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At least 847 records · Page 47

Numerical studies of the energy balance in coronal loops

A numerical method is applied to treat the energy balance of quasi-static solar coronal loops, which have been observed to persist for periods much greater than the radiative cooling time. The quasi-static loop model employed takes into account gravity, density-, temperature- or position-dependent energy input, an accurate form of the radiative losses and variable loop cross-sectional area, under assumptions of energy input by coronal heating balanced by radiative and conductive losses, an optically thin plasma, energy conduction along the field lines only and hydrostatic equilibrium. Computations of an emission measure function for various distributions of the energy input and loop geometries are then presented which show that little information on the location of the energy input may be gained from spectral line intensity measurements integrated over a single loop.

Underwood, J. H.↗

The period and Q of the Chandler wobble

The calculation of the theoretical period of the Chandler wobble is extended to account for the non-hydrostatic portion of the earth's equatorial bulge and the effect of the fluid core upon the lengthening of the period due to the pole tide. The theoretical period of a realistic perfectly elastic earth with an equilibrium pole tide is found to be 426.7 sidereal days, which is 8.5 days shorter than the observed period of 435.2 days. Using Rayleigh's principle for a rotating earth, this discrepancy is exploited together with the observed Chandler Q to place constraints on the frequency dependence of mantle anelasticity. In all cases these limits arise from exceeding the 68 percent confidence limits of + or - 2.6 days in the observed period. Since slight departures from an equilibrium pole tide affect the Q much more strongly than the period, these limits are believed to be robust.

Smith, M. L.↗

X-ray observations of Abell 2218 and implications for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect

The Einstein Observatory was used to obtain a high-resolution X-ray image and an X-ray flux measurement of the galaxy cluster Abell 2218. The combined system of intracluster medium and galaxies is modeled as a gas in hydrostatic equilibrium in a common gravitational potential with an isothermal galaxy component. This model is then fitted in the least-squares sense to the X-ray surface brightness distribution and to the optically determined galaxy surface density profile to determine model parameters. The gas is found to be nominally isothermal, moderately dense, and very hot (10-30 keV); these conditions are consistent with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, i.e., the diminution in the cosmic microwave background radiation intensity in the direction of this cluster. It is noted that the considerable imprecision inherent in the method of distance measurement based on the combination of microwave measurements with X-ray and optical data makes it impossible to make a definitive statement about the distance to Abell 2218.

Boynton, P. E.↗

A magnetohydrodynamic theory of coronal loop transients

The physical and geometrical characteristics of solar coronal loop transients are described in an MHD model based on Archimedes' MHD buoyancy force. The theory was developed from interpretation of coronagraphic data, particularly from Skylab. The brightness of a loop is taken to indicate the electron density, and successive pictures reveal the electron enhancement in different columns. The forces which lift the loop off the sun surface are analyzed as an MHD buoyancy force affecting every mass element by imparting an inertial force necessary for heliocentrifugal motion. Thermal forces are responsible for transferring the ambient stress to the interior of the loop to begin the process. The kinematic and hydrostatic buoyancy overcome the gravitational force, and a flux rope can then curve upward, spiralling like a corkscrew with varying cross section around the unwinding solar magnetic field lines.

Yeh, T.↗

A preliminary analysis of lunar extra-mare basalts - Distribution, compositions, ages, volumes, and eruption styles

Extra-mare basalts occupy 8.5% of the lunar basalt area and comprise 1% of the total mare basalt volume. They are preferentially located where the crust is thin and topographically low. In terms of age, eruption style, and composition they are as variable as the mare basalts. In some instances extrusion in extra-mare craters was preceded by floor-fracturing whereas in other cases it apparently was not. The volume of lava erupted may have been controlled more by the volume of magma produced than by hydrostatic effects. A minimum of nearly 1300 separate basalt eruptions is indicated; the true value could be nearer 30,000 separate eruptions.

Whitford-Stark, J. L.↗

Holder for Fragile Parts

Fixture with many springfingers holds irregularly-shaped parts. Gripping fixture has hundreds of springfingers, each applies minute force. Total force approximates hydrostatic pressure, resulting in well-distributed load that maintains firm grip without high stress concentrations. Applied to industrial robot manipulators, fixutre enhances ability to grasp delicate parts.

Holland, L. R.↗

Description of the 3 MW SWT-3 wind turbine at San Gorgonio Pass, California

The SWT-3 wind turbine, a microprocessor controlled three bladed variable speed upwind machine with a 3MW rating that is presently operational and undergoing system testing, is discussed. The tower, a rigid triangular truss configuration, is rotated about its vertical axis to position the wind turbine into the prevailing wind. The blades rotate at variable speed in order to maintain an optimum 6 to 1 tip speed ratio between cut in and fated wind velocity, thereby maximizing power extraction from the wind. Rotor variable speed is implemented by the use of a hydrostatic transmission consisting of fourteen fixed displacement pumps operating in conjunction with eighteen variable displacement motors. Full blade pitch with on-off hydraulic actuation is used to maintain 3MW of output power.

Rybak, S. C.↗

Evaluation of the synoptic and mesoscale predictive capabilities of a mesoscale atmospheric simulation system

The overall performance characteristics of a limited area, hydrostatic, fine (52 km) mesh, primitive equation, numerical weather prediction model are determined in anticipation of satellite data assimilations with the model. The synoptic and mesoscale predictive capabilities of version 2.0 of this model, the Mesoscale Atmospheric Simulation System (MASS 2.0), were evaluated. The two part study is based on a sample of approximately thirty 12h and 24h forecasts of atmospheric flow patterns during spring and early summer. The synoptic scale evaluation results benchmark the performance of MASS 2.0 against that of an operational, synoptic scale weather prediction model, the Limited area Fine Mesh (LFM). The large sample allows for the calculation of statistically significant measures of forecast accuracy and the determination of systematic model errors. The synoptic scale benchmark is required before unsmoothed mesoscale forecast fields can be seriously considered.

Koch, S. E.↗

Evaluation of DSS-14 pedestal-review of top surface repair procedures

Proposed repair procedures for the top surface of the pedestal supporting the hydrostatic bearing runner for the 64m Antenna are presented. These procedures included: (1) removal of existing grout and concrete to approximately 8 in. below original concrete surface using a presplitting technique with expansive cement followed by secondary breaking; (2) preparation of exposed concrete surface including an epoxy bonding agent; and (3) replacement of material removed with 8 in. of new concrete surface including an epoxy bonding agent; and (4) replacement of material removed with 8 in. of new concrete and 4 in. of new grout.

Oesterle, R. G.↗

A Nonvolume Preserving Plasticity Theory with Applications to Powder Metallurgy

A plasticity theory has been developed to predict the mechanical response of powder metals during hot isostatic pressing. The theory parameters were obtained through an experimental program consisting of hydrostatic pressure tests, uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension tests. A nonlinear finite element code was modified to include the theory and the results of themodified code compared favorably to the results from a verification experiment.

Cassenti, B. N.↗

NASTRAN Structural Model for the Large 64-meter Antenna Pedestal, Part 1

Static analysis and a computer structural model for the large 64-m antenna pedestal are developed using the MSC version of the NASTRAN program. This model was necessary to conduct a variety of hydrostatic bearing rehabilitation studies. The results obtained from the model show that the top surface deflections due to pad loads are in good agreement with the results previously obtained from a simplified "shortcut' analytical model, and also in agreement with field measurements. In addition, the displacement and force distributions as well as the state of stress and strain are obtained.

Chian, C. T.↗

Properties of coronal arches

The properties of coronal arches located on the peripheries of active regions, observed during a sounding rocket flight on March 8, 1973, are discussed. The arches are found to overlie filament channels and their footpoints are traced on locations on the perimeters of supergranulation cells. The arches have a wide range of lengths although their widths are well approximated by the value 2.2 x 10 to the 9th cm. Comparison of the size of the chromospheric footprint with the arc width indicates that arches do not always expand as they ascend into the corona. The electron temperatures and densities of the plasma contained in the arches were measured and the pressure calculated; typical values are 2-million K, 1 x 10 to the 9th/cu cm, and 0.2 dyne/sq cm, respectively. The variation of these parameters with position along the length of the arch indicates that the arches are not in hydrostatic equilibrium.

Davis, J. M.↗

A mesoscale sixth-order numerical modelling system

A numerical simulation system is currently under development for NASA which is intended to improve the modeling of subsynoptic and mesoscale adjustments associated with cyclogenesis, severe storm development and atmospheric transport processes. The model utilizes a standard hydrostatic sigma-p coordinate primitive equation set, with x,y-space differencing accurate to eighth order. A three-step dynamic initialization procedure is employed between the analysis of real-time data and grid interpolation. Results of an 18-hour simulation during which synoptic scale cyclogenesis, subsynoptic scale jet streak adjustments, mesoscale convergence zones and tornadic storms were observed have shown the present model to have the potential for simulating the fine-scale structure of features associated with cyclogenesis and intense squall-line development. The mesoscale model was also found to produce less truncation than the NWS LFM model, although a frictionless version of the mesoscale model somewhat overdeepens and overaccelerates features.

Kaplan, M. L.↗

Planetary-scale waves in the Venus atmosphere

Observed wave-like cloud features on Venus, which at times form a Y-like structure which encircles the planet, were modelled numerically. Linearized primitive equations for a shallow, hydrostatic atmosphere are defined, along with upper boundary layer conditions for the 4-6 day periods detected in the atmospheric response to forcing. The basic state of the Venus atmosphere was considered to display variations in static stability and the mean zonal wind as a function of altitude. Forcing was introduced over a wide range of frequencies in order to produce the target oscillation modes. Combination of a midlatitude Rossby wave and an equatorial Kelvin wave was found to yield the observed Y-shape, which could be preserved with nonlinear coupling.

Covey, C.↗

Numerical study of terrain-induced mesoscale motions in a mixed layer

Numerical integrations using a potential enstrophy-conserving scheme are presented for the flow within a mixed layer over hilly terrain using the hydrostatic shallow-water equations with a quadratic drag law. The mesoscale area treated is 150 km on a side; cyclic lateral boundary conditions are used. It is found that for the idealized conditions treated (no surface heating, no entrainment and no pressure adjustments aloft), the topography quickly induces a steady state flow pattern by means of surface friction. Unsteadiness does not occur unless a surface-friction Reynolds number is greater than approximately 100. Effects of varying the Rossby number, Froude number and terrain-height parameter are examined.

Han, Y.-J.↗

The rapid dissipation of magnetic fields in highly conducting fluids

The dynamical conditions that exist when long straight parallel twisted flux tubes in a highly conducting fluid are packed together in a broad array are treated. It is shown that in general there is no hydrostatic equilibrium. In place of equilibrium, there is a dynamical nonequilibrium, which leads to neutral point reconnection and progressive coalescence of neighboring tubes (with the same sense of twisting); this in turn forms tubes of large diameter and reduced twist. The magnetic energy in the twisting of each tube declines toward zero, being dissipated into small-scale motions of the fluid and thence into heat. Referring to the sun, it is pointed out that the twisting and mutual wrapping is converted directly into fluid motion and heat by the dynamical nonequilibrium, so that the work done by the convection of the footpoints goes directly into heating the corona above.

Parker, E. N.↗

Magnetic neutral sheets in evolving fields. I - General theory. II - Formation of the solar corona

The problem of the hydrostatic equilibrium of a large-scale magnetic field embedded in a fluid with infinite electrical conductivity is considered. It is pointed out that a necessary condition for static equilibrium is the invariance of the small-scale pattern in the field along the large-scale direction. A varying topological pattern implies that no fluid pressure distribution exists for which the field is everywhere static. Magnetic neutral sheets form, and dynamical reconnection of the field takes place. It is shown here that the invariance is also a sufficient condition for the existence of a fluid pressure distribution producing static equilibrium. Even in the simplest cases, however, the requirements on the fluid pressure are extreme and, a priori, are unlikely. It is concluded that almost all twisted flux tubes packed together produce dynamical nonequilibrium and dissipation of their twisting. This is the basic effect underlying the long-standing conjecture that the shuffling of the footpoints of the bipolar magnetic fields in the sun is responsible for heating the active corona. Attention is then given to the consequences of this general dynamical dissipation in the magnetic fields that produce the active corona of the sun. The footpoints of the field are continually manipulated by the subphotospheric convection in such a way that the lines of force are continually wrapped and rotated about one another.

Parker, E. N.↗

Effects of differential rotation on the gravitational figures of Jupiter and Saturn

It is assumed that observed zonal currents in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn correspond to a state of permanent rotation, and that the angular velocity is constant on cylindrical surfaces parallel to the rotation axis. The equation of hydrostatic equilibrium for a rotating planet is solved under these restrictive assumptions, and the effect of the hypothesized rotation state on the planet's gravity harmonics and external shape is investigated. Spacecraft data on zonal currents are used to derive nearly model-independent corrections to the first four zonal gravity harmonic coefficients, which can be used to correct observed gravity harmonics to values appropriate for solid-body rotation. If the assumed rotation state is applicable, then zonal currents lead to measurable topography of isopycnic surfaces with respect to the reference figure defined by the magnetospheric rotation period and the gravity harmonics. The amplitude of the topography is on the order of 5 km for Jupiter and 60 km for Saturn.

Hubbard, W. B.↗