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DOE OSTI2017

Tracking the Sun 10: The Installed Price of Residential and Non-Residential Photovoltaic Systems in the United States

Berkeley Lab’s Tracking the Sun report series is dedicated to summarizing trends in the installed price of grid-connected, residential and non-residential systems solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States. The present report, the tenth edition in the series, focuses on systems installed through year-end 2016, with preliminary data for the first half of 2017. The report provides an overview of both long-term and more-recent trends, highlighting key drivers for installed price declines over different time horizons. The report also extensively characterizes the widespread variability in system pricing, comparing installed prices across states, market segments, installers, and various system and technology characteristics. The trends described in this report derive from project-level data collected by state agencies and utilities that administer PV incentive programs, solar renewable energy credit (SREC) registration systems, or interconnection processes. In total, data for this report were compiled and cleaned for more than 1.1 million individual PV systems, though the analysis in the report is based on a subset of that sample, consisting of roughly 630,000 systems with available installed price data. The full underlying dataset of project-level data (excluding any confidential information) is available in a public data file, for use by other researchers and analysts.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2017

Chapter 6: Residential Lighting Evaluation Protocol. The Uniform Methods Project: Methods for Determining Energy Efficiency Savings for Specific Measures

Given new regulations, increased complexity in the market, and the general shift from CFLs to LEDs, this evaluation protocol was updated in 2017 to shift the focus of the protocols toward LEDs and away from CFLs and to resolve evaluation uncertainties affecting residential lighting incentive programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2015

Ancillary Service Revenue Potential for Geothermal Generators in California

Achieving California’s 33% renewable generation goal will substantially increase uncertainty and variability in grid operations. Geothermal power plant operators could mitigate this variability and uncertainty by operating plants in a more flexible mode. Plant operators would be compensated for flexibility through payments for ancillary services such as frequency regulation, load following, and spinning reserve. This study explores economic incentives for geothermal plant operators to provide such flexibility. Historical and forecast ancillary service prices are compared to operator compensation for energy under firm contracts at fixed prices, which are higher than current or year 2020 projected market clearing prices for ancillary services in most hours of the year. Power purchase agreements recently executed by geothermal operators typically provide only energy payments at fixed energy prices and escalation rates. We postulate new contract structures that would allow a geothermal plant operator to switch from providing energy to providing ancillary services to the grid operator when it is advantageous to the plant operator to do so. Additional revenues would be earned through ancillary service payments. Estimates of these additional annual revenues a plant operator could realize are developed for a range of contract energy prices. The impacts of flexible operations on reservoir lifetimes and implications for project finance are also discussed.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2015

Ancillary Service Revenue Potential for Geothermal Generators in California FY15 Final Report

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2017

Quantum Correlated Multi-Fragment Reaction Imaging

This grant supported research in basic atomic, molecular and optical physics related to the interactions of atoms with particles and fields. This report will focus on the 12 year period from 2004 to 2017, although the DOE–BES has supported my research every year since 1986. All of the support from the grant was used to pay summer salaries of the PI and students and travel to conferences and meetings. The results were in the form of publications in peer reviewed journals as well as conference invited talks and colloquiums. There were 12 peer reviewed publications in these 12+ years. Innovations in few-body science at molecular and nano levels are a critical component of on- going efforts to establish sustainable environmental and energy resources. The varied research paths taken will require the development of basic science on broad fronts with increasing flexi- bility to crossover technologies. We thus worked to extract understanding and quantum control of few-body microscopic systems based on our long-time experience with more conventional studies of correlated electrons and ions. Given the enormous advances over the past 20 years to our understanding of quantum cor- relations with photon interferometry, AMO collision science generally is ready to move beyond the one-particle, single-port momentum detection that has dominated collision physics since Rutherford. Nevertheless, our familiar theoretical tools for collision theory need to be up- graded to incorporate these more generalized measurement formalisms and ultimately to give incentive for a new generation of experiments. Our interest in these topics remains motivated by the recent surge in and success of exper- iments involving few-body atomic and molecular fragmentation and the detection of all the fragments. The research described here thus involved two parallel efforts with (i) emphasis on reaction imaging while (ii) pursuing longtime work on quantum correlated collective excitations.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Transactive System: Part I: Theoretical Underpinnings of Payoff Functions, Control Decisions, Information Privacy, and Solution Concepts

The increased penetration of renewable energy has significantly changed the conditions and the operational timing of the electricity grid. More flexible, faster ramping resources are needed to compensate for the uncertainty and variability introduced by renewable energy. Distributed energy resources (DERs) such as distributed generators, energy storage, and controllable loads could help manage the power grid in terms of both economic efficiency and operational reliability. In order to realize the benefits of DERs, coordination and control approaches must be designed to enable seamless integration of DERs into the power grid. Transactive coordination and control is a new approach for DER integration, where individual resources are automated and engaged through market interaction. Transactive approaches use economic signals—prices or incentives—to engage DERs. These economic signals must reflect the true value of the DER contributions, so that they seamlessly and equitably compete for the opportunities that today are only available to grid-owned assets. Value signals must be communicated to the DERs in near-real time, the assets must be imbued with new forms of distributed intelligence and control to take advantage of the opportunities presented by these signals, and they must be capable of negotiating and transacting a range of market-driven energy services. The concepts of transactive energy systems are not new, but build upon evolutionary economic changes in financial and electric power markets. These concepts also recognize the different regional structures of wholesale power markets, electricity delivery markets, retail markets, and vertically integrated service provider markets. Although transactive energy systems are not revolutionary, they will be transformational in their ability to provide flexibility and operational efficiency. A main goal of this research is to establish useful foundation for analysis of transactive energy systems and to facilitate new transactive energy system design with demonstrable guarantees on stability and performance. Specifically, the goals are to (1) establish a theoretical basis for evaluating the performance of different transactive systems, (2) devise tools to address canonical problems that exemplify challenges and scenarios of transactive systems, and (3) provide guidelines for design of future transactive systems. This report, Part 1 of a two part series, advances the above-listed research objectives by reviewing existing transactive systems and identifying a theoretical foundation that integrates payoff functions, control decisions, information privacy, and mathematical solution concepts.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2017

Technical and Economic Aspects of Designing an Efficient Room Air-Conditioner Program in India

Several studies have projected a massive increase in the demand for air conditioners (ACs) over the next two decades in India. By 2030, room ACs could add 140 GW to the peak load, equivalent to over 30% of the total projected peak load. Therefore, there is significant interest among policymakers, regulators, and utilities in managing room AC demand by enhancing energy efficiency. Building on the historical success of the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency’s star-labeling program, Energy Efficiency Services Limited recently announced a program to accelerate the sale of efficient room ACs using bulk procurement, similar to their successful UJALA light-emitting diode (LED) bulk procurement program. This report discusses some of the key considerations in designing a bulk procurement or financial incentive program for enhancing room AC efficiency in India. We draw upon our previous research to demonstrate the overall technical potential and price impact of room AC efficiency improvement and its technical feasibility in India. We also discuss the importance of using low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants and smart AC equipment that is demand response (DR) ready.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

Time-Varying Value of Energy Efficiency in Michigan

Quantifying the time-varying value of energy efficiency is necessary to properly account for all of its benefits and costs and to identify and implement efficiency resources that contribute to a low-cost, reliable electric system. Historically, most quantification of the benefits of efficiency has focused largely on the economic value of annual energy reduction. Due to the lack of statistically representative metered end-use load shape data in Michigan (i.e., the hourly or seasonal timing of electricity savings), the ability to confidently characterize the time-varying value of energy efficiency savings in the state, especially for weather-sensitive measures such as central air conditioning, is limited. Still, electric utilities in Michigan can take advantage of opportunities to incorporate the time-varying value of efficiency into their planning. For example, end-use load research and hourly valuation of efficiency savings can be used for a variety of electricity planning functions, including load forecasting, demand-side management and evaluation, capacity planning, long-term resource planning, renewable energy integration, assessing potential grid modernization investments, establishing rates and pricing, and customer service (KEMA 2012). In addition, accurately calculating the time-varying value of efficiency may help energy efficiency program administrators prioritize existing offerings, set incentive or rebate levels that reflect the full value of efficiency, and design new programs.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2018

System Advisor Model (SAM) General Description (Version 2017.9.5)

This document describes the capabilities of the System Advisor Model (SAM) developed and distributed by the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The document is for potential users and others wanting to learn about the model's capabilities. SAM is a techno-economic computer model that calculates performance and financial metrics of renewable energy projects. Project developers, policy makers, equipment manufacturers, and researchers use graphs and tables of SAM results in the process of evaluating financial, technology, and incentive options for renewable energy projects. SAM simulates the performance of photovoltaic, concentrating solar power, solar water heating, wind, geothermal, biomass, and conventional power systems. The financial models are for projects that either buy and sell electricity at retail rates (residential and commercial) or sell electricity at a price determined in a power purchase agreement (PPA). SAM's simulation tools facilitate parametric and sensitivity analyses, Monte Carlo simulation and weather variability (P50/P90) studies. SAM can also read input variables from Microsoft Excel worksheets. For software developers, the SAM software development kit (SDK) makes it possible to use SAM simulation modules in their applications written in C/C plus plus, C sharp, Java, Python, MATLAB, and other languages. NREL provides both SAM and the SDK as free downloads at https://sam.nrel.gov. SAM is an open source project, so its source code is available to the public. Researchers can study the code to understand the model algorithms, and software programmers can contribute their own models and enhancements to the project. Technical support and more information about the software are available on the website.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2018

A comparative study on wave prediction for WECs

The idea of acausality for control of a wave energy converter (WEC) is a concept that has been popular since the birth of modern wave energy research in the 1970s. This concept has led to considerable research into wave prediction and feedforward WEC control algorithms. However, the findings in this report mostly negate the need for wave prediction to improve WEC energy absorption, and favor instead feedback driven control strategies. Feedback control is shown to provide performance that rivals a prediction-based controller, which has been unrealistically assumed to have perfect prediction. It is well known in classical control engineering that perfect knowledge of past and future events will always lead to higher performing systems. However, it is also well known that the underlying system must be well-designed; control cannot fix a bad design. Additionally, one must consider the practical application of a control design, which relies on measurements and actuation systems. There are major implications to cost and reliability when relying on remote sensors requiring real-time data-streaming (e.g., remote wave buoys). This report shows that for a well-designed WEC, in which closed loop dynamics is considered since early stages of design, a suboptimal controller using no prediction can achieve more than 90% of the theoretical maximum. A predictionless feedback resonating (FBR) controller performs within 0.1% percent of a controller with perfect future knowledge (something which is not practically attainable). Given the major challenges with accurate and robust wave prediction, this result provides a major argument and incentive for utilizing feedback for WEC control. Implementation of these feedback strategies is readily attainable, while the strategy requiring perfect wave prediction will demand an unknown number of additional years to research and develop, all in the service of a marginal 1% benefit.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

DOE OSTI2018

Project on Nuclear Gaming: Investigating the Impact of Nuclear Weapons Capabilities on Deterrence: May 2-3, 2018 Workshop Summary

In the future, it may be possible for states to construct nuclear weapons with alternative effects that are optimized for specific military purposes. These nuclear weapon concepts might employ features such as enhanced radiation outputs (ER), electromagnetic pulse (EMP), or other approaches such as high-precision, low-yield systems (HPLY) that reduce collateral damage, but improve lethality to targets. Some have speculated that such weapons could have the effect of lowering the threshold of use for nuclear weapons by reducing the negative incentives to their use or by providing new military applications for nuclear weapons. A nuclear arsenal that includes weapons with alternate effect regimes may also have an impact on the calculus of escalation in a conflict scenario. This project of the University of California, Berkeley (UCB), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) investigates the potential impacts of alternate nuclear weapons effects regimes on deterrence and strategic stability using experimental gaming methods. The purpose of this document is to capture the research questions, assumptions, scenario characteristics, and other details that provide the framework used to address this challenge presented during the first workshop discussion hosted by the Center for Global Security Research at LLNL with subject matter experts from government, academia, and the private sector. The report also summarizes feedback from participants. Topics discussed during the workshop included alternative effects of nuclear weapons, existing approaches for modeling and measuring conflict, and the state of the art in experimental game design.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2018

U.S.-Russian Nuclear Arms Control: Crisis and Collapse or Crossroads? Workshop Summary August 2018

In this context, the first day of the workshop was dedicated to assessing the incentives and disincentives the United States and Russia face in pursuing further arms control agreements as well as the role of arms control in the two countries’ foreign policies and security strategies.On the second day, the workshop participants explored four pathways for a renewal of U.S.-Russian arms control, including:New START extension or a New START follow-on agreement; an agreement which meets Russia at least half way in the strategic space; an agreement addressing challenges to European nuclear stability; and unusual mix-and-match approaches that might be taken. The discussions and their results are summarized here.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗

DOE OSTI2018

Integrated Pre-Feasibility Assessment for a Northern Michigan Basin CarbonSAFE CO 2 Storage Complex

One of the key gaps in the critical path toward carbon capture and storage (CCS) deployment is the development of commercial-scale (50+ million metric tons carbon dioxide [CO2]) geologic storage sites for CO 2 from industrial sources. There has been relatively little effort by the private sector to identify and certify (i.e., regulatory permit) geologic storage sites that are capable of storing commercial-scale volumes of CO 2 , primarily because of the lack of immediate economic incentives. As a result, commercial-scale CO 2 sources that want to develop CCS projects face the risk of not finding a suitable saline storage site for their captured CO 2 . Carbon Storage Assurance Facility Enterprise (CarbonSAFE) is a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored effort to develop an integrated CCS storage complex constructed and permitted for operation in the 2025 timeframe over a series of sequential phases of development: Integrated CCS Pre-Feasibility, Storage Complex Feasibility, Site Characterization, and Permitting and Construction. Subject to availability of funds, a series of funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) are planned to accomplish this mission. This document describes a project that addresses DOE FOA-1584 Phase I: Integrated Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Pre-Feasibility. The objective of this project was to take the first step in developing an integrated commercial geologic CO 2 storage complex in the Northern Michigan Basin, herein referred to as the CarbonSAFE – Northern Michigan Basin (CS-NMB) storage complex. This includes demonstrating that the storage sites within the complex have the potential to store more than 50 million metric tons (MMT) of industrially-sourced CO 2 emissions safely, permanently and economically. To achieve the overall objective of the Phase I pre-feasibility study, FOA-1584 required three activities: • Perform a high-level technical sub-basinal evaluation to identify a potential storage complex with storage site(s), including a description of the geology and risks associated with the potential storage site; identify and evaluate potential CO 2 sources. • Develop a plan for the storage complex and storage site(s) including a strategy that would enable an integrated capture and storage project to be economically feasible and publicly acceptable. • Form a CCS coordination team capable of addressing regulatory, legislative, technical, public policy, commercial, financial, etc. challenges specific to commercial-scale deployment of the CO 2 storage project.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Tracking the Sun: Installed Price Trends for Distributed Photovoltaic Systems in the United States - 2018 Edition

Berkeley Lab’s Tracking the Sun report series is dedicated to summarizing installed prices and other trends among grid-connected, distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in the United States. The present report, the 11th edition in the series, focuses on systems installed through year-end 2017, with preliminary trends for the first half of 2018. As in years past, the primary emphasis is on describing changes in installed prices over time and variation in pricing across projects based on location, project ownership, system design, and other attributes. New to this year, however, is an expanded discussion of other project characteristics in the large underlying data sample. Future editions will include more of such material, beyond the report’s traditional focus on installed pricing. The trends described in this report derive primarily from project-level data reported to state agencies and utilities that administer PV incentive programs, solar renewable energy credit (SREC) registration systems, or interconnection processes. In total, data were collected and cleaned for more than 1.3 million individual PV systems, representing 81% of U.S. residential and non-residential PV systems installed through 2017. The analysis of installed pricing trends is based on a subset of roughly 770,000 systems with available installed price data. Key findings from this year’s report include the following: -Installed Prices Continued to Fall through 2017 and into 2018. National median installed prices in 2017 were $3.7 per watt (W) for residential systems (a $0.2/W or 6% decline from the prior year), $3.1/W for small non-residential systems (a $0.4/W or 11% decline), and $2.2/W (a $0.1/W or 5% decline) for large non-residential systems. Data for the first half of 2018 show an additional drop of $0.1/W for residential and small non-residential systems, and effectively no change for large non-residential systems. These recent trends are generally consistent with the pace of price declines since 2014, and mark a slowing from the years immediately preceding (2009-2013) when prices fell by roughly $1/W per year. -Installed Prices Vary Widely Across Individual Projects. Among residential systems installed in 2017, 20% were priced below $3.0/W (the 20th percentile value) while another 20% were above the 80th percentile at $4.5/W. Non-residential systems also exhibit wide spreads, albeit shifted downward, from $2.4/W to $4.1/W for small non-residential and from $1.8/W to $2.8/W for large non-residential projects. These pricing spreads have persisted over time and are both reflective of the heterogeneity in PV systems and markets, as well as suggestive of the potential for further price declines. -Pronounced Pricing Disparities Exist Across States. State-level median installed prices in 2017 ranged from $2.6/W to $4.5/W for residential systems, from $2.2/W to $4.0/W for small non-residential systems, and from $2.1/W to $2.4/W for large non-residential systems. Three of the largest state markets (California, Massachusetts, and New York) are relatively high-priced, pulling overall U.S. median prices upward. These cross-state pricing differences reflect both idiosyncratic features of particular states as well as more-fundamental differences related to market and policy conditions. -Installed Pricing Variation Also Reflects Differences in System Design, Installer, and Customer Characteristics (among other factors). Significant pricing differences were also observed across system sizes within each customer segment (with median prices ranging from $3.2/W to $4.5/W across residential systems of varying size, and from $2.1/W to $3.7/W across non-residential systems), between third-party owned (TPO) and host-owned residential systems ($3.3/W vs. $3.8/W), across residential installers ($2.1/W to $9.6/W for host-owned systems and $1.1/W to $5.1/W for TPO systems), between residential new construction and retrofit systems in California ($2.3/W vs. $3.9/W), between large non-residential systems at commercial sites and tax-exempt customer sites ($2.1/W vs. $2.6/W), and between systems with standard vs. premium efficiency modules ($3.6/W vs. $4.2/W among residential systems). A public version of the underlying dataset can be downloaded at https://emp.lbl.gov/tracking-the-sun.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Fluidized Bed Production of Surface Functionalized Powders for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Fuel cells offer tremendous potential for highly efficient conversion of fossil fuels to useable electrical power. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are particularly attractive, due to their high efficiency and capability to utilize either hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuels. Presently, there is considerable incentive to develop medium temperature (600 C to 800 C) SOFC's, in order to reduce the material compatibility issues and the engineering challenges associated with higher operating temperatures. Developing cathode materials with viable performance at intermediate temperatures is presently one of the key challenges in commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells. Recent works have shown the advantages of using surface functionalized cathode materials to improve SOFC performance at intermediate temperatures. However, present techniques for surface functionalization are expensive and difficult to implement in commercial SOFC production. In this SBIR Program, Structured Materials Industries, Inc. (SMI), along with partners FuelCell Energy, Inc. (FCE) and the University of Connecticut (UConn), demonstrated a simple and economical process to produce surface functionalized cathode materials, based on fluidized bed technology. SMI has developed a variation on this technology, known as Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition (FBCVD), and is presently implementing and commercializing FBCVD as an economical and scalable process to deposit coatings on powder materials. In Phase I of this Project, the SBIR team demonstrated technical feasibility of this approach for producing high performance SOFC cathode materials. In this Phase II Project, the SBIR team refined and optimized the FBCVD process and the surface functionalized cathode materials. Surface functionalized powders of various composition and morphology were produced at SMI using the FBCVD process. Electrochemical characterization of the powders was done at FCE under actual SOFC operating conditions. The results demonstrated the potential for significant improvement in SOFC performance. Long term testing at FCE showed the performance enhancement to be stable with time. Advanced materials characterization at UConn identified the composition and morphology of the materials. SMI's FBCVD processed materials represent a "drop in" replacement for present cathode materials, and should have minimal impact on SOFC production costs. SMI has designed a scaled up FBCVD system for high volume production of SOFC cathode materials, and is well positioned for future implementation and commercialization of the technology developed in this SBIR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2018

Production of high oil, transgene free Camelina sativa plants through genome editing

The objective of this project was to develop a Camelina sativa feedstock with significantly increased seed yield and oil content to maximize oil yields per acre. Camelina is an oilseed crop with high potential as a bioenergy feedstock due to its high oil content, low inputs for cultivation, frost tolerance, and short growth cycle (80-110 days). To accelerate market entry, a next generation technology was used to develop GMO free plants to provide an expedited path through regulatory approval. This is anticipated to significantly decrease the time and thus the costs of commercialization of these lines. For this program current Camelina lines were considered to yield, on average, 1500 lbs of seed per acre and possess a seed oil content of 40%. The program had two oil production benchmarks: (1) increase production of seed to 2500 lbs/acre with seed containing 45% oil, and (2) increase production of seed to 3500 lbs/acre with seed containing 60% oil. Hitting the first benchmark would significantly expand the potential of Camelina as a crop and would provide the profitability necessary to incent farmers to grow Camelina, resulting in the production of renewable feedstock for the biobased energy and chemical industries. The second benchmark (3500 lbs seed/acre with 60% oil content) would have a huge impact on the availability of renewable Camelina oil for the biodiesel and aviation fuel markets. The accomplishments of this program demonstrated that genome editing of multiple targets in Camelina is technically feasible, despite the complexity of the Camelina genome. It also demonstrated that it is possible to increase seed yield while maintaining seed oil content using genome editing. Genome edited lines achieving up to a 40% increase in seed yield were demonstrated in greenhouse growth studies. In separate experiments, the program also achieved increases of up to 38% in the seed oil content of individual seeds. This increased seed oil content was, however, often accompanied by a decrease in seed yield. These observations demonstrate that carbon flow in Camelina can be significantly shifted to seed oil production but that additional research is necessary to concurrently increase/or maintain seed yield. Yield10 plans to continue to build on these results after the BETO program. During the course of this program, Yield10 also demonstrated that lines with single edits, as well as lines with multiple edits, generated using genome editing technology can be designated as non-regulated by USDA-APHIS through their “Am I Regulated?” process. Two separate “Am I Regulated?” letters were submitted to USDA-APHIS and edited Camelina lines described in the letters were deemed non-regulated by the agency demonstrating a reduced regulatory path. The technology developed in this program contributes to the overall understanding of seed oil biosynthesis in oilseed crops and how seed yield and seed oil content can be improved using genome editing techniques. The technology is thus also relevant to increasing seed and oil yield in related oilseed crops, such as canola.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Performance Assurance Planning: Continuous Design-Level Performance of Each Energy Conservation Measure in a Utility Energy Service Contract is Fundamental to Achieving Projected Results

An energy savings performance contract energy sales agreement (ESPC ESA) is a project structure, similar to a power purchase agreement, that uses the multiyear ESPC authority to implement renewable energy projects (referred to as ESA energy conservation measures [ECMs]) on federal buildings or land. The ESA ECM is initially privately owned for tax-incentive purposes, and the federal agency purchases the electricity it produces. An ESPC ESA is one of the most cost-effective methods for implementing on-site distributed energy projects at civilian federal agency sites.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2019

ComEd – LBNL ‘Beyond Widgets’ Project Automated Shading Integrated with Lighting and HVAC Controls: System Program Manual

This program manual contains detailed technical information for developing an incentive program for automated shading integrated with lighting and HVAC controls. The manual was developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in collaboration with ComEd as a partner in the ‘Beyond Widgets’ project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗