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At least 847 records · Page 47

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NASA NTRS2007

Thermococcus thioreducens sp. nov., a Novel Hyperthermophilic, Obligately Sulfur-Reducing Archaeon from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent

A hyperthermophilic, sulfur-reducing, organo-heterotrophic archaeon, strain OGL-20P(sup T), was isolated from 'black smoker' chimney material from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (36.2degN, 33.9degW). The cells of strain OGL-20P(T) have an irregular coccoid shape and are motile with a single flagellum. Growth was observed within a pH range of 5.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0), an NaCl concentration range of 1-5%(w/v) (optimum 3%)and a temperature range of 55-94 C (optimum 83-85 C). The novel isolate is strictly anaerobic and obligately dependent upon elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor, but it does not reduce sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, Fe(III) or nitrate. Proteolysis products (peptone, bacto-tryptone, Casamino acids and yeast extract) are utilized as substrates during sulfur reduction. Strain OGL-20P(sup T) is resistant to ampicillin, chloram phenicol, kanamycin and gentamicin, but sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin. The G + C content of the DNA is 52.9 mol% The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain OGL-20P(sup T) is closely related to Thermococcus coalescens and related species, but no significant homology by DNA-DNA hybridization was observed between those species and the new isolate. On the basis of physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, we conclude that strain OGL-20P(sup T) represents a new separate species within the genus Thermococcus, for which we propose the name Thermococcus thioreducens sp. nov. The type strain is OGL-20P(sup T) (=JCM 12859(exp T) = DSM 14981(exp T)=ATCC BAA-394(exp T)).

Pikuta, Elena V.↗

NASA NTRS2005

New Fiber Reinforced Waterless Concrete for Extraterrestrial Structural Applications

Commercial use of sulfur concrete on Earth is well established, particularly in corrosive, e.g., acid and salt, environments. Having found troilite (FeS) on the Moon raises the question of using extracted sulfur as a lunar construction mate: iii an attractive alternative to conventional concrete as it does not require water For the purpose of this paper it is assumed that lunar ore is mined, refined, and the raw sulfur processed with appropriate lunar regolith to form, for example, brick and beam elements. Glass fibers produced from regolith were used as a reinforcement to improve the mechanical properties of the sulfur concrete. Glass fibers and glass rebar were produced by melting the lunar regolith simulant. Lunar regolith stimulant was melted in a 25 cc Pt-Rh crucible in a Sybron Thermoline 46100 high temperature MoSi2 furnace at melting temperatures of 1450 to 1600G. The glass melt wets the ceramic rod and long continuous glass fibers were easily hand drawn. The glass fibers were immediately coated with a protective polymer to maintain the mechanical strength. The viability of sulfur concrete as a construction material for extraterrestrial application is presented. The mechanical properties of the glass fiber reinforced sulfur concrete were investigated.

Toutanji, H.↗

NASA NTRS2008

Sulfur 'Concrete' for Lunar Applications - Environmental Considerations

Commercial use of sulfur concrete on Earth is well established, particularly in corrosive, e.g., acid and salt, environments. Having found troilite (FeS) on the Moon raises the question of using extracted sulfur as a lunar construction material, an attractive alternative to conventional concrete as it does not require water. For the purpose of this Technical Memorandum, it is assumed that lunar ore is mined, refined, and the raw sulfur processed with appropriate lunar regolith to form, for example, bricks. With this stipulation, it is then noted that the viability of sulfur concrete in a lunar environment, which is characterized by lack of an atmosphere and extreme temperatures, is not well understood. The work presented here evaluates two sets of small sulfur concrete samples that have been prepared using JSC-1 lunar simulant as an aggregate addition. One set was subjected to extended periods in high vacuum to evaluate sublimation issues, and the other was cycled between room and liquid nitrogen temperatures to investigate their subsequent mechanical integrity. Results are presented from both investigations, discussed, and put into the context of the lunar environment.

Grugel, R. N.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Extraction of the trivalent transplutonium actinides americium through einsteinium by the sulfur donor Cyanex 301

When extracting metals with the sulfur donor ligand, Cyanex 301 (bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)dithiophosphinic acid), a transition in the coordination mode of extracted complexes has been observed between Eu and Gd, but not within the actinide series.

Bessen, Nathan↗

DOE OSTI2021

Ultra-clean condensing gas furnace enabled with acidic gas reduction

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

Clean Condensing Gas Furnace

Natural gas furnaces are the most common space heating equipment in the U.S. residential and commercial building markets. However, current residential natural gas condensing furnaces generate substantial acidic condensate as well as significant emissions of sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and methane (CH 4 ) contributing to environmental degradation of air, water, and soil. This report describes a novel solution to reduce the environmental impact of natural gas condensing furnaces based on the technology of a monolithic acidic gas reduction (AGR) catalyst for SOx trapping, NOx redox to nitrogen, and oxidation of formic acid, CO, HC, and CH 4 . The AGR technology offers the following benefits: (1) a neutral furnace condensate with a pH of ~7, allowing its safe release into the sewer system thus eliminating a second drainage system; (2) trapping and removing nearly all SOx emissions; (3) NOx emissions nearly at nearly 1-2 ng/J, more than 95% lower than new emissions standards in California; (4) the use of a low-cost heat exchanger as a condensing heat exchanger (HX) since the condensate is not acidic, avoiding the need for expensive stainless steel alloys; and (5) unburnt fuel energy recovery to boost efficiency.The AGR component and AGR-enabled furnace performance were broadly tested to determine their effects on long-term reliability and durability, as well as SOx storage and regeneration activity. The AGR regeneration does not impair the performance in achieving neutral condensate and ultra-low NOx emissions, and the AGR catalyst subjected to regeneration activities continued to function well and achieved slightly better annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE). The 400-hour reliability and durability test of the retrofitted condensing furnace with the AGR component shows that the furnace unit still achieves a neutral furnace condensate with a pH of ~7 and enables 0~3 ng/J of NOx emissions. However, the 400-hour operation slightly degraded the AFUE because of soot particle accumulation caused by frequent incomplete combustion owing to inappropriate condensate drainage during testing. Thus, proper condensate drainage is critical for AGR-enabled furnaces. Furthermore, neutron computed tomography was employed to survey the aged AGR component and demonstrate high-resolution 2D and 3D representations for the nondestructive diagnosis of the AGR component. The tomography showed that the AGR component did not deform or suffer broken AGR channels. A new AGR catalyst with low precious metal loading was preliminarily explored to identify a pathway of optimizing AGR material loading and maximizing acidic gas reduction at low cost. The new AGR component can reduce precious metal loading by 38% and still achieve neutral condensate and ultralow NOx emissions. The furnace with the AGR component of low Pt/Rh loading enables a maximum AFUE of 97%, which is meaningfully higher than the original furnace. Long-duration testing for the furnace enabled with the low precious metal loading AGR component will be vital in future research. Although the current work demonstrates a proof of concept for the AGR-enabled furnace, the AGR assembly needs to be optimized and integrated into the design of new OEM furnace products. Furthermore, the AGR technology can be applied not only for residential gas furnaces, but also for commercial rooftop units, gas heat pumps, gas-fired water heaters, combustion boilers, and other systems.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Wintertime particulate matter decrease buffered by unfavorable chemical processes despite emissions reductions in China

Extreme and persistent haze events frequently occur during wintertime China. While recent emissions reductions reduced annual mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations over eastern China, their effectiveness on wintertime PM2.5 trend remains uncertain. We use observations and model simulations to quantify seasonal differences in PM2.5 trends and investigate the underlying chemical mechanisms driving such differences. We find a much slower decrease in observed wintertime PM2.5 (–3.2% yr-1) since 2014, in contrast to a drastic summertime decrease (–10.3% yr-1). Simulations show two previously underappreciated mechanisms buffering wintertime PM2.5 decrease, including an increase in oxidation capacity due to nitrogen oxides (NOx) reductions under wintertime volatile organic compound (VOC)- limited chemistry, and an enhanced conversion of nitric acid to nitrate by ammonia due to sulfur dioxide reductions. Our findings suggest that control policies targeting VOC and deep NOx reductions are needed to improve wintertime PM2.5 air quality over China.

Leung, Danny M.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Assessment of BQ-9000 Biodiesel Properties for 2020 (CRADA CRD-15-593)

Biodiesel producers in the United States and Canada can voluntarily participate in the industry's BQ-9000 quality assurance program. This is the fourth in a series of reports documenting biodiesel quality from participating producers. Participants in the BQ-9000 program were requested to voluntarily provide data to a third-party team. This team anonymized and randomized the data prior to providing to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for analysis and reporting. The critical quality parameters analyzed are: sodium and potassium, calcium and magnesium, phosphorus, flash point and alcohol control, water and sediment, cloud point, acid number, free and total glycerin, monoglycerides, sulfur, oxidation stability, and cold soak filterability test (CSFT). The statistical analysis for these parameters is presented in Table ES-1.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Assessment of BQ-9000 Biodiesel Properties for 2021

This is the fifth in a series of reports documenting the quality of biodiesel from U.S. and Canadian-based producers that participate in the BQ-9000 program, the biodiesel industry voluntary quality assurance program. Participants agreed to provide monthly data on critical quality parameters for calendar year 2021. The quality data was provided to a team of experts, who removed any identifying company information and provided anonymized and randomized data to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for statistical analysis. The critical quality parameters analyzed were: sodium and potassium (Na+K); calcium and magnesium (Ca+Mg); phosphorus (P); flash point and alcohol control; water and sediment; cloud point; acid number; free and total glycerin; monoglycerides; sulfur; oxidation stability; and cold soak filterability test (CSFT). The data was not weighted for production volume.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

NASA NTRS1979

Phase 1 of the near team hybrid passenger vehicle development program. Appendix C: Preliminary design data package. Volume 2: Appendices

The design, development, efficiency, manufacturability, production costs, life cycle cost, and safety of sodium-sulfur, nickel-zinc, and lead-acid batteries for electric hybrid vehicles are discussed. Models are given for simulating the vehicle handling quality, and for finding the value of: (1) the various magnetic quantities in the different sections in which the magnetic circuit of the DC electric machine is divided; (2) flux distribution in the air gap and the magnetization curve under load conditions; and (3) the mechanical power curves versus motor speed at different values of armature current.

Piccolo, R.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Thermococcus Thioreducens sp. nov., A Novel Hyperthermophilic, Obligately Sulfur-Reducing Archaeon from a Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent

A novel hyperthermophilic organo-heterotrophic archaeon, strain OGL-20P(sup T), was isolated from 'black smoker' chimney material from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (36.2 N; 33.9 W). The cells of strain OGL-20P(sup T) have an irregular coccoid shape and are motile with a single flagellum. Growth was observed to occur within the pH range 5.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0), NaCl concentration range 1-5 % (w/v) (optimum 3 %), and temperature range 55-94 C (optimum 83-85 C). Novel isolate is strictly anaerobic and obligately dependent from elemental sulfur as electron acceptor, but it cannot reduce sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, iron (III) or nitrate. Proteolysis products that can be utilized as substrates during sulfur-reduction are: peptone, bactotryptone, casamino-acids, and yeast extract. Strain OGL-20P(sup T) is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamycin, but sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin. The G+C content of DNA is 57.1 mol% . Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain OGL-20P(sup T) is most closely related to Thermococcus celer and 'T. barossii', but no significant homology by DNA-DNA hybridization was observed between those species and the new isolate. On the basis of physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, the name Thermococcus thioreducens sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is OGL-20P(sup T) (= ATCC BAA-394(sup T) = DSM 1498(sup T)).

Pikuta, Elena V.↗

NASA NTRS2007

Thermococcus Thioreducens sp. Nov., a Novel Hyperthermophilic, Obligately Sulfur-reducing Archaeon from a Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent

A hyperthermophilic, sulfur-reducing, organo-heterotrophic archaeon, strain OGL-20P was isolated from black smoker chimney material from the Rainbow hydrothermal vent site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (36.2 N, 33.9 W). The cells of strain OGL-20P(sup T) have an irregular coccoid shape and are motile with a single flagellum. Growth was observed within the pH range 5.0-8.5 (optimum pH 7.0), NaCl concentration range 1-5 % (w/v) (optimum 3%), and temperature range 55-94 C (optimum 83-85 C). The novel isolate is strictly anaerobic and obligately dependent upon elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor, but it does not reduce sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate, iron (III) or nitrate. Proteolysis products (peptone, bacto-tryptone, casamino-acids, and yeast extract) are utilized as substrates during sulfur-reduction. Strain OGL-20P(sup T) is resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamycin, but sensitive to tetracycline and rifampicin. The G+C content of DNA is 52.9 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain OGL-20P(sup T) is closely related to Thermococcus coalescens and related species, but no significant homology by DNA-DNA hybridization was observed between those species and the new isolate. On the basis of physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate, we conclude that strain OGL-20P(sup T) represents a new separate species within the genus Thermococcus, and propose the name Thermococcus thioreducens sp. nov. The type strain is OGL-20P(sup T) (= ATCC BAA-394(sup T) = JCM 12859(sup T) = DSM 14981(sup T)).

Pikuta, Elena V.↗

DOE OSTI2021

A refined design concept for sulfur-tolerant Pd catalyst supported on zeolite by shape-selective exclusion and hydrogen spillover for hydrogenation of aromatics

Sulfur poisoning of noble metal catalysts has been a major challenge for decades. This work demonstrates the superior sulfur tolerance of a hybrid zeolite-supported Pd catalyst for hydrogenation of tetralin containing benzothiophene. The hybrid catalyst consists of Pd supported on a large-pore acidic zeolite Y (Pd/HY) and a small-pore zeolite A without (Pd/HA) or with surface metal passivation by chemical vapor deposition of SiO 2 (SiO 2 -Pd/HA) and with potassium ion exchange (SiO 2 -Pd/KA). Pd/HY is very active for tetralin hydrogenation but quickly deactivates after exposure to benzothiophene at high concentration of 100 ppm sulfur. The SiO 2 -coated Pd/HA shows no activity for tetralin hydrogenation, but continues to activate H 2 and serve as a source of hydrogen spillover from Pd/HA since these metal sites are protected from thiophenic sulfur due to size-selective exclusion. Adding K ion-exchanged and SiO 2 -coated catalyst SiO 2 -Pd/KA to Pd/HY is even more effective for enhancing sulfur tolerance, both for tetralin hydrogenation and for isomerization of cis-decalin to trans-decalin in the presence of benzothiophene. The turnover frequencies (TOF) of all the catalysts are similar at the exposed sulfur/Pd atomic ratio of around 0.5. With further increase in sulfur/Pd ratio, rapid decline in TOF was observed on Pd/HY, but SiO 2 -Pd/KA + Pd/HY hybrid catalyst shows a significantly higher TOF than that over Pd/HY, even though SiO 2 -Pd/KA or SiO 2 -Pd/HA alone shows no TOF for tetralin hydrogenation. Even after high-dose poisoning at 400 ppm sulfur, the SiO 2 -Pd/KA + Pd/HY hybrid recovered activity more quickly than SiO 2 -Pd/HA + Pd/HY, while the latter in turn is much better than Pd/HY alone. These results point to the higher activity for hydrogen spillover from SiO 2 -Pd/KA where Pd metal sites are protected from not only thiophenic sulfur but also inorganic sulfur H 2 S by shape-selective exclusion. The present work further establishes the validity of shape-selective exclusion and hydrogen spillover in the design concept proposed for a sulfur-tolerant bimodal acidic zeolite-supported metal catalyst for hydrogenation of naphthalene [C.S. Song, Chemtech, 29 (1999) 26–30], and refines the design concept further for limiting the size of small pore in hybrid catalysts to~3 Å for restricting access of H 2 S but allowing entrance of H 2 . Further, this refined design concept is applicable to other supported monometallic and bimetallic catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

Product distribution, kinetics, and aerosol formation from the OH oxidation of dimethyl sulfide under different RO 2 regimes

Abstract. The atmospheric oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) represents a major natural source of atmospheric sulfate aerosols. However, there remain large uncertainties in our understanding of the underlying chemistry that governs the product distribution and sulfate yield from DMS oxidation. Here, chamber experiments were conducted to simulate gas-phase OH-initiated oxidation of DMS under a range of reaction conditions. Most importantly, the bimolecular lifetime (τbi) of the peroxy radical CH3SCH2OO was varied over several orders of magnitude, enabling the examination of the role of peroxy radical isomerization reactions on product formation. An array of analytical instruments was used to measure nearly all sulfur-containing species in the reaction mixture, and results were compared with a near-explicit chemical mechanism. When relative humidity was low, “sulfur closure” was achieved under both high-NO (τbi<0.1 s) and low-NO (τbi>10 s) conditions, though product distributions were substantially different in the two cases. Under high-NO conditions, approximately half the product sulfur was in the particle phase, as methane sulfonic acid (MSA) and sulfate, with most of the remainder as SO2 (which in the atmosphere would eventually oxidize to sulfate or be lost to deposition). Under low-NO conditions, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCH2SCHO), formed from CH3SCH2OO isomerization, dominates the sulfur budget over the course of the experiment, suppressing or delaying the formation of SO2 and particulate matter. The isomerization rate constant of CH3SCH2OO at 295 K is found to be 0.13±0.03 s−1, in broad agreement with other recent laboratory measurements. The rate constants for the OH oxidation of key first-generation oxidation products (HPMTF and methyl thioformate, MTF) were also determined (kOH+HPMTF=2.1×10-11 cm3 molec.−1 s−1, kOH+MTF=1.35×10-11 cm3 molec.−1 s−1). Product measurements agree reasonably well with mechanistic predictions in terms of total sulfur distribution and concentrations of most individual species, though the mechanism overpredicts sulfate and underpredicts MSA under high-NO conditions. Lastly, results from high-relative-humidity conditions suggest efficient heterogenous loss of at least some gas-phase products.

Ye, Qing (ORCID:0000000337978988)↗

NASA NTRS1992

Soluble species in the Arctic summer troposphere - Acidic gases, aerosols, and precipitation

The large-scale spatial distribution from 0.15-to 6 km altitude in the North American Arctic troposphere of several soluble acidic gases and major aerosol species during the summertime is reported. The distribution is found to be compositionally consistent on a large spatial scale. The summertime troposphere is an acidic environment, with HCOOH and CH3COOH the principal acidic gases while acidic sulfate aerosols dominate the particulate phase. There appears to be a surface source of NH3 over the pack ice which may originate from decay of dead marine organisms on the ice surface, evolution from surface ocean waters in open ice leads, or release from rotting sea ice. At low altitude over the pack ice this NH34 appears to partially neutralize aerosol acidity. Over sub-Arctic tundra in southeastern Alaska, inputs of marine biogenic sulfur from the Bering Sea appear to be an important source of boundary layer aerosol SO4(2-). The rainwater acidity over the tundra is typical of remote regions.

Talbot, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in lunar fines 15012 and 15013 - Abundances, distributions and isotopic compositions

Lunar fines 15012,16 and 15013,3 were analyzed by stepwise pyrolysis and acid hydrolysis as well as complete combustion in oxygen to determine carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. In addition, hydrogen was analysed during pyrolysis as well as during hydrolysis. By comparison of the distribution frequencies of C, N, S, H2 and Fe with He-4, considered to have arisen from solar wind contribution, it is concluded that nitrogen and hydrogen have largely a solar origin. Carbon has a significant solar contribution, and metallic iron may have resulted from solar wind interaction with ferrous minerals on the lunar surface. Sulfur probably has a predominantly lunar origin. There is no direct evidence for meteorotic contribution to these samples. Solar wind interaction also has a marked effect on the stable isotope distribution of C-13/C-12, N-15/N-14, and S-34/S-32. In all cases, the heavy isotope was most enriched in the smallest grain-size fraction.

Chang, S.↗

NASA NTRS1996

Growth of the facultative anaerobe Shewanella putrefaciens by elemental sulfur reduction

The growth of bacteria by dissimilatory elemental sulfur reduction is generally associated with obligate anaerobes and thermophiles in particular. Here we describe the sulfur-dependent growth of the facultatively anaerobic mesophile Shewanella putrefaciens. Six of nine representative S. putrefaciens isolates from a variety of environments proved able to grow by sulfur reduction, and strain MR-1 was chosen for further study. Growth was monitored in a minimal medium (usually with 0.05% Casamino Acids added as a growth stimulant) containing 30 mM lactate and limiting concentrations of elemental sulfur. When mechanisms were provided for the removal of the metabolic end product, H2S, measurable growth was obtained at sulfur concentrations of from 2 to 30 mM. Initial doubling times were ca. 1.5 h and substrate independent over the range of sulfur concentrations tested. In the cultures with the highest sulfur concentrations, cell numbers increased by greater than 400-fold after 48 h, reaching a maximum density of 6.8 x 10(8) cells ml-1. Yields were determined as total cell carbon and ranged from 1.7 to 5.9 g of C mol of S(0) consumed-1 in the presence of the amino acid supplement and from 0.9 to 3.4 g of C mol of S(0-1) in its absence. Several lines of evidence indicate that cell-to-sulfur contact is not required for growth. Approaches for the culture of sulfur-metabolizing bacteria and potential ecological implications of sulfur reduction in Shewanella-like heterotrophs are discussed.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗

NASA NTRS1973

Effect of lubricant extreme pressure additives on rolling element fatigue life

The effects of surface active additives on rolling-element fatigue life were investigated with the five-ball fatigue tester at conditions where classical subsurface initiated rolling-element fatigue is the sole mode of failure. Test balls of AISI 52100, AISI M-50, and AISI 1018 were run with an acid-treated white oil containing either 2.5 percent sulfurized terpene, 1 percent didodecyl phosphite, or 5 percent chlorinated wax. In general, it was found that the influence of surface active additives was detrimental to rolling-element fatigue life. The chlorinated-wax additive significantly reduced fatigue life by a factor of 7. The base oil with the 2.5 percent sulfurized-terpene additive can reduce fatigue life by as much as 50 percent. No statistical change in fatigue life occurred with the base oil having the 1 percent didodecyl-phosphite additive. The additives used with the base oil did not change the ranking of the bearing steels where rolling-element fatigue life was of subsurface origin.

Parker, R. J.↗