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NASA NTRS2017

Development of Storage Methods for Saccharomyces Strains to be Utilized for In Situ Nutrient Production in Long-Duration Space Missions

Long-duration space missions will benefit from closed-loop life support technologies that minimize mass, volume, and power as well as decrease reliance on Earth-based resupply. A system for In situ production of essential vitamins and nutrients can address the documented problem of degradation of stored food and supplements. Research has shown that the edible yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as an on-demand system for the production of various compounds that are beneficial to human health. A critical objective in the development of this approach for long-duration space missions is the effective storage of the selected microorganisms. This research investigates the effects of different storage methods on survival rates of the non-sporulating probiotic S. boulardii, and S. cerevisiae spores and vegetative cells. Dehydration has been shown to increase long-term yeast viability, which also allows increased shelf-life and reduction in mass and volume. The process of dehydration causes detrimental effects on vegetative cells, including oxidative damage and membrane disruption. To maximize cell viability, various dehydration methods are tested here, including lyophilization (freeze-drying), air drying, and dehydration by vacuum. As a potential solution to damage caused by lyophilization, the efficacy of various cryoprotectants was tested. Furthermore, in an attempt to maintain higher survival rates, the effect of temperature during long-term storage was investigated. Data show spores of the wild-type strain to be more resilient to dehydration-related stressors than vegetative cells of either strain, and maintain high viability rates even after one year at room temperature. In the event that engineering the organism to produce targeted nutrient compounds interferes with effective sporulation of S. cerevisiae, a more robust method for improving vegetative cell storage is being sought. Therefore, anhydrobiotic engineering of S. cerevisiae and S. boulardii is being conducted.

life support↗

NASA NTRS2017

Design, Manufacture and Test of Cryotank Components

On the composite cryotank technology development (CCTD) project, the Boeing Company built two cryotanks as a means of advancing technology and manufacturing readiness levels (TRL and MRL) and lowering the risk of fabricating full-scale fuel containment vessels.1 CCTD focused on upper stage extended duration applications where long term storage of propellants is required. The project involved the design, analysis, fabrication, and test of manufacturing demonstration units (MDU), a 2.4 m (precursor) and a 5.5 m composite cryotank. Key design features included one-piece wall construction to minimize overall weight (eliminating the need for a bellyband joint), 3-dimensionally (3D) reinforced y-joint material to alleviate stress concentrations at the tank to skirt interface and a purge-able ﬂuted core skirt to carry high axial launch loads. The tanks were made with OoA curing pre-impregnated (prepreg) carbon/epoxy (C/E) slit-tape tow (STT) that contained thin micro-crack resistant plies in the tank wall center to impede permeation. The tanks were fabricated at Boeing's Seattle-based Advanced Development Center (ADC) using RAFP and multipiece break-down tooling. The tooling was designed and built by Janicki Industries (JI) at Sedro Woolley, Washington. Tank assemblage consisted of co-bonded dome covers, one-piece ﬂuted core skirts and mechanical fastened cover/sump. Ultrasonic inspection was performed after every cure or bond and a structural health monitoring system (SHMS) was installed to identify potential impact damage events (in-process and/or during transportation). The tanks were low temperature tested at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. The testing, which consisted of a sequence of ﬁll/drain pressure and thermal cycles using LH2, was successfully concluded in 2012 on the 2.4 m tank and in 2014 on the 5.5 m tank. Structural, thermal, and permeation performance data was obtained. 2 Critical design features and manufacturing advancements, which helped to validate 25% weight and 30% cost reduction projections, were matured. These advancements will help to guide future composite tank integration activities on next generation long duration aircraft and space launch vehicles. Because CCTD addressed innovative design features, heavy lift size scale-up, multipiece captured tooling, new generation automated material placement (AMP) equipment and OoA materials, this chapter should be of interest to educators, students and manufacturers of composite hardware and ﬂight vehicles.

McCarville, Douglas A.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Developing Accelerated Test Protocols and Tuning Microstructures of the Common Materials to Improve Robustness, Reliability, and Endurance of SOFC Cells

This work is built on our prior work where we found that phase transformation in praseodymium nickelates, e.g. Pr 2 NiO 4 (PNO) and (Pr 1-x Nd x ) 2 NiO 4 (PNNO), can be electrochemically driven, and is substantially faster when compared to thermal annealing studies. The first task aims at an attempt to further accelerate the phase transformation in the oxygen electrode by alternating the current input in the cells, which lead to the development of accelerated test protocols (ATPs). ATPs showed up to 60x faster phase transformation and up to 10x faster performance degradation in (Pr 0.50 Nd 0.50 ) 2 NiO 4 electrodes, when compared to long-term operation under constant current density. Furthermore, the phase stable Nd 2 NiO 4 and (La 0.6 Sr 0.4 )(Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 )O 3 (LSCF6482) electrodes were tested in full cells under ATPs, and showed up to 10x faster performance degradation within 1,100 hours in a comparison with long-term thermal annealing studies and electrochemical operation under constant current density. The second task aims at the quantification of the contributions of cell components to the total impedance of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and distribution of relaxation times (DRT). Specifically, the role of gas composition at both anode and cathode was systematically studied, aiming at deconvoluting, identifying and quantifying the contributions of different electrode processes. This was achieved by first tuning the partial pressure of H 2 at the anode and subsequently varying the partial pressure of O 2 at the cathode. The results suggest that, while DRT offers a viable way of deconvoluting different times distributions, additional attention is needed before assigning a peak to a specific electrode process due to the significant overlap of the contributions from the cathode and the anode. Density function theory studies show that both Pr-vacancies and O-defects play a key role on the activity and stability for nickelates towards oxygen reduction reaction. The resident O-interstitials and oxygen ions in the PrO layer form peroxide (O 2 2- ) nearby Pr vacancies. The O 2 2- limits oxygen-ion transport due to the required additional energy to break its O-O bond. We further calculated the formation and segregation energies for different Ln ions (La, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, and Ho) in PNO and CeO 2 (111) surfaces. In addition to Nd, Pm and La are suggested as potential dopants in PNO to enhance it stability without decomposition due to their more negative formation energies, lower diffusion energies, and positive separation energies.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

NASA NTRS1981

Advanced technology lightweight fuel cell program

The potential of the alkaline electrolyte fuel cell as the power source in a multi hundred kilowatt orbital energy storage system was studied. The total system weight of an electrolysis cell energy storage system was determined. The tests demonstrated: (1) the performance stability of a platinum on carbon anode catalyst configuration after 5000 hours of testing has no loss in performance; (2) capability of the alkaline fuel cell to operate to a cyclical load profile; (3) suitability of a lightweight graphite electrolyte reservoir plate for use in the alkaline fuel cell; (4) long life potential of a hybrid polysulfone cell edge frame construction; and (5) long term stability of a fiber reinforced potassium titanate matrix structure. The power section tested operates with passive water removal eliminating the requirement for a dynamic hydrogen pump water separator thereby allowing a powerplant design with reduced weight, lower parasite power, and a potential for high reliability and extended endurance. It is concluded that two perovskites are unsuitable for use as a catalyst or as a catalyst support at the cathode of an alkaline fuel cell.

Martin, R. E.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of Long-Term Storage Stability and Operational Efficiency of Rapid Cycle Amine Adsorbents

With the recent incorporation of Mars Extravehicular Activity (EVA) into the 2025 NASA roadmap, Rapid Cycle Amine (RCA) technology advancement within the Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU) applies to both the upcoming Lunar Artemis missions and future human exploration of Mars. The incorporation of commercial spacesuit vendors to service NASA’s crewed-space programs since 2021 has increased the demand for regenerable, RCA-based carbon dioxide (CO2) and humidity control adsorbents. The regenerable RCA subunit is the most advanced, long-term solution for CO2 removal and humidity control, enabling both lunar and Martian EVAs. The adsorbent selected for use within the RCA unit must exhibit sufficient storage stability and operational efficiency for prolonged missions. As XploSafe worked to simultaneously develop both a recirculating sub-atmospheric test rig and adsorbents for the RCA system within the xEMU, several novel adsorbents were evaluated for long-term storage stability in support of future extended-duration missions. The chosen materials were periodically evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermal desorption-coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS), and CO2 adsorption to assess long-term storage efficacy across various environmental storage conditions. NMR spectroscopy was utilized by extracting the active CO2 adsorbing chemical from the solid support with deuterated solvent and comparing the spectra over time for degradation and change. The solid adsorbents were also analyzed via TD-GC/MS to reveal any potential off-gassing chemicals over time. Additionally, XploSafe’s breakthrough test rig was utilized to dose the solid adsorbents with a 585 BTU/h metabolic rate flow-equivalent CO2 stream and monitored for 0–99% CO2 breakthrough. The performance metrics from the breakthrough analysis were compared over the storage study duration for CO2 removal and humidity control. Xplo-SA9T was evaluated for 24 months, whereas two additional adsorbent variants, MMPA-Sorbent and LPEI-Sorbent, were each evaluated for 12 months.

John R Tidwell↗

NASA NTRS1991

LDEF mechanical systems

Following the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF), the Systems Special Investigation Group (SIG) was involved in a considerable amount of testing of mechanical hardware flown on the LDEF. The primary objectives were to determine the effects of the long term exposure on: (1) mechanisms employed both on the LDEF or as part of individual experiments; (2) structural components; and (3) fasteners. Results of testing the following LDEF hardware are presented: LDEF structure, fasteners, trunnions, end support beam, environment exposure control cannisters, motors, and lubricants. A limited discussion of PI test results is included. The lessons learned are discussed along with the future activities of the System SIG.

Spear, Steve↗

NASA NTRS2016

CubeSub

This presentation introduces and discusses the development of the CubeSub submersible concept, an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) designed around the CubeSat satellite form factor. The presented work is part of the author's MSc thesis in Aerospace Engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, and was performed during an internship at the Mission Design Division of the NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Still in the early stages of its development, the CubeSub is to become a submersible test-bed for technology qualified for underwater and space environments. With the long-term goal of exploring the underwater environments in outer space, such as the alleged subsurface ocean of Jupiter's moon Europa, a number of technology and operational procedures must be developed and matured. To assist in this, the CubeSub platform is introduced as a tool to allow engineers and scientists to easily test qualified technology underwater. A CubeSat is a class of miniaturized satellite built to a standardized size. The base size is 1U (U for unit), corresponding to a 100 x 100 x 113.5 cu mm cube. A 1U CubeSat can in other words easily be held in one hand. Stacking units give larger satellite sizes such as the also commonly used 1.5U, 2U and 3U. The CubeSat standard is in itself already well established and hundreds of CubeSats have to date been launched into space. Compatible technology is readily available and the know-how exists in the space industry, all of which makes it a firm ground to stand on for the CubeSub. The rationale behind using the CubeSat form factor is to make use of this pre-existing foundation, making the CubeSub easy to develop, modular and readily available. It will thereby aid in the process of maturing the concept of a fully space qualified submersible headed for outer space. As a further clarification, the CubeSub is itself not meant for outer space, but to facilitate development of such a vessel. Along with its uses as a testbed, the CubeSub also holds the potential to become a useful tool for exploration and experimentation here on Earth. A highly standardized system utilizing well-known hardware can reduce the cost and required work load for researchers wishing to perform experiments and exploration. Users could design sensors and experiments to comply with the already well established CubeSat standard, which are then carried by the CubeSub to the region of interest. This in turn means that the end users can focus more on formulating the experiment itself and less about how to get it where they want it. The CubeSub is designed to be built up by modules, which can be assembled in different configurations to fulfill different needs. Each module will be powered individually and intermodular communication will be wireless, removing the need for wiring. The inside of the cylindrical hull will be flooded with ambient water to enhance the interaction between payloads and surrounding environment. The overall torpedo-like shape is similar to that of a conventional AUV, slender and smooth. This is to make for a low drag, reduce the risk of snagging on surrounding objects and make it possible to deploy through an ice sheet via a narrow borehole or navigate in tight areas. To keep costs low and further accelerate development, rapid prototyping is utilized wherever possible. Full-scale prototypes are being constructed through 3D-printing and using COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) components. 3D-printing is used both for the largest hull components and the relatively small and delicate propellers. Arduino boards are used for control and internal communication

AUV↗

NASA NTRS2004

Vectran Fiber Time-Dependent Behavior and Additional Static Loading Properties

Vectran HS appears from literature and testing to date to be an ideal upgrade from Kevlar braided cords for many long-term, static-loading applications such as tie-downs on solar arrays. Vectran is a liquid crystalline polymer and exhibits excellent tensile properties. The material has been touted as a zero creep product. Testing discussed in this report does not support this statement, though the creep is on the order of four times slower than with similar Kevlar 49 products. Previous work with Kevlar and new analysis of Vectran testing has led to a simple predictive model for Vectran at ambient conditions. The mean coefficient of thermal expansion (negative in this case) is similar to Kevlar 49, but is not linear. A positive transition in the curve occurs near 100 C. Out-gassing tests show that the material performs well within parameters for most space flight applications. Vectran also offers increased abrasion resistance, minimal moisture regain, and similar UV degradation. The effects of material construction appear to have a dramatic effect in stress relaxation for braided Vectran. To achieve the improved relaxation rate, upgrades must also examine alternate construction or preconditioning methods. This report recommends Vectran HS as a greatly improved replacement material for applications where time-dependent relaxation is a major factor.

Fette, Russell B.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Wavelet and Deep-Learning-Based Approach for Generation System Problematic Parameters Identification and Calibration

Accurate models of generation systems are critical for maintaining reliable and secure grid operations. In this paper, a novel and systematic approach is proposed to identify and calibrate the generation system problematic parameters using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and advanced deep-learning technology. The phasor measurement unit (PMU) data are used through “event playback” to check whether the parameter calibration is required, and if yes, a group of suspicious parameters will be identified as the primary problematic parameter candidates (PPCs). These primary PPCs are randomly perturbed to generate the event playback simulation data, which are used by the CWT and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to further narrow down the primary PPCs into a smaller set of candidates. Then, the identified candidates are perturbed again to generate massive event playback simulation data for training a parameter calibration neural network. Here, we designed a multi-output neural network structure to find the mappings between the perturbed parameters and the simulation data using both CNN and long short-term memory (LSTM) models. Finally, the well-trained and tested CNN-LSTM model is used to estimate the accurate value of the suspicious parameters with actual PMU measurements. The proposed CNN-LSTM network can accurately and reliably estimate the generation-system problematic parameters, and has better performance when compared to other machine-learning methods, such as the multilayer perceptron network and the conditional variational autoencoder method. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed approach have been validated through simulation and real-world data.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2026

Reliability Assessment of Cooling Fans for PV Inverters: Testing, Modeling, and Case Studies

The reliability of photovoltaic (PV) inverters is critical for long-term solar system performance, with cooling fan failures frequently leading to costly downtime. While much research exists on general cooling fan reliability, little attention has been given to fans operating within PV inverters and their unique environmental challenges. Here, this article proposes a comprehensive methodology to address this gap. First, a failure mode and effects analysis is performed on fans to identify the key failure mechanisms in PV applications, their corresponding stressors, and the models necessary for lifetime prediction. Second, an accelerated life test is designed and conducted to collect valuable experimental data for PV inverter fans in a reasonable amount of time. Third, a mathematical conversion of dynamic mission profiles into effective constant stress levels is derived. Fourth, case studies are given, showcasing lifetime estimates that account for geographic variations in mission profile data. The results demonstrate that this integrated approach leads to an accurate reliability assessment for PV inverter cooling fans.

accelerated life testing (ALT)↗

DOE OSTI2023

Achieving tissue-level softness on stretchable electronics through a generalizable soft interlayer design

Soft and stretchable electronics have emerged as highly promising tools for biomedical diagnosis and biological studies, as they interface intimately with the human body and other biological systems. Most stretchable electronic materials and devices, however, still have Young’s moduli orders of magnitude higher than soft bio-tissues, which limit their conformability and long-term biocompatibility. Here, we present a design strategy of soft interlayer for allowing the use of existing stretchable materials of relatively high moduli to versatilely realize stretchable devices with ultralow tissue-level moduli. We have demonstrated stretchable transistor arrays and active-matrix circuits with moduli below 10 kPa—over two orders of magnitude lower than the current state of the art. Benefiting from the increased conformability to irregular and dynamic surfaces, the ultrasoft device created with the soft interlayer design realizes electrophysiological recording on an isolated heart with high adaptability, spatial stability, and minimal influence on ventricle pressure. In vivo biocompatibility tests also demonstrate the benefit of suppressing foreign-body responses for long-term implantation. With its general applicability to diverse materials and devices, this soft-interlayer design overcomes the material-level limitation for imparting tissue-level softness to a variety of bioelectronic devices.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1990

Biosphere 2 test module experimentation program

The Biosphere 2 Test Module is a facility which has the capability to do either short or long term closures: five month closures with plants were conducted. Also conducted were investigations of specific problems, such as trace gas purification by bioregenerative systems by in-putting a fixed concentration of a gas and observing its uptake over time. In other Test Module experiments, the concentration of one gas was changed to observe what effects this has on other gases present or on the system. The science of biospherics which encompasses the study of closed biological systems provides an opening into the future in space as well as in the Earth's biosphere.

Alling, Abigail↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

BEAST: Expanding Sustainable Data Infrastructure for High-Enthalpy Facilities

Reproducible, data-driven thermal protection system (TPS) research requires that experimental records from high-enthalpy testing be consistently structured, traceable, and accessible across campaigns and institutions. In practice, however, arcjet and plasma facilities data remain largely fragmented: raw diagnostics are stored in ad hoc formats, material sample histories are disconnected from test conditions, and metadata standards are absent, precluding systematic cross-campaign analysis and long-term reuse. BEAST (Backend for Experiment Analysis, Storage, and Traceability) is an open-source, web-based platform that addresses these limitations by providing a unified, queryable infrastructure for high-enthalpy ground-test data [1]. First presented at the 15th Ablation Workshop [2], BEAST has since undergone significant development. The platform ingests and structures multi-channel time-series diagnostics, facility configurations, and material property records within a common provenance model, ensuring end-to-end traceability from raw sensor acquisition to reduced experimental quantities. A versioned material library links specimen identity and processing history to the specific runs in which each sample was tested. An integrated modeling workbench enables training and evaluation of regression models directly on archived experimental data, supporting condition interpolation and the construction of empirical material response databases. Beyond its original deployment at NASA Ames Research Center, BEAST has been designed to be facility-agnostic, with ongoing efforts to extend its adoption to other facilities. Its modular architecture accommodates heterogeneous diagnostic setups and facility types, and its future open-source distribution allows institutions to build on a common data standard rather than maintaining isolated, bespoke solutions. BEAST is further integrated within a broader ecosystem of companion tools: arcjetCV [3] extracts recession rates and shock standoff distances from high-speed video using computer vision, and miniSTARscan [4] provides sub-minute, portable photogrammetric surface reconstruction of test articles before and after exposure. All tools share a common data schema, enabling seamless ingestion of surface geometry, imagery, and time-series data into a single, coherent experimental record.

Database↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

BEAST: Expanding Sustainable Data Infrastructure for High-Enthalpy Facilities

Database↗

DOE OSTI2021

Influence of Calendering on the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 Cathodes in Lithium-Ion Cells

Electrode calendering is a necessary process used in industry to improve the volumetric capacity of lithium-ion batteries. However, calendering high-nickel cathodes leads to electrode particle pulverization, raising concerns of a reduced cycle life due to parasitic side reactions. We present here an investigation of the impact of calendering on the morphology and electrochemical performance of the cobalt-free layered oxide cathode LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 (NMA-90). We find that secondary particle pulverization and fusion simultaneously occur at sufficiently high pressures. The initial surface area of the cathode is shown to increase with the degree of calendering, despite the higher likelihood of secondary particle fusion. Long-term cycling of full coin cells assembled with the NMA-90 cathode and the graphite anode indicates that cells with higher degrees of cathode calendering exhibit lower capacity fade compared to uncalendered cathodes. Hybrid pulse-power tests demonstrate that the usable capacity range of cells with calendered cathodes far exceeds those with uncalendered cells after long-term cycling. The improved capacity retention and pulse-power performance are attributed to the enhanced mechanical properties of the electrode after calendering that prevents loss of the primary particle contact during long-term cycling. As a result, we find that calendering high-nickel NMA-90 to industrially relevant densities does not have a detrimental effect on capacity fade, marking an important step toward commercial adoption.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

NASA NTRS1997

JTAGG II Brush Seal Test Results

The Tri-services JTAGG 2 engine uses two identical brush seals, in tandem, located aft of the high pressure compressor. The engine operating conditions, at intermediate rated power (IRP), for this seal are estimated to be 50,000 rpm (899 ft/sec) speed, 175 psid air to air pressure differential and 1200 F air temperature. The testing was comprised of static air leakage, performance, seal offset, rotor run out tests and a 50 hr endurance test in the NASA Lewis seal rig. Based on the test results, it is concluded that the brush seal design should be able to meet the air leakage flow factor goal of less than 0.004 for the engine IRP operating conditions. For the 4.12 in. i.d. labyrinth seal, 0.005 in. typical radial clearance, at the JTAGG 2 operating conditions, the leakage flow factor is 0.007. The long term seal life can not be predicted accurately due to the limited endurance testing of 50 hr. However, based on the excellent condition of the test seal and rotor after 50 hr of testing, it is anticipated that the seals should easily meet the JTAGG 2 engine test requirement.

Arora, Gul K.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM)

Multi-Gas Monitor is a flight experiment, a technology demonstration to test the ability of tunable diode laser spectroscopy based instrument to stay in calibration long term and follow events and dynamics occurring with the cabin atmosphere. MGM measures 4 gases: oxygen, carbon monoxide, ammonia and water vapor, as well as temperature and pressure. This month marked one year of successful and continuous MGM operation on ISS. The crew successfully tested the ammonia channel using a commercially available inhalant. MGM has detected some interesting dynamics inside Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) as a result of CO2 thruster firings from the SPHERES/RINGS payload and water spikes from dry out cycling of the JEM heat exchangers. Results to date have given us high confidence in the technology such that we believe this could have applications in the energy and medical sectors. This presentation will summarize the testing and results of the unit on ISS and suggest areas of use within the energy and medical arenas.

Pilgrim, Jeff↗

DOE OSTI2020

Charged Wellbore Casing Controlled Source Electromagnetics (CWC-CSEM) for Reservoir Imaging and Monitoring (Final report)

This project addresses the needs of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to develop advanced monitoring technologies and protocols to track the fate of subsurface carbon dioxide (CO2) plumes for carbon storage. Specifically, the project seeks to develop and test a unique and novel system of technologies consisting of electromagnetic data acquisition, coupled multiphysics imaging, and reservoir model enhancement to understand the migration and long-term distribution of CO2 in the subsurface. The overarching objective is to develop an integrated approach for long term monitoring of carbon storage. The two main components of the project include the methodology development and the test of the method at a field site. The methodology component consists of 1) developing the field procedure and protocol for collecting time-lapse controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data with source electric current injected into the subsurface through wellbore casings; 2) building of background 3D electrical conductivity utilizing multiple sources of data such as supplemental surface transient EM (TEM) surveys, well-logs, and seismic structural information, for enhancing CSEM signal from reservoir depths; and 3) coupled multiphysics simulations and inversion of CSEM data constrained by production data and by structural information from seismic imaging of the reservoir and overlying formations. The testing component used the field site of Bell Creek Oil Field, which served both as a field laboratory for the method development as well as a test site to evaluate the CSEM signal strengths and the methodology developed in this research project. We have accomplished all the proposed tasks and developed the methodology as planned. These include the procedure for time-lapse CSEM data acquisition, data processing techniques, integration with 3D conductivity model building, fast reservoir simulation for history matching using machine learning, and interpreting CSEM data with coupling to the reservoir modeling. Collectively, the outcome of these tasks form a coherent workflow that can be applied to monitor dedicated carbon storage in saline reservoirs. The testing component evaluated the applicability and limitations of the method, and concluded that the method would be ideal for monitoring dedicated carbon storage sites utilizing saline reservoirs.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗