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At least 847 records · Page 47

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NASA NTRS1948

Investigation of Horn Balances on a 45 Degree Sweptback Horizontal Tail Surface at High Subsonic Speeds

A wind-tunnel investigation of horn balances on a 45 degree sweptback, semispan, horizontal tail surface was made to determine the effects of horn size and inboard-edge fairing at a Mach number of 0.30 and to determine the effects of compressibility up to a Mach number of 0.89. Presented are lift, drag, pitching-moment, and hinge-moment data and lift and hinge-moment parameters.

CONTROLS, FLAP TYPE - COMPLETE WINGS↗

NASA NTRS2016

Rheological Properties of Quasi-2D Fluids in Microgravity

Freely suspended smectic films of sub-micrometer thickness and lateral extensions of several millimeters are used to study thermally driven convection and diffusion in the film plane. The experiments were performed during a six minute microgravity phase of a TEXUS suborbital rocket flight (Texus 52, launched April 27, 2015). The project served as a preliminary test for a planned ISS Experiment with liquid crystal films (OASIS), and in addition it provided new experimental data on smectic films exposed to in-plane thermal gradients.We find an attraction of the smectic material towards the cold edge of the film in a temperature gradient, similar to a Soret effect. This process is reversed when this edge is heated up again. Thermal convection driven by two thermocontacts in the film is practically absent, even at temperature gradients up to 10 Kmm, thermally driven convection sets in when the hot post reaches the transition temperature to the nematic phase.An additional experiment was performed under microgravity conditions to test the stability of liquid crystal bridges in different smectic phases.

microgravity↗

NASA NTRS1983

Reduction of the shock wave intensity by modifying the transonic blade trailing edge

It is shown that the shock wave intensity can be decreased by using modified trailing edge configurations to reduce or even completely compensate for the effect of the finite thickness of the trailing edge. A theoretical analysis is presented together with numerical results for two supersonic streams flowing off the trailing edge at different velocities. The analysis is based on an ideal gas model.

Doerffer, P.↗

NASA NTRS1987

An experimental investigation of parasitic microstrip arrays

The characteristics of a parasitic microstrip antenna array with a center-fed patch are experimentally investigated. The parasitic array is composed of identical parasitic patches which are symmetrically arranged and electromagnetically coupled to a center-fed patch. The shape and dimensions of the parasitic patches and their positions relative to the center-fed patch are parameters in the study. To show mutual coupling effects between radiating and nonradiating edges of adjacent patches, the impedance and radiation characteristics of a three-element parasitic array excited with (0.1) mode are examined, and compared to that of a single patch. Experimental data indicate that the presence of parasitic patches has significant effects upon the gain, resonant frequency, and impedance bandwidth of the array.

Lee, Richard Q.↗

NASA NTRS1955

Aerodynamic Characteristics of a 0.04956-Scale Model of the Convair F-102A Airplane at Transonic Speeds

Tests have been conducted in the Langley 8-foot transonic tunnel on a 0.04956-scale model of the Convair F-102A airplane which employed an indented and extended fuselage, cambered wing leading edges, and deflected wing tips. Force and moment characteristics were obtained for Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.135 at angles of attack up to 20 . In addition, tests were made over a limited angle-of-attack range to determine the effects of the cambered leading edges, deflected tips, and a nose section with a smooth area distribution. Fuselage modifications employed on the F-102A were responsible for a 25.percent reduction in the minimum drag-coefficient rise between the Mach numbers of 0.85 and 1.075 when compared with that for the earlier versions of the F-102. Although the wing modifications increased the F-102A subsonic minimum drag-coefficient level approximately 0.0020, they produced large decreases in drag at lifting conditions over that for the original (plane-wing) F-102. The F-102A had 15 to 25 percent higher maximum lift-drag ratios than did the original F-102. The F-102A had about 15 percent lower maximum lift-drag ratios at Mach numbers below 0.95 and slightly higher maximum lift-drag ratios at supersonic speeds when compared with those ratios for sn earlier modified-wing version of the F-102. Chordwise wing fences which provided suitable longitudinal stability for the original F-102 were not adequate for the cambered-wing F-102A The pitching-moment curves indicated a region of near neutral stability with possible pitch-up tendencies for the F-102A at high subsonic Mach numbers for lift coefficients between about 0.4 and 0.5.

Tempelmeyer, Kenneth E.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Effect of sweep angles on aerodynamic performance of double arrow wing - An analytical study

Hybrid wing planforms are studied for adoption on supersonic transport and fighter aircraft. The free vortex sheet method is used to determine effects of the leading-edge sweep angles on the aerodynamic performance of a double arrow wing with a strake. Results show lift and drag increase with the increase of the inboard and outboard leading-edge sweep angles. However, the lift-to-drag ratio is little influenced by the changes in these sweep angles. Spanwise surface pressure distributions on the aft region are influenced by the inboard sweep angle while the outboard sweep angle has no effect on these pressures. Finally, the experimental data and predicted results are compared to show good agreement.

Reddy, C. S.↗

NASA NTRS1960

Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Large-Scale Unswept Wing-Body-Tail Configuration with Blowing Applied Over the Flap and Wind Leading Edge

An investigation has been conducted in the Langley full-scale tunnel to determine the effects of a blowing boundary-layer-control lift-augmentation system on the aerodynamic characteristics of a large-scale model of a fighter-type airplane. The wing was unswept at the 70-percent- chord station, had an aspect ratio of 2.86, a taper ratio of 0.40, and 4-percent-thick biconvex airfoil sections parallel to the plane of symmetry. The tests were conducted over a range of angles of attack from approximately -4 deg to 23 deg for a Reynolds number of approximately 5.2 x 10(exp 6) which corresponds to a Mach number of 0.08. Blowing rates were normally restricted to values just sufficient to control air-flow separation. The results of this investigation showed that wing leading-edge blowing in combination with large values of wing leading-edge-flap deflection was a very effective leading-edge flow-control device for wings having highly loaded trailing-edge flaps. With leading-edge blowing there was no hysteresis of the lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics upon recovery from stall. End plates were found to improve the lift and drag characteristics of the test configuration in the moderate angle-of-attack range, and blockage to one-quarter of the blowing-slot area was not detrimental to the aerodynamic characteristics. Blowing boundary-layer control resulted in a considerably reduced landing speed and reduced landing and take-off distances. The ailerons were very effective lateral-control devices when used with blowing flaps.

McLemore, H. Clyde↗

NASA NTRS1993

High Reynolds Number Configuration Development of a High-Lift Airfoil

An experimental program has been conducted to assess performance of a transport multielement airfoil at flight Reynolds numbers. The studies were performed at chord Reynolds numbers as high as 16 million in the NASA Langley Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. Sidewall boundary-layer control to enforce flow two dimensionality was provided via an endplate suction system. The basic airfoil was an 11.55 percent thick supercritical airfoil representative of the stall critical station of a new-generation transport aircraft wing. The multielement airfoil was configured as a three-element airfoil with slat and flap chord ratios of 14.48 percent and 30 percent respectively. Testing focused on the development of landing configurations with high maximum lift capability and the assessment of Reynolds and Mach number effects. Also assessed were high-lift performance effects due to devices such as drooped spoilers and trailing-edge wedges. The present experimental studies revealed significant effects on high-lift airfoil performance due to Reynolds and Mach number variations and favorable lift increments at approach angles of attack due to the use of drooped spoilers or trailing-edge wedges. However, no substantial improvements in maximum lift capability were identified. A recently developed high performance single-segment flap was also tested and results indicated considerable improvements in lift and drag performance over existing airfoils. Additionally, it was found that this new flap shape at its optimum rigging was less sensitive to Reynolds number variations than previous designs.

Walter O Valarezo↗

NASA NTRS1983

Low-speed aerodynamic characteristics of a highly swept, untwisted uncambered arrow wing

An investigation was conducted in the Langley 4- by 7-Meter Tunnel to provide a detailed study of wing pressure distributions and forces and moments acting on a highly swept arrow-wing model at low Mach numbers (0.25). A limited investigation of the effect of spoilers at several locations was also conducted. Analysis of the pressure data shows that for the configuration with undeflected leading edges, vortex separation occurs on the outboard wing panel for angles of attack on the order of only 3 deg, whereas conventional leading-edge separation occurs at a nondimensional semispan station of 0.654 for the same incidence angle. The pressure data further show that vortex separation exists at wing stations more inboard for angles of attack on the order of 7 deg and that these vortices move inboard and forward with increasing angle of attack. The force and moment data show the expected nonlinear increments in lift and pitching moment and the increased drag associated with the vortex separation. The pressure data and corresponding force and moment data confirm that deflecting the entire wing leading edge uniformly to 30 deg is effective in forestalling the onset of flow separation to angles of attack greater than 8.6 deg; however, the inboard portion of the leading edge is overdeflected. The investigation further identifies the contribution of the trailing-edge flap deflection to the leading-edge upwash fields.

Coe, P. L., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Buckling Behavior of Long Symmetrically Laminated Plates Subjected to Shear and Linearly Varying Axial Edge Loads

A parametric study of the buckling behavior of infinitely long symmetrically laminated anisotropic plates that are subjected to linearly varying edge loads, uniform shear loads, or combinations of these loads is presented. The study focuses on the effects of the shape of linearly varying edge load distribution, plate orthotropy, and plate flexural anisotropy on plate buckling behavior. In addition, the study exmines the interaction of linearly varying edge loads and uniform shear loads with plate flexural anisotropy and orthotropy. Results obtained by using a special purpose nondimensional analysis that is well suited for parametric studies of clamped and simply supported plates are presented for [+/- theta](sub s), thin graphite-epoxy laminates that are representative of spacecraft structural components. Also, numerous generic buckling-design charts are presented for a wide range of nondimensional parameters that are applicable to a broad class of laminate constructions. These charts show explicitly the effects of flexural orthotropy and flexural anisotropy on plate buckling behavior for linearly varying edge loads, uniform shear loads, or combinations of these loads. The most important finding of the present study is that specially orthotropic and flexurally anisotropic plates that are subjected to an axial edge load distribution that is tension dominated can support shear loads that are larger in magnitude than the shear buckling load.

Nemeth, Michael P.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Preliminary aerodynamic design considerations for advanced laminar flow aircraft configurations

Modern composite manufacturing methods have provided the opportunity for smooth surfaces that can sustain large regions of natural laminar flow (NLF) boundary layer behavior and have stimulated interest in developing advanced NLF airfoils and improved aircraft designs. Some of the preliminary results obtained in exploratory research investigations on advanced aircraft configurations at the NASA Langley Research Center are discussed. Results of the initial studies have shown that the aerodynamic effects of configuration variables such as canard/wing arrangements, airfoils, and pusher-type and tractor-type propeller installations can be particularly significant at high angles of attack. Flow field interactions between aircraft components were shown to produce undesirable aerodynamic effects on a wing behind a heavily loaded canard, and the use of properly designed wing leading-edge modifications, such as a leading-edge droop, offset the undesirable aerodynamic effects by delaying wing stall and providing increased stall/spin resistance with minimum degradation of laminar flow behavior.

Johnson, Joseph L., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Design of Supersonic Transport Flap Systems for Thrust Recovery at Subsonic Speeds

A study of the subsonic aerodynamics of hinged flap systems for supersonic cruise commercial aircraft has been conducted using linear attached-flow theory that has been modified to include an estimate of attainable leading edge thrust and an approximate representation of vortex forces. Comparisons of theoretical predictions with experimental results show that the theory gives a reasonably good and generally conservative estimate of the performance of an efficient flap system and provides a good estimate of the leading and trailing-edge deflection angles necessary for optimum performance. A substantial reduction in the area of the inboard region of the leading edge flap has only a minor effect on the performance and the optimum deflection angles. Changes in the size of the outboard leading-edge flap show that performance is greatest when this flap has a chord equal to approximately 30 percent of the wing chord. A study was also made of the performance of various combinations of individual leading and trailing-edge flaps, and the results show that aerodynamic efficiencies as high as 85 percent of full suction are predicted.

Mann, Michael J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Effect of Pylon Wake with and Without Pylon Blowing on Propeller Thrust

Pylon trailing edge blowing was investigated as a means of alleviating the effects of the pylon wake on a pusher arrangement of an advanced single-rotation turboprop. Measurements were made of steady-state propeller thrust and pylon wake pressures and turbulence levels with and without blowing. Results show that the pylon trailing edge blowing practically eliminated the pylon wake, significantly reduced the pylon wake turbulence, and had a relatively small effect on the steady-state propeller thrust. The data are presented with a minimum of analysis.

Gentry, Garl L., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Analytical study of a free-wing/free-trimmer concept

The free-wing/free-trimmer is a NASA-Conceived extension of the free-wing concept intended to permit the use of high-lift flaps. Wing pitching moments are balanced by a smaller, external surface attached by a boom or equivalent structure. The external trimmer is, itself, a miniature free wing, and pitch control of the wing-trimmer assembly is effected through a trailing-edge control tab on the trimmer surface. The longitudinal behavior of representative small free-wing/free-trimmer aircraft was analyzed. Aft-mounted trimmer surfaces are found to be superior to forward trimmers, although the permissible trimmer moment arm is limited, in both cases, by adverse dynamic effects. Aft-trimmer configurations provide excellent gust alleviation and meet fundamental stick-fixed stability criteria while exceeding the lift capabilities of pure free-wing configurations.

Porter, R. F.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Influence of debris dent on EHD lubrication

Film thickness measurements associated with a debris dent have been made with interferometry under static and dynamic conditions. The presence of a debris dent alters the shape of the inlet region so that the local film thickness at the leading edge of the dent can become substantially lower than the trailing edge. The pressure modifications associated with these local EHD effects are in line with the frequent occurrence of surface initiated fatigue spalls originating at the trailing edge of debris dents. The effectiveness of the EHD mechanism in reducing the stress concentrations at the shoulders of the dent is related to inlet dimensions and dent size.

Wedeven, L. D.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Shock Interaction Control for Scramjet Cowl Leading Edges

An experimental study was conducted to qualitatively determine the effectiveness of stagnation-region gas injection in protecting a scramjet cowl leading edge from the intense heating produced by Type III and Type IV shock interactions. The model consisted of a two-dimensional leading edge, representative of that of a scramjet cowl. Tests were conducted at a nominal freestream Mach number of 6. Gaseous nitrogen was supersonically injected through the leading-edge nozzles at various mass flux ratios and with the model pitched at angles of 0deg and -20deg relative to the freestream flow. Qualitative data, in the form of focusing and conventional schlieren images, were obtained of the shock interaction patterns. Results indicate that large shock displacements can be achieved and both the Type III and IV interactions can be altered such that the interaction does not impinge on the leading edge surface.

Albertson, Cindy W.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Modeling Creep Effects within SiC/SiC Turbine Components

Anticipating the implementation of advanced SiC/SiC ceramic composites into the hot section components of future gas turbine engines, the primary objective of this on-going study is to develop physics-based analytical and finite-element modeling tools to predict the effects of constituent creep on SiC/SiC component service life. A second objective is to understand how to possibly select and manipulate constituent materials, processes, and geometries in order to minimize these effects. In initial studies aimed at SiC/SiC components experiencing through-thickness stress gradients, creep models were developed that allowed an understanding of detrimental residual stress effects that can develop globally within the component walls. It was assumed that the SiC/SiC composites behaved as isotropic visco-elastic materials with temperature-dependent creep behavior as experimentally measured in-plane in the fiber direction of advanced thin-walled 2D SiC/SiC panels. The creep models and their key results are discussed assuming state-of-the-art SiC/SiC materials within a simple cylindrical thin-walled tubular structure, which is currently being employed to model creep-related effects for turbine airfoil leading edges subjected to through-thickness thermal stress gradients. Improvements in the creep models are also presented which focus on constituent behavior with more realistic non-linear stress dependencies in order to predict such key creep-related SiC/SiC properties as time-dependent matrix stress, constituent creep and content effects on composite creep rates and rupture times, and stresses on fiber and matrix during and after creep.

DiCarlo, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Numerical solutions of the triple-deck equations for laminar trailing-edge stall

The problem of determining the effect of laminar boundary layers on the lift of thin wings in subsonic flow at high Reynolds numbers is considered. The boundary value problem is formulated in the framework of the triple-deck theory of Brown and Stewartson. The resulting fourth-order boundary value was solved by an iterative finite-difference technique. An inverse iteration procedure provides proper treatment of the trailing-edge singularity, and asymptotic far-field expansions and coordinate stretchings are used to deal with the problem of the slow algebraic decay of the solution.

Chow, R.↗