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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Applying NASA-STD-7009 Standard for Models and Simulations to Surrogate and Other Statistical Models

NASA-STD-7009A, Standard for Models and Simulations, contains a worthy and insightfully-crafted credibility assessment. That set of metrics is intended to accumulate and communicate information that can be critical for users and their customers in evaluating findings due to a model or simulation. Was the model designed for the present use? Is it validated in the domain it’s being applied to? And so on. The standard was originally focused on physics-based models, but it can be applied more generally. It can – and should – be applied to high-impact statistical models, including surrogate models based on larger models and sims and regression models based directly on data. A key issue with many of such models is their relative simplicity compared to most M&S despite their use in high-risk engineering decisions. This report will make a case for using this Standard for a wider class of models, and how it might actually add value in excess of its cost for not only stakeholders, but modelers themselves. A rough example showing compliance for a statistical model is included.

K L Johnson↗
NASA NTRS1995

Incorporating CCSDS Telemetry Standards and Philosophy on Cassini

The Cassini project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is implementing a spacecraft telemetry system based on the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) packet telemetry standards. Resolving the CCSDS concepts with a Ground Data System designed to handle time-division-multiplexed telemetry and also handling constraints unique to a deep-space planetary spacecraft (such as fixed downlink opportunities, small downlink rates and requirements for on-board data storage) have resulted in spacecraft and ground system design challenges. Solving these design challenges involved adapting and extending the CCSDS telemetry standards as well as changes to the spacecraft and ground system designs. The resulting spacecraft/ground system design is an example of how new ideas and philosophies can be incorporated into existing systems and design approaches without requiring significant rework. In addition, it shows that the CCSDS telemetry standards can be successfully applied to deep-space planetary spacecraft.

CCSDS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development of Lunar EVA Fitness for Duty Standards for Aerobic Capacity and Muscle Strength

Current aerobic Fitness Standards for NASA astronauts are based on peak aerobic capacity (i.e. VO2peak (ml/kg/min))and are related to aerobic metabolic requirements for Extravehicular Activity (EVA) in microgravity and in 1 g operational environments. Standards for muscle strength need to be developed. Fitness for Duty Standards for partial gravity EVA (e.g. 1/6 g EVA on the Lunar surface) are not developed in terms of aerobic fitness and muscle strength. Defining thresholds for aerobic fitness and muscle strength will help to provide guidance in determining recommendations for optimal fitness necessary for partial g EVA success.

D Frisco↗
NASA NTRS2021

HAPI: An API Standard for Accessing Heliophysics Time Series Data

Heliophysics data analysis often involves combining diverse science measurements, many of them captured as time series. Although there are now only a few commonly used data file formats, the diversity in mechanisms for automated access to and aggregation of such data holdings can make analysis that requires intercomparison of data from multiple data providers difficult. The Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) is a recently developed standard for accessing distributed time series data to increase interoperability. The HAPI specification is based on the common elements of existing data services, and it standardizes the two main parts of a data service: the request interface and the response data structures. The interface is based on the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) or RESTful architecture style, and the HAPI specification defines five required REST endpoints. Data are returned via a streaming format that hides file boundaries; the metadata is detailed enough for the content to be scientifically useful, e.g., plotted with appropriate axes layout, units, and labels. Multiple mature HAPI-related open-source projects offer server-side implementation tools and client-side libraries for reading HAPI data in multiple languages (IDL, Java, MATLAB, and Python). Multiple data providers in the US and Europe have added HAPI access alongside their existing interfaces. Based on this experience, data can be served via HAPI with little or no information loss compared to similar existing web interfaces. Finally, HAPI has been recommended as a COSPAR standard for time series data delivery.

Robert S. Weigel↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using Open Standards and NASA Open Source Simulation Tools to Model Artemis Base Camp Mission Timelines

The United States’ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has announced that the Artemis Program will return humans to the Moon, establishing a persistent presence with the Artemis Base Camp (ABC), and extend human exploration to Mars. The NASA Exploration Systems Simulations (NExSyS) team at NASA’s Johnson Space Center is using internationally developed simulation interoperability standards and NASA open source simulation tools to support Artemis concept, analysis, designs, development, training, and ultimately operations. The NExSyS team has been tasked to support early ABC architecture and mission analysis using mission time lines developed by the crew operations mission planning team. The NExSyS team is developing a distributed simulation framework with initial Artemis element implementations to model the ABC mission timelines using the international simulation interoperability standard High Level Architecture (HLA), the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization’s Space Reference Federation Object Model (SpaceFOM), the NASA open source Trick Simulation Environment, and another NASA open source interface package called TrickHLA. The ABC architecture is composed of a number of key surface elements and resources. Some examples of modeled elements (also known as entities) are landers, habitats, rovers, logistics carriers, and astronauts. Some examples of modeled transferable and consumable resources are power, water, oxygen, nitrogen, scientific samples, and food. These entities and resources are modeled in a collection of individual simulations called Federates. A coordinated collection of interoperable federates is called a Federation and when these federates are tied together in a coordinated simulation run, it is referred to as a Federation Execution. The federates communicate through HLA using data exchange formats defined by a collection of machine readable files called Federation Object Models (FOMs). These FOM files are based on extensions to the SpaceFOM. This enables the instantiation and sharing of objects and interactions between federates in the federation. These provide for entity and resource tracking, object transfer, and data collection. Federate interactions are used to trigger events and notify federates of entity or resource transfers. For the initial implementation, the constituent federates are Trick-based simulations that use TrickHLA to provide the required HLA-base interoperability. These Trick-based simulations provide the required modeling for the individual Artemis elements along with the associated element resources. These federates provide a means to explore traverses between surface elements and exploration sites as scheduled in a mission timeline and explore the affects traverse times have on the overall mission timeline. The mission time lines are modeled using a Trick input file event handling capabilities. Each timeline operation is handled as individual simulation events, and triggered based on previous event status, time of operation, and simulated task completions. In addition, the ABC Federation can be used to perform Monte Carlo analysis. The Monte Carlo tool can vary the inputs, timings, and malfunctions to show how various contingencies in the mission can affect the mission timeline.

Keaton Craig Dodd↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Use of Atmospheric Composition Variable Standard Names in Airborne and Field Data Products

The number of variables measured during airborne field campaigns has increased more than tenfold over the last thirty years. With this increase in measurements, the complexity for distributed active archive centers (DAACs) to distribute the data and for data users to search for and find measurements of interest has also increased. Part of this complexity arises from the unique variable names in suborbital atmospheric composition field studies. With limited guidelines related to variable naming, variable names and structures can vary significantly, even for the same type of variable. It is common for instrument scientists to use their intended measurable quantity as the data variable name. This can make it difficult for users to locate and interact with a particular variable across multiple data sets. One effective solution to this problem, identified by the Earth Science Data System (ESDS) ICARTT Refresh Working Group [1], was to introduce variable standard names that can be used as tags for each data variable. This allows similar measurements (e.g., dew point) to be categorized and located across field campaigns, regardless of what variable name the instrument scientist has used. From this the atmospheric composition variable standard names were developed with the goal to use Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) principles [2] and provide context for all users, while remaining connected to those in the subject area. These standard names have been successfully implemented in FIREX-AQ, CAMP 2EX, ACTIVATE, and DCOTSS field campaigns.

metadata↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of Aerobic Standards for Lunar Surface Extravehicular Activities

As NASA prepares to return to the Moon, astronauts will need to be physically primed to successfully execute Extravehicular Activities (EVA) on the Lunar surface. Compared to past Apollo missions, Artemis missions will include EVAs of increased physical demand, frequency, intensity, and duration, thus requiring adequate fitness to successfully and safely complete mission objectives. The physical demand associated with partial gravity (g) EVAs on the Moon is expected to be greater compared to microgravity EVAs based on initial workload estimation. Currently, aerobic fitness standards for partial g EVAs are not well supported by high-fidelity data and require further research for establishing standards to protect crew health and performance during Lunar surface missions. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to characterize metabolic data from Lunar analog simulations and in-flight crew population aerobic capacity data to validate the current NASA 3001 standard for celestial partial g aerobic fitness (aerobic capacity (VO_2pk) ≥36.5ml/kg/min).

Nicole Strock↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Establishing Standardized Test Methods for Evaluating Space Suit Gloves

The Artemis space suit glove environmental protection garment (EPG) will be the first line of protection used to shield the crewmember’s hands from the environments encountered during extravehicular activity (EVA). As the Artemis missions will include more extreme environments than those experienced on the International Space Station, development, verification, and validation of gloves poses three key challenges. First, there are no standardized tests defined to evaluate the durability of space suit gloves for the extreme lunar environments, particularly the permanently shadowed regions. Second, there is insufficient data on state-of-the-art glove performance in a lunar environment from which to compare new designs. Third, current ISS glove Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) fabrics are unlikely to be sufficient to meet Lunar requirements. It is therefore necessary to define tests to evaluate if gloves can meet new, challenging requirements. This paper focuses on the development of a test procedure to characterize lunar EVA glove fabrics using ASTM standardized test methods and the design and validation of a new standardized test procedure for comparing abrasion resistance between fabrics in lunar-like conditions. The results of testing on twelve candidate EVA glove fabrics are presented.

Robert J. Jones↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

AstroDOME: Standardized, Mass-Produceable, Small NASA Astrophysics Observatories for Big Missions

NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is investigating the use of small, commercial off the shelf (COTS) spacecraft to enable breakthrough astrophysics research at radically reduced cost over previous generations of missions. This paper will focus on the Mission Systems perspective of this investigation. It will cover the spacecraft to instrument interface, and lessons learned in early concept payload development. Low-cost COTS spacecraft have proliferated in the last ~5 years. They represent an order of magnitude reduction in the cost of spacecraft bus development and acquisition. They are enabled by the advent of low-cost smallsat launch options in the immediately preceding years, and are seeded by recent distributed and disaggregated missions in other sectors such as telecommunications megaconstellations (e.g. Starlink, OneWeb, Project Kuiper) and ongoing Space Development Agency (SDA) developments. Our study was tasked with developing a standardized, mass-produceable, astrophysics payload which is reconfigurable to different wavelength bands while maintaining a single optics bench design, and a standardized mechanical, electrical, data, and thermal interface to the spacecraft bus, and which may be reconfigured to multiple COTS spacecraft offerings. In this paper we will discuss lessons learned from our case study. We will also present identified keys to mission success for performing cutting edge astrophysics observations while taking advantage of economies of scale with a disaggregated, standardized architecture.

Matthew Marcus↗
DOE OSTI2019

Standard Model Physics at the HL-LHC and HE-LHC

The successful operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the excellent performance of the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE detectors in Run-1 and Run-2 with $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV as well as the giant leap in precision calculations and modeling of fundamental interactions at hadron colliders have allowed an extraordinary breadth of physics studies including precision measurements of a variety physics processes. The LHC results have so far confirmed the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics up to unprecedented energy scales and with great precision in the sectors of strong and electroweak interactions as well as flavour physics, for instance in top quark physics. The upgrade of the LHC to a High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC) at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy with 3 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity will probe the Standard Model with even greater precision and will extend the sensitivity to possible anomalies in the Standard Model, thanks to a ten-fold larger data set, upgraded detectors and expected improvements in the theoretical understanding. This document summarises the physics reach of the HL-LHC in the realm of strong and electroweak interactions and top quark physics, and provides a glimpse of the potential of a possible further upgrade of the LHC to a 27 TeV $pp$ collider, the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), assumed to accumulate an integrated luminosity of 15 ab$^{-1}$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A Streamlined and Standardized Benthic Habitat Mapping Approach for Marine and Hydrokinetic Site Environmental Assessments

We have combined two seafloor mapping techniques to efficiently map benthic habitat conditions. Multibeam echosounder (MBES) surveys provide detailed bathymetry and backscatter mosaics. Sediment profile and plan view imaging (SPI/PV) rapidly provides dense ground truth data on seabed physical and biological features. A key innovation of this project has been the development of a computer-assisted image processing system that standardizes the SPI data generation process. A unique combination of machine- and deep-learning techniques for grain-size classification, sediment–water interface delineation, and object detection (e.g., infauna and feeding voids) is described. An automated SPI image analysis system provides a standardized and cost-effective approach for image processing. Combining MBES with SPI/PV camera technology provides a first tier approach to rapidly documenting seabed physical and biological conditions in high resolution at MHK sites. When coupled with computer automated data extraction from the imagery, this approach provides a standardized and cost-effective method to establish and monitor benthic habitat conditions over time.

Benthic Habitat Maping, Sediment-Profile Imaging, ↗
DOE OSTI2021

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants – Radionuclide Emissions Calendar Year 2020

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) operates the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and the North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF). From 1951 through 1992, the NNSS was the continental testing location for U.S. nuclear weapons. Radionuclides in air from NNSS activities have been monitored since the initiation of atmospheric testing. After 1962, testing was limited to underground detonations, which greatly reduced radiation exposure to the public. Since the end of nuclear testing in 1992, radiation monitoring has focused on detecting airborne radionuclides from historically contaminated soils because this sources dominates the potential offsite dose. These radionuclides are derived from re-suspension of soil (primarily by wind) and emission of tritium-contaminated soil moisture through evapotranspiration. Low amounts of legacy-related tritium are also emitted to air at the NLVF, an NNSS support complex in North Las Vegas. To protect the public from harmful levels of manmade radiation, the Clean Air Act, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), specifically the National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other Than Radon From Department of Energy Facilities (40 CFR 61, Subpart H, 2020) limits the release of radioactivity from a DOE facility to that which would cause 10 millirem per year (mrem/y) effective dose equivalent (EDE) to any member of the public. This limit does not include radiation unrelated to NNSS activities. Unrelated doses could come from naturally occurring radioactive elements, from sources such as medically or commercially used radionuclides, or from sources outside of the United States, such as Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant, which was damaged in 2011. NNSA/NFO demonstrates compliance with the NESHAP limit by reporting environmental measurements of radionuclide air concentrations at critical receptor locations on the NNSS. This alternative was proposed and formerly submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2001 (EPA 2001a) and has been the method used to demonstrate compliance with the 40 CFR 61.92 dose standard since 2005. Six locations on the NNSS have been established to act as critical receptor locations to demonstrate compliance with the NESHAP limit. These locations are closer to radionuclide releases than where the public resides so they act as protective substitutes for public receptor locations. Compliance is demonstrated if the measured annual average concentration is less than the NESHAP Concentration Level (CL) for Environmental Compliance listed in Table 2 of 40 CFR 61, Appendix E. For multiple radionuclides, compliance is demonstrated when the sum of the fractions (determined by dividing each radionuclide’s concentration by its CL and then adding the fractions together) is less than 1.0. The EPAapproved air transport model, called the Clean Air Package 1988 (CAP88-PC) is also used to calculate the effective dose equivalent to the maximally exposed individual from NNSS air emissions. CAP88-PC was also used to calculate the population dose, or the collective EDE (expressed as person-rem [roentgen equivalent man] per year [person-rem/y]) for all individuals combined who reside within 80 kilometers (km) of NNSS emission sources. In 2020, the potential dose from radiological emissions to air from both current and past NNSS activities was well below the 10 mrem/y dose limit. This is demonstrated by both the air sampling data collected at critical receptor air monitoring stations and CAP88-PC modeling. The average concentrations of radioactivity at air critical receptor stations ranged from 0.2% to a maximum of 4.2% of the allowed NESHAP limit. CAP88-PC modeling of all 2020 NNSS radionuclide emissions showed the maximally exposed individual to be in Amargosa Valley and this individual received a potential dose of 0.063 mrem/y. The collective dose was calculated to be 0.29 person-rem/year for the 521,300 people who lived within 80 km of NNSS emission sources.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Energy Management and Product Sustainability Standards – A Key Link to Sustainable Supply Chains

Reducing supplier energy consumption can be critical to creating more sustainable and resilient supply chains, and can be achieved by embedding criteria for energy management systems into product sustainability standards. Manufacturers across the globe are taking steps to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions and become more sustainable. Large industrial corporations rightly tout their efforts and successes. However, their upstream emissions, that is, the emissions from companies supplying components, are more difficult to address. These supplier companies are often smaller manufacturers with limited awareness or incentives to reduce emissions. Within the electronics industry, a diverse group of stakeholders is seeking to make the electronics sector more sustainable and resilient through product sustainability standards. The U.S. Department of Energy is engaged in these endeavors, including efforts to reduce supplier energy consumption by incorporating criteria into these sustainability standards that encourage the adoption of energy management systems and practices. Such activity within the electronics sector can be a significant component of a broader resilience roadmap for the sector’s supply chain. This paper highlights the efforts to embed energy management practices into electronics products supply chains to build resilience, and presents a business case using examples from U.S. manufacturers that can be replicable to other manufacturing sectors.

Tutterow, Vestal↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Need for a Maximum Intensity Accident in ANS 8-Series Standards

The Y-12 National Security Complex has installed one Criticality Accident Alarm System (CAAS) under the ANS 8.3 framework as a safety significant system, and is in the process of designing, installing, and qualifying another. As a safety significant system, the Y-12 CAAS is required to demonstrate that it is able to perform its function and actuate an alarm when exposed to the radiation from both a Minimum Accident of Concern and a maximum intensity accident. The ANS 8-series standards do not present a maximum accident to be considered, nor do they specify radiation tolerance requirements for the CAAS equipment, leading CAAS vendors to potentially use other standards that provide inadequate criteria. In this paper, the historical basis and need for a maximum intensity accident in the ANS standards is discussed, the fission rate of a maximum intensity accident is proposed, and the effects of this accident on CAAS analysis and the vendor’s equipment qualification are discussed.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Standardization of Smart Contracts for Energy Markets and Operation

This work presents a formal review of smart contracts, including definitions, technical requirements, and potential power and energy-related use cases. This includes in-depth discussions covering cybersecurity, legality and interoperability goals that must be taken into consideration by potential end-users. The paper presents a first attempt towards the standardization of smart contracts (SCs) within the field of power and energy as a work in progress activity under the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) P2418.5 Working Group. This work also proposes a holistic, language-agnostic reference model that is intended to accelerate the adoption of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) by industry stakeholders by providing standardized processes. Finally, the paper discusses key takeaways that must continue to be developed to increase SC usage within the energy industry.

Blockchain, smart contracts, DLT↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling of ATR Fuel in DOE Standard Canisters with Helium Backfill

One pathway for road-ready and final disposition packaging configurations for the aluminum-clad spent nuclear fuel (ANSF) fuel is storage within helium backfilled sealed Department of Energy (DOE) standard canisters. The typical packaging configuration for the 15-foot DOE standard canisters places 10 advance test reactor (ATR) elements a basket, and three baskets are loaded within each DOE canister. During in-reactor operations and cooling pond storage conditions, oxyhydroxide layers form on the surface of the aluminum clad fuel. These layers produce hydrogen gas over time due to the fuel’s radiation field. As part of the packing procedure, the ATR fuel should be dried to remove any residual physio-/chemi- sorbed water bound to the surface. A 50-year CFD model of the DOE canister packaged with fuel was developed to provide a temperature profile for coupled chemical modeling of the conditions within the canister. The results of this modeling include results at fully saturated and fully dried fuel cladding conditions. In the associated experimental work, radiolysis experiments tests were completed in a helium environment, and G-values for the radiolytic production of hydrogen from the oxyhydroxide layers were provided. That reaction was coupled with the thermal profiles and gas-phase reactions to develop a 50-year model of the conditions within a sealed DOE canister with ATR fuel. For a nominal scenario of stored ATR fuel, after 50 years the model results give a 1.36 atm total pressure, 7% mole percent hydrogen, for the upper decay heat, 1.51 atm total pressure, 16% mole percent hydrogen, and for upper decay heat with undried fuel 2.6 atm total pressure, 15% mole percent hydrogen. No case modeled yields significant oxygen, and for the lower decay heat case that is modeled, hydrogen concentrations are under the 4% flammability limit after 50 years of storage. The modeled pressures for all cases modeled are below the pressure limit for the DOE standard sealed canister.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

End-Use Analysis of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2019

This article summarizes the analysis conducted by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), assessing expected end-use energy consumption in commercial buildings, based on recent editions of the model energy code for the commercial sector, ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The results represent simulated energy use based on) Commercial Prototype Building Models1 across representative climate zones in the United States, as defined by Standard 90.1. PNNL examined the resulting simulation outputs to assess how energy is used across primary systems within prominent U.S. commercial building types to understand how energy is used in each building type at the end-use level and to identify areas for improvements in future code cycles.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of a Model Correlating Axial HEPA Filter Performance Between Elevated and Standard Conditions

The ASME AG-1 Code specifies minimum rated airflow based on standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) for axial high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and actual cubic feet per minute (ACFM) for radial HEPA filters with corresponding maximum pressure drop. A quantitative analysis can be performed to demonstrate the variation in filter efficiency and develop a correlation of performance between axial filters subjected to ACFM and SCFM. This study illustrates the variation in filter efficiency of axial HEPA filters subjected to ACFM and SCFM flow rate conditions at varying atmospheric pressures. It also presents the methods used to calculate correction factors to convert filter efficiency and pressure drop from elevated to standard conditions. The Axial Large Scale Test Stand (ALSTS) in the Institute for Clean Energy Technology (ICET) at Mississippi State University has been utilized to control aerosol concentration, flowrate, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and temperature. The filter test matrix consists of axial HEPA filters rated at 1,000 and 1,500 CFM with varying filter pack types. Each filter is subjected to varying pressures of 14.70 psi, 13.55 psi, 12.40 psi, and 11.25 psi, temperatures of 70 deg. F, 110 deg. F, and 150 deg. F, and relative humidities of 50% and 80%, resulting in twenty-four unique testing points. The corresponding SCFM flow rates are computed for each point in order to form a comparison. Evaluation of the effects of designating ACFM or SCFM will be based upon the filter efficiencies of generated Dioctyl Phthalate (DOP) particles at a diameter of 0.3 micrometers. The results show filter efficiency decreasing as atmospheric pressure decreases due to increased filter face velocity. A correlation model is developed to convert filter efficiency and pressure drop at elevated conditions to those of standard pressure, relative humidity, and temperature.

42 ENGINEERING↗