Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “texture”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 847 records · Page 47
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

Mechanisms of deterioration of nutrients phase 1

Experimental methods are studied by which freeze-dried foods of improved quality are produced. Considered are: (1) Factors effecting the loss of butanol from frozen aqueous food solutions during storage; (2) a freeze-drying microscope system for observing solidification processes in organic mixtures and aqueous inorganic salt solutions; (3) browning of high quality freeze-dried foods with minimal organoleptic and nutritional detoriation; (4) retention of PVP-n-propanol in freeze-dried food models; and (5) effects of freezing rate and sucrose immersion on taste and texture of freeze-dried apple slices.

Karel, M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of usefulness of Skylab EREP S-190 and S-192 imagery in multistage forest surveys

The author has identified the following significant results. A set of digital interpretation programs have been developed which perform the following tasks: (1) extraction of images for a desired sample unit or combination of sample units by scanner channel and storage of these images on high speed storage devices; (2) extraction of tone and texture information of 8 x 8 pixel interpretation units by channel and storage of these features on a high speed storage device; (3) center of gravity cluster node seeking in higher dimensional space and subsequent nearest neighbor classification, and output of the classification results on a high speed storage device. In all instances the classification results can be related to the original place of subset extraction through the coordinate transformation work previously performed.

Langley, P. G.↗
NASA NTRS1973

ERTS data user no. 119: Effective use of ERTS multisensor data in the Great Plains. ERTS-1 MSS imagery: A tool for identifying soil associations

The author has identified the following significant results. Soil association maps show the spatial relationships of land units developed in unique climatic, geologic, and topographic environments, and having characteristic slopes, soil depths, textures, available water capacities, permeabilities, and the like. ERTS-1 imagery was found to be a useful tool in the identification of soil associations since it provides a synoptic view of an 8 million acre scene, which is large enough so that the effect can be seen on soils of climate, topography, and geology. A regional view also allows soil associations to be observed over most, if not all, of their extent. ERTS-1 MSS imagery also provides four spectral bands taken every 18 days which give data on relief, hydrology, and vegetation, all of which bear on the delineation and interpretation of soil associations. Enlarged prints derived from the individual spectral bands and shown in gray tones were useful for identifying soil associations.

Myers, V. I.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Structural and lithographic study of northern coast ranges and Sacramento Valley, California

The author has identified the following significant results. The analysis of the ERTS data has disclosed three potentially important linear systems within the northern coast ranges and Sacramento Valley, California. A preliminary geomorphic analysis of the northern coast ranges discloses that the geomorphic characteristics of the area underlain by the Coastal system are much different from those associated with the Central system in the core of the Coast Ranges. Within the Coastal system, or Coastal belt, the drainage networks are moderately fine-textured and have moderately high density. The area associated with the Central system seems to be underlain by an heterogeneous assemblage of rock types which vary in their resistance to erosion. The boundary between the Coastal and Central geomorphic regions is poorly defined and, in a few places, the two regions can be separated only approximately.

Rich, E. I.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A study of morphology, provenance, and movement of desert sand seas in Africa, Asia, and Australia

The author has identified the following significant results. Examination of sand samples from both dune and interdune areas at White Sands, New Mexico, indicates marked differences in composition and texture between these two types of facies. If these differences are characteristics of dune fields in general, information concerning them may help to explain the contrast in appearance of the two kinds of sand areas on ERTS imagery and to permit interpretation of similar features in remote areas, such as Saudi Arabia.

Mckee, E. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

A study of morphology, provenance, and movement of desert sand seas in Africa, Asia, and Australia

The author has identified the following significant results. The assembling of photomosaics from color prints of ERTS images has made possible the recognition and description of san patterns, and these are to be the basis of a worldwide classification of sand bodies. Progress has been as rapid as the acquisition of the bulk composite images will permit and for some areas the mosaics are now nearly complete. A second step, which consists of the accumulation and analysis of regional wind data, to be plotted as overlays for the dune patterns, is now underway and should soon give tangible results. Other aspects of the project include the gathering of ground truth in the form of air photographs, needed to interpret geomorphic forms and the sampling of sand deposits for analyzing the texture and composition of sand bodies. A start has been made on these studies in several selected areas.

Mckee, E. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Ice development on Lake Champlain

The author has identified the following significant results. Only one usable ERTS-1 scene was available for lake ice survey of Lake Champlain. The January 8, 1973, coverage (image no. 1169-11521) revealed the presence of various ice tones, patterns, and arrangements as well as open water. MSS band 5 imagery provided the most useful data. While it was not possible to differentiate open water from one - two day old ice, which only occurred over a small portion of the lake area, it was possible to interpret the tonal signatures of the frozen portion in terms of freezing history or age. The dark gray-tones of new, smooth ice contrasts with the medium gray-tones of older ice, and the rough texture of wind-jammed bay ice. Mapping of these patterns seems quite feasible with moderate enlargement of the scene (2 to 3X).

Lind, A. O.↗
NASA NTRS1973

ERTS regional scale overview linking land use and environmental processes in CARETS

A mosaic of ERTS images of the CARETS region has been used to partition the region into zones on the basis of similarity of tones and textures visible at a regional-scale overview. The resulting patterns were compared with existing small scale maps of the region representing relief, land surface forms, geology, soils, vegetation, forest types, and land use. The ERTS-derived zones most closely resemble the patterns on the small scale land use map, suggesting that, at least in a highly developed region such as CARETS, land use is an indicator or resultant surface expression of several interacting environmental processes. These results lend support to the CARETS model of interdisciplinary regional analysis, whereby remote sensor-derived data sets on land use and land use change become the basic data entry into a regional information system to serve regional planners and land managers.

Alexander, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Identification of soil associations in western South Dakota on ERTS-1 imagery

Soil association maps show the spatial relationships of land units having characteristic soil depths and textures, available water capacities, permeabilities, pH characteristics, plasticity indices, liquid limits, and the like, from which broad interpretations can be made such as how the soil is suited as a source for top soil, and as a source for sand and gravel, and how corrosive the soil is for steel and concrete, and what crop and grass yields can be expected. Film color composites of bands 4, 5 and 7 viewed over a light table with magnification show the soil associations of western South Dakota that are now recognized, and, in addition, several new soil association areas have been brought to light.

Westin, F. C.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Automatic interpretation of ERTS data for forest management

Automatic stratification of forested land from ERTS-1 data provides a valuable tool for resource management. The results are useful for wood product yield estimates, recreation and wild life management, forest inventory and forest condition monitoring. Automatic procedures based on both multi-spectral and spatial features are evaluated. With five classes, training and testing on the same samples, classification accuracy of 74% was achieved using the MSS multispectral features. When adding texture computed from 8 x 8 arrays, classification accuracy of 99% was obtained.

Kirvida, L.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Combining human and computer interpretation capabilities to analyze ERTS imagery

The human photointerpreter and the computer have complementary capabilities that are exploited in a computer-based data analysis system developed at the Forestry Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of California. This system is designed to optimize the process of extracting resource information from ERTS images. The human has the ability to quickly delineate gross differences in land classes, such as wildland, urban, and agriculture on appropriate ERTS images, and to further break these gross classes into meaningful subclasses. The computer, however, can more efficiently analyze point-by-point spectral information and localized textural information which can result in a much more detailed agricultural or wildland classification based on species composition and/or plant association. These human and computer capabilities have been integrated through the use of an inexpensive small scale computer dedicated to the interactive preprocessing of the human inputs and the display of raw ERTS images and computer classified images. The small computer is linked to a large scale computer system wherein the bulk of the statistical work and the automatic point-by-point classification is done.

Nichols, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of ERTS-1 imagery for mapping Quaternary deposits and landforms in the Great Plains and Midwest

The author has identified the following significant results. The main landform associations and larger landforms are readily identifiable on the better images and commonly the gross associations of surficial Quaternary deposits also can be differentiated, primarily by information on landforms and soils. Maps showing the Quaternary geologic-terrain units that can be differentiated from the ERTS-1 images are being prepared for study areas in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Preliminary maps at 1:1 million scale are given of two of the study areas, the Peoria and Decatur, Illinois, 1 deg x 2 quadrangles. These maps exemplify the first phase of investigations, which consists of identifying and mapping landform and land use characteristics and geologic-surficial materials directly from ERTS-1 images alone, without input of additional data. These maps shown that commonly the boundaries of geologic-terrain units can be identified more accurately on ERTS-1 images than on topographic maps of 1:250,000 scale. From analysis of drainage patterns, stream-divide relations, and tone and textural variations on the ERTS-1 images, the trends of numerous moraines of Wisconsinan and possibly some of Illinoian age were mapped. In the Peoria study area the trend of a buried valley of the Mississippi River is revealed.

Morrison, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Analysis of ERTS-1 imagery and its application to evaluation of Wyoming's natural resources

The author has identified the following significant results. A summary of the significant results of the studies completed during the July-August, 1973 period includes: (1) ERTS-1 image brightness contrasts can be related to important contrasts in rangeland and forest vegetation communities of the Laramie Basin. (2) Stereoscopic viewing is essential for correct structural interpretation in outcrop patterns in some areas. (3) Complex fracture patterns which may have exerted a controlling influence on intrusive activity in the Absaroka Mountains can be mapped from ERTS. (4) Volcanic lithologies of the Yellowstone region are often differentiated on the basis of their textures, and cannot be successfully mapped by photogeologic interpretation of ERTS-1 imagery. Ground spectral readings confirm a general lack of contrast between these lithologies in the four ERTS-1 MSS bands. (5) Major dune fields can be recognized and defined from ERTS-1 image interpretations and recognition of differences in stabilizing plant communities (some of which may be mappable from ERTS-1) yields information about migration history of the dune fields.

Marrs, R. W.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Evaluation of ERTS-1 imagery for mapping Quaternary deposits and landforms in the Great Plains and Midwest

The author has identified the following significant results. Maps of 1:1 million scale exemplifying the first phase of investigation were prepared for ten study areas (mostly 1 deg x 2 deg in area): 2 in Kansas, 1 in Missouri-Kansas, 2 in Nebraska, 1 in South Dakota, 3 in Illinois, and 1 in Iowa-Illinois (a total of 13 such maps, covering about 97,000 sq. mi., since the start of the project). Collection of all pertinent published geologic-terrain data also has been completed for all the study areas for which these first-phase maps have been made. The ground truth data are being used in combination with additional interpretation of the repetitive ERTS-1 images of most of these study areas to prepare enhanced information maps at 1:500,000. For areas that have not been mapped at 1:500,000 or larger scales, the maps will provide the first moderately detailed information on landform features and surficial materials. Much of the information mapped is significant for exploration and development of ground water (and locally petroleum) and for applications in engineering and environmental geology, and land use patterns as indicated by tone and texture on the images. Numerous moraines have been identified; also, the trends of parts of ancient filled valleys have been identified. Valley alinement appears controlled by faults or other structural lineaments.

Morrison, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Wind erosion in the Martian polar regions

Photographic evidence suggests that many topographic features of the polar regions of Mars may have been sculptured by wind action. In the case of the pitted terrain, this is established by relating the orientations of elongate basins and grooves to patterns of albedo markings that are generally accepted to be wind-formed. Small-scale flutes and other textures of laminated terrain recognized outside the perennial ice cap in the south polar region are also attributed to eolian action. Winds flowing off the polar cap and spiraling toward the west seem to be responsible. More speculatively the large-scale circumpolar features which underlie the residual polar caps may be related to wind erosion. Rotational motion localized on circular segments of the perennial frost deposits are proposed as a mechanism.

Cutts, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

The lithification and metamorphism of lunar breccias.

Investigations regarding the textural and mineralogical classification of Apollo 14 breccias are considered together with some related experimental studies. The experiments can be used to construct a temperature scale which may be called the 'petrogenetic line' for lunar breccias. A model for the Fra Mauro formation is also discussed. The most interesting facts revealed by the discussion are the intensity of heating involved and the short times necessary to develop the physical properties of the Apollo 14 breccias. The purpose of the studies is to construct a scale of lunar metamorphic temperatures which is consistent with experimentally determined conditions necessary for the acquisition of certain properties by the lunar breccias.

Williams, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Apollo 16 exploration of Descartes - A geologic summary.

The Cayley Plains at the Apollo 16 landing site consist of crudely stratified breccias to a depth of at least 200 meters, overlain by a regolith 10 to 15 meters thick. Samples, photographs, and observations by the astronauts indicate that most of the rocks are impact breccias derived from an anorthosite-gabbro complex. The least brecciated members of the suite include coarse-grained anorthosite and finer-grained, more mafic rocks, some with igneous and some with metamorphic textures. Much of the transverse area is covered by ejecta from North Ray and South Ray craters, but the abundance of rock fragments increases to the south toward the younger South Ray crater.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1972

Preliminary Mariner 9 report on the geology of Mars.

Mariner 9 results indicate that Mars is geologically far more heterogeneous than previously suspected from earlier flyby missions; the surface has been shaped by volcanic, tectonic, erosional, and depositional activity. The equatorial region between 30 deg N and 30 deg S latitude is depicted in four geologic sketch maps, and seventeen geologic units are defined on the basis of their textural characteristics. The maps and the brief descriptions of geological units portrayed are followed by a series of more interpretive discussions dealing with topical problems and a summary geologic history. Topics covered include cratering, circular basins, volcanism, canyons, chaotic terrain, channels, and eolian activity.

Mccauley, J. F.↗