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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 847 records · Page 47
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Using GIS for Processing, Analysis and Visualization of Hydrological Model Data - 16202

The Applied Research Center at Florida International University (ARC-FIU) is supporting the soil and groundwater remediation efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Savannah River Site (SRS) by developing a surface water model to simulate the hydrology and the fate and transport of contaminants and sediment in the Tims Branch watershed. Advances in ArcGIS software through the development of spatial GIS database (geo-database) technology, coupled with the development of data models such as ArcHydro which possesses a spatial relational database management system (RDMS) schema and relationship structure specific to hydrologic systems, provides modelers with tools and applications to assist in the processing, analysis and visualization of flow and contaminant transport data. In addition, the coupling of this type of geo-database structure with a numerical modeling package such as MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 can serve as an efficient tool that significantly reduces the time needed for data preparation. The MIKE modeling system has a geographic information systems (GIS) user interface built into its system that can directly use GIS data for model inputs. GIS-based hydrologic models can provide a spatial element that other hydrologic models lack. GIS is important for processing and analysis of large spatio-temporal datasets derived from multiple sources that are being used for setting up of models, model calibration and simulation of flow and contaminant fate and transport. GIS-based approaches in hydrological modeling can also provide the benefit of combining different layers of geographic data to create new integrated information which can be quite useful for creating dependent or independent hydrological variables. ARC-FIU has developed an ArcGIS geo-database to support the hydrological modeling work being conducted at SRS. The SRS geo-database was developed based on the ArcHydro and ArcGIS Base Map data models with modifications made for project specific input parameters. The significance of this approach was to ensure its replicability for potential application at other DOE sites. The SRS geo-database assists in the storage and management of GIS and time series data being used for hydrological model development at Savannah River Site. Other GIS tools such as ArcGIS Model Builder coupled with Python scripting have enabled the automation of many of the repetitive geo-processing tasks required for pre- and post-processing of the hydrological modeling data. Automation of many of the data processing tasks has facilitated faster and hence more complex analyses of field test data. The toolbox created is also a scalable and reusable application that can be implemented in other watersheds. This paper describes the use of ArcGIS tools for the pre-processing, spatial delineation and analysis of hydrological model data; for automation of repetitive geo-processing tasks; and for visualization of different hydrological components of the Tims Branch watershed. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

Testing autonomous cyber-physical systems using fuzzing features from convolutional neural networks: work-in-progress

Autonomous cyber-physical systems rely on modern machine learning methods such as deep neural networks to control their interactions with the physical world. Testing of such intelligent cyber-physical systems is a challenge due to the huge state space associated with high-resolution visual sensory inputs. We demonstrate how fuzzing the input using patterns obtained from the convolutional filters of an unrelated convolutional neural network can be used to test computer vision algorithms implemented in intelligent cyber-physical systems. Our method discovers interesting counterexamples to a pedestrian detection algorithm implemented in the popular OpenCV library. Our approach also unearths counterexamples to the correct behavior of an autonomous car similar to NVIDIA's end-to-end self-driving deep neural net running on the Udacity open-source simulator.

Raj, Sunny↗
DOE OSTI2015

In-plane ultrasonic needle tracking using a fiber-optic hydrophone

Purpose: Accurate and efficient guidance of needles to procedural targets is critically important during percutaneous interventional procedures. Ultrasound imaging is widely used for real-time image guidance in a variety of clinical contexts, but with this modality, uncertainties about the location of the needle tip within the image plane lead to significant complications. Whilst several methods have been proposed to improve the visibility of the needle, achieving accuracy and compatibility with current clinical practice is an ongoing challenge. In this paper, the authors present a method for directly visualizing the needle tip using an integrated fiber-optic ultrasound receiver in conjunction with the imaging probe used to acquire B-mode ultrasound images. Methods: Needle visualization and ultrasound imaging were performed with a clinical ultrasound imaging system. A miniature fiber-optic ultrasound hydrophone was integrated into a 20 gauge injection needle tip to receive transmissions from individual transducer elements of the ultrasound imaging probe. The received signals were reconstructed to create an image of the needle tip. Ultrasound B-mode imaging was interleaved with needle tip imaging. A first set of measurements was acquired in water and tissue ex vivo with a wide range of insertion angles (15°–68°) to study the accuracy and sensitivity of the tracking method. A second set was acquired in an in vivo swine model, with needle insertions to the brachial plexus. A third set was acquired in an in vivo ovine model for fetal interventions, with insertions to different locations within the uterine cavity. Two linear ultrasound imaging probes were used: a 14–5 MHz probe for the first and second sets, and a 9–4 MHz probe for the third. Results: During insertions in tissue ex vivo and in vivo, the imaged needle tip had submillimeter axial and lateral dimensions. The signal-to-noise (SNR) of the needle tip was found to depend on the insertion angle. With the needle tip in water, the SNR of the needle tip varied with insertion angle, attaining values of 284 at 27° and 501 at 68°. In swine tissue ex vivo, the SNR decreased from 80 at 15° to 16 at 61°. In swine tissue in vivo, the SNR varied with depth, from 200 at 17.5 mm to 48 at 26 mm, with a constant insertion angle of 40°. In ovine tissue in vivo, within the uterine cavity, the SNR varied from 46.4 at 25 mm depth to 18.4 at 32 mm depth, with insertion angles in the range of 26°–65°. Conclusions: A fiber-optic ultrasound receiver integrated into the needle cannula in combination with single-element transmissions from the imaging probe allows for direct visualization of the needle tip within the ultrasound imaging plane. Visualization of the needle tip was achieved at depths and insertion angles that are encountered during nerve blocks and fetal interventions. The method presented in this paper has strong potential to improve the safety and efficiency of ultrasound-guided needle insertions.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

A review of smart building sensing system for better indoor environment control

Here this paper aims to provide a systemic review of how indoor sensors influence in managing optimal energy saving, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and indoor air quality in the built environment. The optimal management of energy saving and occupant comfort plays a vital role in the built environment because the occupant's productivity and health are highly influenced by indoor environmental quality. In order to do this, there must be a functional sensing system that connects the environment variables (e.g., temperature) with building environmental control systems such as the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system. This paper starts with an overview of the importance of energy saving and occupant comfort in the built environment. It then discusses sensors and their importance in the built environment and reviews the different types of sensors, which explains them in terms of how they influence the indoor built environment and occupant productivity. The paper further explores the application of sensors in the built environment and analyzes this in terms of energy saving, thermal comfort, visual comfort, and indoor air quality. Following this, the data analysis is discussed in terms of data, information, and knowledge accrued from the sensors. Lastly, the paper discusses the future challenges for the improvement of building indoor environmental quality and energy saving by the application of sensors.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2016

ORBITS OF SUBSYSTEMS IN FOUR HIERARCHICAL MULTIPLE STARS

Seven spectroscopic orbits in nearby solar-type multiple stars are presented. The primary of the chromospherically active star HIP 9642 is a 4.8 day double-lined pair; the outer 420 year visual orbit is updated, but remains poorly constrained. HIP 12780 is a quadruple system consisting of the resolved 6.7 year pair FIN 379 Aa,Ab, for which the combined orbit, masses, and orbital parallax are determined here, and the single-lined binary Ba,Bb with a period of 27.8 days. HIP 28790 is a young quintuple system composed of two close binaries, Aa,Ab and Ba,Bb, with periods of 221 and 13 days, respectively, and a single distant component C. Its subsystem Ba,Bb is peculiar, having a spectroscopic mass ratio of 0.89 but a magnitude difference of ∼2.2 mag. HIP 64478 also contains five stars: the A-component is a 29 year visual pair with a previously known 4 day twin subsystem, while the B-component is a contact binary with a period of 5.8 hr, seen nearly pole-on.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

H-Canyon Ventilation System Exhaust Tunnel Inspection at the Savannah River Site - 18052

The Department of Energy (DOE) H-Canyon Facility at the Savannah River Site (SRS) is operated by Savannah River Nuclear Solutions (SRNS). The Facility Structural Integrity Program (SIP) performs periodic visual inspections to confirm the component is capable of performing its safety function. This Program provides the process to document the conditions of safety related structural systems and components, their damage mechanisms, and recommend repairs if required before there is impact on the safety envelope. The H-Canyon Exhaust Tunnel is part of the H-Canyon Exhaust Ventilation System and is periodically inspected under the Structural Integrity Program. The Tunnel performs a Safety Class passive design feature function that is available 100% of the time. The Tunnel directs Canyon process air from the Canyon to the Sand Filter System. The radiological and chemical airborne activity coupled with the physical configuration of the tunnel precludes a manned entry into the tunnel. Tunnel inspections have been performed using cameras on a stick, referred to as pole cameras prior to CY2003. Since CY2003, five camera equipped crawlers have been used with varying levels of inspection success. With each successive crawler inspection, expectations have increased to perform tasks beyond visual examinations. The 2017 crawler performed the visual inspection but also included improvements on crawler performance, such as testing the use of wireless capability and remediation of crawler travel route, to the addition of stationary cameras and lighting at key locations. The latest 2017 crawler successfully traveled the entire length of the tunnel between the Canyon and Sand Filter System for the second time since development, thus providing key visual data for the integrity program [2]. In addition, several access ports were installed in 2017 following the removal of concrete core samples that allow for new visual inspection of the Canyon Crossover tunnel, thus providing information for an area that was generally inaccessible for monitoring. Planning for the 2019 crawler inspection is underway with the expectations to improve upon inspection cameras and also introduce mapping technologies such as LIDAR. The challenge to obtain meaningful data from the remote inspections of a 60+ year operating Canyon Exhaust tunnel continues to be a complex endeavor requiring close coordination of multiple organizations, adherence to Conduct of Operations, Radiological Safety, Worker Safety, etc. principles as well as alignment with Facility Safety Basis requirements. This paper discusses the continuing improvements in inspection techniques and the challenges associated these inspections. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Ferroelectric quantum Hall phase revealed by visualizing Landau level wave function interference

States with spontaneously broken symmetry can form due to Coulomb interactions in electronic systems with multiple internal degrees of freedom. Materials with several degenerate regions in the Brillouin zone-called valleys-offer a rich setting for the emergence of such states, which have potential electronic and optical applications. To date, identification of these broken-symmetry phases has mostly relied on macroscopic transport or optical properties. Here we demonstrate a direct approach by visualizing the wavefunctions of bismuth surface states with a scanning tunnelling microscope. Strong spin-orbit coupling on the surface of bismuth leads to six degenerate, teardrop-shaped, hole valleys. Our spectroscopic measurements reveal that exchange interactions fully lift this degeneracy at high magnetic field, and we are able to determine the nature of the valley ordering by imaging the broken-symmetry Landau level wavefunctions. The spatial features of singly degenerate Landau level wavefunctions near isolated defects contain unique signatures of interference between spin-textured valleys, which identify the electronic ground state as a quantum Hall ferroelectric. As a result, our observations confirm the recent prediction that interactions in strongly anisotropic valley systems favour the occupation of a single valley, giving rise to emergent ferroelectricity in the surface state of bismuth.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

ARMADA. I. Triple Companions Detected in B-type Binaries α Del and ν Gem

Ground-based optical long-baseline interferometry has the power to measure the orbits of close binary systems at ∼10 μas precision. This precision makes it possible to detect “wobbles” in the binary motion due to the gravitational pull from additional short-period companions. We started the ARrangement for Micro-Arcsecond Differential Astrometry (ARMADA) survey with the Michigan Infra-Red Combiner (MIRC)/MIRC-X instrument at the Center for High Angular Resoloution Astronomy (CHARA) array for the purpose of detecting giant planets and stellar companions orbiting individual stars in binary systems. We describe our observations for the survey, and introduce the wavelength calibration scheme that delivers precision at the tens of microarcseconds level for <02 binaries. We test our instrument performance on a known triple system, κ Peg, and show that our survey is delivering a factor of 10 better precision than previous similar surveys. We present astrometric detections of tertiary components to two B-type binaries: a 30 day companion to α Del, and a 50 day companion to ν Gem. We also collected radial velocity data for α Del with the Tennessee State University Automated Spectroscopic Telescope at Fairborn Observatory. We are able to measure the orbits and masses of all three components in these systems. We find that the previously published radial velocity orbit for the inner pair of ν Gem is not consistent with our visual orbit. The precision achieved for these orbits suggests that our ARMADA survey will be successful at discovering new compact triple systems to A/B-type binary systems, leading to better statistics of hierarchical system architectures and formation history.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ionospheric Disturbances in GNSS TEC Data: SpaceX Falcon 9 Deorbit Maneuvers Over CONUS in April–May 2024

Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) driven by a large number of internal and external sources are detectable with dense networks of ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers' measurements of total electron content (TEC). We present the newly developed System for Rapid Analysis of Ionospheric Dynamics (S‐RAID), providing data and visual GNSS TEC products of TIDs of periods ~2–120 min and horizontal resolution up to tens of kilometers for years 2017–2024. The S‐RAID data reveal myriad natural and anthropogenic TIDs from meteorology and space weather, and from human spaceflight activities. In this report, we focus on new prominent disturbances found during SpaceX second stage deorbit maneuvers in April–May 2024. Signatures include waves emanating from the Falcon's trajectory above California and depletions following its deorbit and passage over Arizona. These findings suggest further opportunities to detect and quantify small‐scale events in the ionosphere as well as to understand the responses of the atmosphere‐ionosphere system to known inputs.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

A near infra-red video system as a protective diagnostic for electron cyclotron resonance heating operation in the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator is a large nuclear fusion device based at Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik in Greifswald in Germany. The main plasma heating system for steady state operation in W7-X is electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). During operation, part of plama facing components will be directly heated by the non-absorbed power of 1 MW rf beams of ECRH. In order to avoid damages of such components made of graphite tiles during the first operational phase, a near infra-red video system has been developed as a protective diagnostic for safe and secure ECRH operation. Both the mechanical design housing the camera and the optical system are very flexible and respect the requirements of steady state operation. The full system including data acquisition and control system has been successfully tested in the vacuum vessel, including on-line visualization and data storage of the four cameras equipping the ECRH equatorial launchers of W7-X.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

SNL ATDM Visualization (ECP ST Capability Assessment Report)

The SNL ATDM Data and Visualization work consolidates existing ATDM activities in scalable data management and visualization. Part of the responsibilities of the SNL ATDM Data and Visualization Project is the maintenance and development of visualization resources for ATDM applications on Exascale platforms. The ATDM Scalable Visualization project provides visualization and analysis required to satisfy the needs of the ASC/ATDM applications on next-generation, many-core platforms. This involves many activities including the re-engineering of visualization algorithms, services, and tools that enable ASC customers to carry out data analysis on ASC systems and ACES platforms. Current tools include scalable data analysis software released open source through ParaView, VTK, and Catalyst. We are also both leveraging and contributing to VTK-m, a many-core visualization library, to satisfy our visualization needs on advanced architectures. The scope of the Scalable Visualization under ATDM at SNL is R&D for the programming model and implementation of visualization code for ASC/ATDM projects and ASC/ATDM application support.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Blockchain based Communication Architectures with Applications to Private Security Networks

Existing communication protocols in high consequence security networks are highly centralized. While this naively makes the controls easier to physically secure, external actors require fewer resources to disrupt the system because there are fewer points in the system can be destroyed or interrupted without the entire system failing. We present a solution to this problem using a proof-of-work-based blockchain implementation built on MultiChain. We construct a test-bed network containing two types of data input: visual imagers and microwave sensor information. These data types are ubiquitous in perimeter intrusion detection security systems and allow a realistic representation of a real-world network architecture. The cameras in this system use an object detection algorithm to nd important targets in the scene. The raw data from the camera and the outputs from the detection algorithm are then placed in a transaction on the distributed ledger. Similarly, microwave data is used to detect relevant events and are placed in a transaction. These transactions are then bundled into blocks and broadcast to the rest of the network using the Bitcoin-based MultiChain protocol. We develop five tests to examine the security metrics of our network. We performed the five security metric test using different sized networks from 7 to 39 nodes to determine how the metrics scale with respect to size. We nd that when compared to a centralized architecture our implementation provides a resiliency increase that is expected from a blockchain-based protocol without slowing the system so much that a human operator would notice. Furthermore, our approach is able to detect tampering in real time. Based on these results, we theorize that security networks in general could use a blockchain-based approach in a meaningful way.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Human Factors Principles in Information Dashboard Design

When planning for control room upgrades, nuclear power plants have to deal with a multitude of engineering and operational impacts. This will inevitably include several human factors considerations, including physical ergonomics of workstations, viewing angles, lighting, seating, new communication requirements, and new concepts of operation. In helping nuclear power utilities to deal with these challenges, the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has developed effective methods to manage the various phases of the upgrade life cycle. These methods focus on integrating human factors engineering processes with the plant’s systems engineering process, a large part of which is the development of end-state concepts for control room modernization. Such an end-state concept is a description of a set of required conditions that define the achievement of the plant’s objectives for the upgrade. Typically, the end-state concept describes the transition of a conventional control room, over time, to a facility that employs advanced digital automation technologies in a way that significantly improves system reliability, reduces human and control room-related hazards, reduces system and component obsolescence, and significantly improves operator performance. To make the various upgrade phases as concrete and as visible as possible, an end-state concept would include a set of visual representations of the control room before and after various upgrade phases to provide the context and a framework within which to consider the various options in the upgrade. This includes the various control systems, human-system interfaces to be replaced, and possible changes to operator workstations. This paper describes how this framework helps to ensure an integrated and cohesive outcome that is consistent with human factors engineering principles and also provide substantial improvement in operator performance. The paper further describes the application of this integrated approach in the strategic modernization program at a nuclear power plant where legacy systems are upgraded to advanced digital technologies through a systematic process that links human factors principles to the systems engineering process. This approach will help to create an integrated control room architecture beyond what is possible for individual subsystem upgrades alone. In addition, several human factors design and evaluation methods were used to develop the end-state concept, including interactive sessions with operators in INL’s Human System Simulation Laboratory, three-dimensional modeling to visualize control board changes.

3D Modeling↗
DOE OSTI2015

Investigation of the chemical interface in the soybean–aphid and rice–bacteria interactions using MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is an emerging technology for high-resolution plant biology. It has been utilized to study plant–pest interactions, but limited to the surface interfaces. Here we expand the technology to explore the chemical interactions occurring inside the plant tissues. Two sample preparation methods, imprinting and fracturing, were developed and applied, for the first time, to visualize internal metabolites of leaves in matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-MSI. This is also the first time nanoparticle-based ionization was implemented to ionize diterpenoid phytochemicals that were difficult to analyze with traditional organic matrices. The interactions between rice–bacterium and soybean–aphid were investigated as two model systems to demonstrate the capability of high-resolution MSI based on MALDI. Localized molecular information on various plant- or pest-derived chemicals provided valuable insight for the molecular processes occurring during the plant–pest interactions. Basically, salicylic acid and isoflavone based resistance was visualized in the soybean–aphid system and antibiotic diterpenoids in rice–bacterium interactions.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

A contextual sensor system for non-intrusive machine status and energy monitoring

Event-driven contexts in manufacturing occur pervasively as a result of interactions among involved entities such as machines, workers, materials, and environment. One of the primary tasks in smart manufacturing is to derive a context-aware system conveniently incorporating worker knowledge for generating timely actionable intelligence for workers on factory floor and supervisors to respond. In this paper, we propose to design a human-and-machine interaction recognition framework by using a causality concept to collect contextual data for classifications of normal and abnormal machine operations. The causes and effects are between workers and machines for this initial research. To apply the causality to recognize worker interactions, initially a reliable way to identify the states of machines is necessary. The proposed contextual sensor system, consisting of a power meter for measuring machine operation conditions, a visual camera for capturing worker and machine interactions via a finite state machine model, and an algorithm for determining power signatures of individual components via energy disaggregation is implemented on semiconductor fabrication machines (manual or PLC controlled) each with multiple components. The experiment results demonstrate its context extraction capability such as components states and their corresponding energy usage in real time as well as its ability to identify anomalous operation conditions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Expanding Accessibility of Energy Modeling in Hawaii

Engage is a free, publicly available web application for energy system modeling. It can augment the energy system planning process by empowering more stakeholders to understand energy system planning options. Engage is user-friendly, free accessible, collaborative, and communicative. The Hawaii Advanced Visualization Environment Nexus (HAVEN) is an outputs-based application for rendering high-impact communicative visualizations of complex data. Engage and HAVEN were developed in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Hawaii State Energy Office. This use case provides an overview of Hawaii's use of Engage and HAVEN concurrently in working to meet the state's energy goals.

48 EE - Weatherization and Intergovernmental Progr↗
DOE OSTI2025

Techno-economics of hydrocarbon fuel production and recyclables recovery from landfill-destined municipal solid waste: AI-enhanced materials recovery facility design

Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) production from cellulosic paper fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) destined for landfills has strong potential to advance environmental, social, and economic sustainability across the aviation and waste sectors. This study proposes an artificial intelligence-enabled material recovery facility (AI-MRF) design to efficiently characterize, separate, process, and convert recovered paper waste from MSW into intermediate chemicals and SAF. The AI-MRF, designed to process 233,091 metric tons of MSW annually, integrates smart manufacturing technologies including AI, visual and hyperspectral imaging, multi-sensor data, and traditional sorting systems. Well-characterized and sorted cellulosic paper waste was utilized for chemical and fuel production scenarios, while clean plastics, metals, and glass were considered for recycling. Conversion of paper waste into intermediate sugars achieved a net present value (NPV) of up to $\$67$ million. For sugar-to-SAF production scenarios, the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) was calculated at $\$6.11$ per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) when excluding recyclable revenue, and $\$4.03$ per GGE when halving recyclable revenue. The MFSP was further reduced to $\$1.96$ per GGE when accounting for SAF sales and recyclables. Nationally, this approach could yield about 2 billion GGE of hydrocarbon fuel annually from available MSW in the United States.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nanoparticle Tracking to Probe Transport in Porous Media

From the granular and fractured subsurface environment to highly engineered polymer membranes used in pharmaceutical purification, porous materials are ubiquitous in nature and industrial applications. In particular, porous media are used extensively in processes including water treatment, pharmaceutical sterilization, food/beverage processing and heterogeneous catalysis, where hindered mass transport is either essential to the process or a necessary, but undesirable limitation. Unfortunately, there are currently no universal models capable of predicting mass transport based on a description of the porous material because real porous materials are complex, and because many coupled dynamic mechanisms (e.g. adsorption, steric effects, hydrodynamic effects, electrostatic interactions, etc.) give rise to the observed macroscopic transport phenomena. While classical techniques, like nuclear magnetic resonance and dynamic light scattering, provide useful information about mass transport in porous media at the ensemble level, they provide limited insight into the microscopic mechanisms that give rise to complex phenomena such as anomalous diffusion, hindered pore-space accessibility, and unexpected retention under flow, among many others. To address this issue, we have developed refractive index matching imaging systems, combined with single-particle tracking methods, allowing the direct visualization of single particle motion within a variety of porous materials. Here, we summarize our recent efforts to advance the understanding of nanoparticle transport in porous media using single-particle tracking methods in both fundamental and applied scenarios. First, we describe the basic principles for two-dimensional and three-dimensional single-particle tracking in porous materials. Then, we describe concrete examples of nanoparticle transport in porous materials from two perspectives: (1) understanding fundamental elementary particle transport processes in porous media, including pore accessibility and cavity escape, which limit transport in porous media; (2) facilitating applications in industrial processes, e.g. by understanding the mechanisms of particle fouling and remobilization in filtration membranes. Finally, we provide an outlook of opportunities associated with investigating other types of mass transport in confined environments using single-particle tracking methods, including electrophoretic and self-propelled motion.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗