ordinary Nernst coefficient and carrier mobility increase but an opposite trend is found for S ANE . Our ab initio simulations reveal the topological semimetallic nature of CoFeVSb with a pair of Weyl points. These Weyl crossings result in a significant contribution to the Berry curvature, leading to an intrinsic anomalous Hall conductivity ( σ x y AHE ) of ≈ 85 S/cm, which matches well with experiment (77 S/cm at 2 K). Our experimental findings and ab initio calculations support the dominance of the intrinsic Berry curvature in the observed ANE. The ratio of σ x y AHE to the transverse anomalous thermoelectric conductivity ( α x y ANE ) shows an increasing trend with T attaining a sizable fraction of k B e ( ≈ 0.35 k B e ) at room temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

COSMIC-RAY SMALL-SCALE ANISOTROPIES AND LOCAL TURBULENT MAGNETIC FIELDS

Cosmic-ray anisotropy has been observed in a wide energy range and at different angular scales by a variety of experiments over the past decade. However, no comprehensive or satisfactory explanation has been put forth to date. The arrival distribution of cosmic rays at Earth is the convolution of the distribution of their sources and of the effects of geometry and properties of the magnetic field through which particles propagate. It is generally believed that the anisotropy topology at the largest angular scale is adiabatically shaped by diffusion in the structured interstellar magnetic field. On the contrary, the medium- and small-scale angular structure could be an effect of nondiffusive propagation of cosmic rays in perturbed magnetic fields. In particular, a possible explanation for the observed small-scale anisotropy observed at the TeV energy scale may be the effect of particle propagation in turbulent magnetized plasmas. We perform numerical integration of test particle trajectories in low- β compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence to study how the cosmic rays’ arrival direction distribution is perturbed when they stream along the local turbulent magnetic field. We utilize Liouville’s theorem for obtaining the anisotropy at Earth and provide the theoretical framework for the application of the theorem in the specific case of cosmic-ray arrival distribution. In this work, we discuss the effects on the anisotropy arising from propagation in this inhomogeneous and turbulent interstellar magnetic field.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM MAPPING IN M82 THROUGH LIGHT ECHOES AROUND SUPERNOVA 2014J

We present multiple-epoch measurements of the size and surface brightness of the light echoes from supernova (SN) 2014J in the nearby starburst galaxy M82. Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) ACS/WFC images were taken ∼277 and ∼416 days after B -band maximum in the filters F 475 W , F 606 W , and F 775 W . Observations with HST WFC3/UVIS images at epochs ∼216 and ∼365 days are included for a more complete analysis. The images reveal the temporal evolution of at least two major light-echo components. The first one exhibits a filled ring structure with position-angle-dependent intensity. This radially extended, diffuse echo indicates the presence of an inhomogeneous interstellar dust cloud ranging from ∼100 to ∼500 pc in the foreground of the SN. The second echo component appears as an unresolved luminous quarter-circle arc centered on the SN. The wavelength dependence of scattering measured in different dust components suggests that the dust producing the luminous arc favors smaller grain sizes, while that causing the diffuse light echo may have sizes similar to those of the Milky Way dust. Smaller grains can produce an optical depth consistent with that along the supernova-Earth line of sight measured by previous studies around maximum light. Therefore, it is possible that the dust slab from which the luminous arc arises is also responsible for most of the extinction toward SN 2014J. The optical depths determined from the Milky Way-like dust in the scattering matters are lower than the optical depth produced by the dust slab.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Collapse of Jahn-Teller phonons in La 1−x Sr x MnO 3 with weak magnetoresistance

Perovskite manganites are quantum materials exhibiting competing interactions inducing colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The prevailing theory of CMR highlights the essential role of electron-phonon coupling (EPC), but mounting evidence suggests the underlying mechanism is more complicated. Here, we investigate phonons and spin-phonon coupling in ferromagnetic CMR manganites La 1−x Sr x MnO 3 (x=0.2,0.3) with relatively small CMR associated with melting of the magnetic order above room temperature. High-resolution neutron scattering experiments combined with density functional theory (DFT) show that the low-temperature ferromagnetic phase is conventional: neutron scattering from phonons agrees with DFT predictions and magnons follow sinusoidal dispersions. Fluctuating magnetic moments and low-energy phonons remain conventional in the high-temperature paramagnetic phase, indicating the Mn and La/Sr sublattices are not strongly perturbed by melting of ferromagnetism. In contrast, the Jahn–Teller-active optical oxygen vibrations collapse entirely above the Curie temperature, despite low CMR in these compositions, with some of the lost spectral weight reappearing as quasielastic scattering. We attribute this highly anomalous behavior to giant EPC in the charge and/or orbital channel. It drives cooperative diffusive motion of quasistatic carrier-trapping oxygen sublattice distortions once ferromagnetism disappears. We hypothesize the magnitude of magnetoresistance correlates with the rate of diffusion rather than with the strength of Jahn–Teller EPC.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Numerical Simulations of Transverse Beam Diffusion Enhancement by the Use of Electron Lens in the Tevatron Collider

Transverse beam diffusion for the Tevatron machine has been calculated using the Lifetrac code. The following effects were included: random noise (representing residual gas scattering, voltage noise in the accelerating cavities) lattice nonlinearities and beam-beam interactions. The time evolution of particle distributions with different initial amplitudes in Hamiltonian action has been simulated for 6 million turns, corresponding to a time of about 2 minutes. For each particle distribution, several cases have been considered: a single beam in storage ring mode, the collider case and the effects of a hollow electron beam collimator. The diffusion coefficient for some representative points in the amplitude space has been calculated by fitting the time evolution of delta-like particle distributions using the diffusion equation, for different machine conditions. The results confirm a strong efficiency of the electron lens as an halo diffusive enhancer, leading to diffusion coefficients which are at least a factor 10K higher than the values obtained for the collision case. This result is confirmed by the Frequency Map Analysis, which shows a clear intensification of resonance lines for particle amplitudes larger than the electron lens inner radius. If compared with past experiments, the simulations successfully reproduce the diffusion coefficients for the beam core, but still present a large discrepancy for halo particles, still under investigation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Amorphization and recrystallization of single-crystalline hydrogen titanate nanowires by N{sup +} ion irradiation

We report on the phase transformation of hydrogen titanate (H{sub 2}Ti{sub 3}O{sub 7}) nanowires induced by 50 keV N{sup +} ion irradiation at room temperature with fluences of 1 × 10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2} and 1 × 10{sup 16} ions/cm{sup 2}, respectively. Using transmission electron microscopy, the internal structure of the ion irradiated nanowires is analyzed. At low fluence, a transformation from crystalline H{sub 2}Ti{sub 3}O{sub 7} to amorphous TiO{sub 2} is observed. However, at higher fluence, a remarkable crystalline-amorphous TiO{sub 2} core-shell structure is formed. At this higher fluence, the recrystallization occurs in the core of the nanowire and the outer layer remains amorphous. The phase transformation and formation of core-shell structure are explained using the thermal spike model, radiation enhanced diffusion, and classical theory of nucleation and growth under non-equilibrium thermodynamics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman scattering reveal further insight into the structure of the nanowires before and after ion irradiation.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

CORRECTING FOR INTERPLANETARY SCATTERING IN VELOCITY DISPERSION ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES

To understand the origin of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs), we must study their injection time relative to other solar eruption manifestations. Traditionally the injection time is determined using the Velocity Dispersion Analysis (VDA) where a linear fit of the observed event onset times at 1 AU to the inverse velocities of SEPs is used to derive the injection time and path length of the first-arriving particles. VDA does not, however, take into account that the particles that produce a statistically observable onset at 1 AU have scattered in the interplanetary space. We use Monte Carlo test particle simulations of energetic protons to study the effect of particle scattering on the observable SEP event onset above pre-event background, and consequently on VDA results. We find that the VDA results are sensitive to the properties of the pre-event and event particle spectra as well as SEP injection and scattering parameters. In particular, a VDA-obtained path length that is close to the nominal Parker spiral length does not imply that the VDA injection time is correct. We study the delay to the observed onset caused by scattering of the particles and derive a simple estimate for the delay time by using the rate of intensity increase at the SEP onset as a parameter. We apply the correction to a magnetically well-connected SEP event of 2000 June 10, and show it to improve both the path length and injection time estimates, while also increasing the error limits to better reflect the inherent uncertainties of VDA.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Communication: Probing anomalous diffusion in frequency space

Anomalous diffusion processes are usually detected by analyzing the time-dependent mean square displacement of the diffusing particles. The latter evolves asymptotically as W(t) ∼ 2D{sub α}t{sup α}, where D{sub α} is the fractional diffusion constant and 0 < α < 2. In this article we show that both D{sub α} and α can also be extracted from the low-frequency Fourier spectrum of the corresponding velocity autocorrelation function. This offers a simple method for the interpretation of quasielastic neutron scattering spectra from complex (bio)molecular systems, in which subdiffusive transport is frequently encountered. The approach is illustrated and validated by analyzing molecular dynamics simulations of molecular diffusion in a lipid POPC bilayer.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Water of Hydration Dynamics in Minerals Gypsum and Bassanite: Ultrafast 2D IR Spectroscopy of Rocks

Water of hydration plays an important role in minerals, determining their crystal structures and physical properties. In this work, ultrafast nonlinear infrared (IR) techniques, twodimensional infrared (2D IR) and polarization selective pump-probe (PSPP) spectroscopies, were used to measure the dynamics and disorder of water of hydration in two minerals, gypsum (CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O) and bassanite (CaSO 4 ·0.5H 2 O). 2D IR spectra revealed that water arrangement in freshly precipitated gypsum contained a small amount of inhomogeneity. Following annealing at 348 K, water molecules became highly ordered; the 2D IR spectrum became homogeneously broadened (motional narrowed). PSPP measurements observed only inertial orientational relaxation. In contrast, water in bassanite’s tubular channels is dynamically disordered. 2D IR spectra showed a significant amount of inhomogeneous broadening caused by a range of water configurations. At 298 K, water dynamics cause spectral diffusion that sampled a portion of the inhomogeneous linewidth on the timescale of ~30 ps, while the rest of inhomogeneity is static on the time scale of the measurements. At higher temperature, the dynamics become faster. Spectral diffusion accelerates, and a portion of the lower temperature spectral diffusion became motionally narrowed. At sufficiently high temperature, all of the dynamics that produced spectral diffusion at lower temperatures became motionally narrowed and only homogeneous broadening and static inhomogeneity were observed. Water angular motions in bassanite exhibit temperaturedependent diffusive orientational relaxation in a restricted cone of angles. The experiments were made possible by eliminating the vast amount of scattered light produced by the granulated powder samples using phase cycling methods.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Subaru/SCExAO First-light Direct Imaging of a Young Debris Disk around HD 36546

We present H -band scattered light imaging of a bright debris disk around the A0 star HD 36546 obtained from the Subaru Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) system with data recorded by the HiCIAO camera using the vector vortex coronagraph. SCExAO traces the disk from r ∼ 0.″3 to r ∼1″ (34–114 au). The disk is oriented in a near east–west direction (PA ∼ 75°), is inclined by i ∼ 70°–75°, and is strongly forward-scattering (g > 0.5). It is an extended disk rather than a sharp ring; a second, diffuse dust population extends from the disk’s eastern side. While HD 36546 intrinsic properties are consistent with a wide age range (t ∼ 1–250 Myr), its kinematics and analysis of coeval stars suggest a young age (3–10 Myr) and a possible connection to Taurus-Auriga’s star formation history. SCExAO’s planet-to-star contrast ratios are comparable to the first-light Gemini Planet Imager contrasts; for an age of 10 Myr, we rule out planets with masses comparable to HR 8799 b beyond a projected separation of 23 au. A massive icy planetesimal disk or an unseen super-Jovian planet at r > 20 au may explain the disk’s visibility. The HD 36546 debris disk may be the youngest debris disk yet imaged, is the first newly identified object from the now-operational SCExAO extreme AO system, is ideally suited for spectroscopic follow-up with SCExAO/CHARIS in 2017, and may be a key probe of icy planet formation and planet–disk interactions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Restricted dynamics of molecular hydrogen confined in activated carbon nanopores

Quasi-elastic neutron scattering was used for characterization of dynamics of molecular hydrogen confined in narrow nanopores of two activated carbon materials: PFAC (derived from polyfurfuryl alcohol) and UMC (ultramicroporous carbon). Fast, but incomplete ortho-para conversion was observed at 10 K, suggesting that scattering originates from the fraction of unconverted ortho isomer which is rotation-hindered because of confinement in nanopores. Hydrogen molecules entrapped in narrow nanopores (<7 Å) were immobile below 22-25 K. Mobility increased rapidly with temperature above this threshold, which is 8 K higher than the melting point of bulk hydrogen. Diffusion obeyed fixed-jump length mechanism, indistinguishable between 2D and 3D processes. Thermal activation of diffusion was characterized between ~22 and 37 K, and structure-dependent differences were found between the two carbons. Activation energy of diffusion was higher than that of bulk solid hydrogen. Classical notions of liquid and solid do not longer apply for H2 confined in narrow nanopores.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2016

Radiation belt electron acceleration during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm: Observations and simulations

Various physical processes are known to cause acceleration, loss, and transport of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts, but their quantitative roles in different time and space need further investigation. During the largest storm over the past decade (17 March 2015), relativistic electrons experienced fairly rapid acceleration up to ~7 MeV within 2 days after an initial substantial dropout, as observed by Van Allen Probes. In the present paper, we evaluate the relative roles of various physical processes during the recovery phase of this large storm using a 3-D diffusion simulation. By quantitatively comparing the observed and simulated electron evolution, we found that chorus plays a critical role in accelerating electrons up to several MeV near the developing peak location and produces characteristic flat-top pitch angle distributions. By only including radial diffusion, the simulation underestimates the observed electron acceleration, while radial diffusion plays an important role in redistributing electrons and potentially accelerates them to even higher energies. Moreover, plasmaspheric hiss is found to provide efficient pitch angle scattering losses for hundreds of keV electrons, while its scattering effect on > 1 MeV electrons is relatively slow. Although an additional loss process is required to fully explain the overestimated electron fluxes at multi-MeV, the combined physical processes of radial diffusion and pitch angle and energy diffusion by chorus and hiss reproduce the observed electron dynamics remarkably well, suggesting that quasi-linear diffusion theory is reasonable to evaluate radiation belt electron dynamics during this big storm.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Molecular ring rotation in solid ferrocene revisited

We report on quasielastic neutron spectroscopy experiments on ferrocene (bis(η{sup 5}-cyclopentadienyl)iron) in its three different crystalline phases: the disordered monoclinic crystalline phase (T > 164 K), the metastable triclinic phase (T < 164 K), and the stable orthorhombic phase (T < 250 K). The cyclopentadienyl rings in ferrocene are known to undergo rotational reorientations for which the analysis of our large data set suggests partially a revision of the known picture of the dynamics and allows for an extension and completion of previous studies. In the monoclinic phase, guided by structural information, we propose a model for rotational jumps among non-equivalent sites in contrast to the established 5-fold jump rotation model. The new model takes the dynamical disorder into account and allows the cyclopentadienyl rings to reside in two different configurations which are found to be twisted by an angle of approximately 30°. In the triclinic phase, our analysis demands the use of a 2-ring model accounting for crystallographically independent sites with different barriers to rotation. For the orthorhombic phase of ferrocene, we confirm a significantly increased barrier of rotation using neutron backscattering spectroscopy. Our data analysis includes multiple scattering corrections and presents a novel approach of simultaneous analysis of different neutron scattering data by combining elastic and inelastic fixed window temperature scans with energy spectra, providing a very robust and reliable mean of extracting the individual activation energies of overlapping processes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Film formation mechanisms in mixed-dimensional 2D/3D halide perovskite films revealed by in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering

We report mixed dimensionality 2D/3D hybrid halide perovskites retain the stability of 2D perovskites (formula (A')2(A)n-1PbnI3n+1) and long diffusion lengths of the 3D materials (formula AMX3), thereby affording solar cells with extended stability as well as state of the art efficiencies approaching that of the 3D materials. These films are made by spin coating precursor solutions with arbitrarily large average layer thickness n ($\langle$n$\rangle$ > 7) to give films with both 2D and 3D phases present. While the 2D and 3D perovskite film formation mechanisms have been studied previously, little is understood about composite 2D/3D film formation. We used in situ grazing-incidence wide-angle scattering (GIWAXS) with synchrotron radiation to fully characterize films fabricated from precursor solutions with stoichiometries of (BA) 2 (MA) n-1 Pb n I 3n+1 ($\langle$n$\rangle$ = 3, 4, 5, 7, “12,” “50,” and ∞ (MAPbI 3 )). Four different mechanisms are seen depending on the stoichiometry in the precursor solution. When $\langle$n$\rangle$ = 3, oriented perovskite grows directly. For $\langle$n$\rangle$ = 4-5, the needle-shaped solvate (MA) 2 Pb 3 I 8 ·2DMF forms concomitantly with the oriented perovskite which leads to 2D/3D composite films. For $\langle$n$\rangle$ ≥ 7, this solvate dominates and unoriented perovskite grows in secondarily. For 3D perovskite, the solvate is the only phase formed. Kinetic analysis shows faster and earlier growth of the solvate with increasing $\langle$n$\rangle$. Using this knowledge, we show that the undesirable solvate mechanism can be reduced by addition of excess ammonium iodide in the precursor solution to give highly oriented films.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Quasielastic neutron scattering studies on glass-forming ionic liquids with imidazolium cations

Relaxation processes for imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated by means of an incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering technique. In order to clarify the cation and anion effects on the relaxation processes, ten samples were measured. For all of the samples, we found three relaxations at around 1 ps, 10 ps, and 100 ps-10 ns, each corresponding to the alkyl reorientation, the relaxation related to the imidazolium ring, and the ionic diffusion. The activation energy (E{sub a}) for the alkyl relaxation is insensitive to both anion and alkyl chain lengths. On the other hand, for the imidazolium relaxation and the ionic diffusion processes, E{sub a} increases as the anion size decreases but is almost independent of the alkyl chain length. This indicates that the ionic diffusion and imidazolium relaxation are governed by the Coulombic interaction between the core parts of the cations (imidazolium ring) and the anions. This is consistent with the fact that the imidazolium-based ILs have nanometer scale structures consisting of ionic and neutral (alkyl chain) domains. It is also found that there is a clear correlation between the ionic diffusion and viscosity, indicating that the ionic diffusion is mainly associated with the glass transition which is one of the characteristics of imidazolium-based ILs.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2018

Electrospun Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Hybrid Fibers: Photoactive Blends, Conductivity through Tunneling-AFM, Light Scattering, and Perspective for Their Use in Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells

Hybrid conjugated polymer/fullerene filaments based on MEH-PPV/PVP/PCBM were prepared by electrospinning, and their properties were assessed by scanning electron, atomic and lateral-force, tunneling, and confocal microscopies, as well as by attenuated-total-reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photoluminescence quantum yield, and spatially resolved fluorescence. Highlighted features include the ribbon shape of the realized fibers and the persistence of a network serving as a template for heterogeneous active layers in solar cell devices. A set of favorable characteristics is evidenced in this way in terms of homogeneous charge-transport behavior and formation of effective interfaces for diffusion and dissociation of photogenerated excitons. The interaction of the organic filaments with light, exhibiting specific light-scattering properties of the nanofibrous mat, might also contribute to spreading incident radiation across the active layers, thus potentially enhancing photovoltaic performance. Finally, this method might be applied to other electron donor–electron acceptor material systems for the fabrication of solar cell devices enhanced by nanofibrillar morphologies embedding conjugated polymers and fullerene compounds.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2012

Epitaxial two dimensional aluminum films on silicon (111) by ultra-fast thermal deposition

Aluminum thin films are known for their extremely rough surface, which is detrimental for applications such as molecular electronics and photonics, where protrusions cause electrical shorts or strong scattering. We achieved atomically flat Al films using a highly non-equilibrium approach. Ultra-fast thermal deposition (UFTD), at rates >10 nm/s, yields RMS roughness of 0.4 to 0.8 nm for 30-50 nm thick Al films on variety of substrates. For UFTD on Si(111) substrates, the top surface follows closely the substrate topography (etch pits), indicating a 2D, layer-by-layer growth. The Al film is a mixture of (100) and (111) grains, where the latter are commensurate with the in-plane orientation of the underlying Si (epitaxy). We show the use of these ultra-smooth Al films for highly reproducible charge-transport measurements across a monolayer of alkyl phosphonic acid as well as for plasmonics applications by directly patterning them by focused ion beam to form a long-range ordered array of holes. UFTD is a one-step process, with no need for annealing, peeling, or primer layers. It is conceptually opposite to high quality deposition methods, such as MBE or ALD, which are slow and near-equilibrium processes. For Al, though, we find that limited diffusion length (and good wetting) is critical for achieving ultra-smooth thin films.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Realization of low resistive p-ZnO thin film by Al-As codoping

Al-As codoping into ZnO has been proposed to realize low resistive and stable p-ZnO thin film by RF magnetron sputtering. Al-As codoping has been achieved by As back diffusion from GaAs substrate and sputtering Al doped ZnO target. Hall measurements showed that the hole concentration increases with the increase of Al concentration from 10{sup 15} to 10{sup 20} cm{sup -3}. Among the grown films, 1 at% Al doped ZnO: As showed low resistivity (3.5x10{sup -2}{Omega}cm) with high hole concentration. X-ray diffraction shows that all the films are crystallized in wurtzite structure with (002) preferential orientation. The diffusion of As atoms from the substrate and the presence of dopants in the film have been confirmed by Rutherford ford back scattering and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis, respectively.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗